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DOE OSTI2024

The Carousel Lens: A Well-modeled Strong Lens with Multiple Sources Spectroscopically Confirmed by VLT/MUSE

Over the past few years alone, the lensing community has discovered thousands of strong lens candidates, and spectroscopically confirmed hundreds of them. In this time of abundance, it becomes pragmatic to focus our time and resources on the few extraordinary systems, in order to most efficiently study the Universe. In this paper, we present such a system: DESI-090.9854-35.9683, a cluster-scale lens at z l = 0.49, with seven observed lensed sources around the core, and additional lensed sources further out in the cluster. From the number and the textbook configuration of the lensed images, a tight constraint on the mass potential of the lens is possible. This would allow for detailed analysis on the dark and luminous matter content within galaxy clusters, as well as a probe into dark energy and high-redshift galaxies. We present our spatially resolved kinematic measurements of this system from the Very Large Telescope Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer, which confirm five of these source galaxies (in ascending order, at z s = 0.962, 0.962, 1.166, 1.432, and 1.432). With previous Hubble Space Telescope imaging in the F140W and F200LP bands, we also present a simple flux-based lens model consisting of two power-law profiles that, for a cluster lens, well models the five lensed arc families with redshifts. We determine the mass to be M(< θ E ) = 4.78 × 10 13 M ⊙ for the primary mass potential. From the model, we extrapolate the redshift of one of the two source galaxies not yet spectroscopically confirmed to be at $z_s = 4.52^{+1.03}_{-0.71}$.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Luminosity and Stellar Mass Functions of Faint Photometric Satellites around Spectroscopic Central Galaxies from DESI Year-1 Bright Galaxy Survey

We measure the luminosity functions (LFs) and stellar mass functions (SMFs) of photometric satellite galaxies around spectroscopically identified isolated central galaxies (ICGs). The photometric satellites are from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (DR9), while the spectroscopic ICGs are selected from the DESI Year-1 BGS sample. We can measure satellite LFs down to r-band absolute magnitudes of M r,sat ∼ −7, around ICGs as small as 7.1 < log 10 M *,ICG /M ⊙ < 7.8, with the stellar mass of ICGs measured by the DESI Fastspecfit pipeline. The satellite SMF can be measured down to log 10 M *,sat /M ⊙ ~ 5.5. Interestingly, we discover that the faint/low-mass end slopes of satellite LFs/SMFs become steeper with the decrease in the stellar masses of host ICGs, with smaller and nearby host ICGs capable of being used to probe their fainter satellites. The steepest slopes can be −2.298 ± 0.656 and −2.888 ± 0.916 for satellite LF and SMF, respectively. Detailed comparisons are performed between the satellite LFs around ICGs selected from DESI BGS or from the SDSS NYU-VAGC spectroscopic Main galaxies over 7.1 < log 10 M *,ICG /M ⊙ < 11.7, showing reasonable agreement, but we show that differences between DESI and SDSS stellar masses for ICGs play a role to affect the results. We also compare measurements based on DESI Fastspecfit and Cigale stellar masses used to bin ICGs, with the latter including the modeling of active galactic nuclei based on Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer photometry, and we find good agreements in the measured satellite LFs by using either of the DESI stellar mass catalogs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The US Naval Observatory VLBI Spectroscopic Catalog

Despite their importance for astrometry and navigation, the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that comprise the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) are relatively poorly understood, with key information such as their spectroscopic redshifts, AGN spectral type, and emission-/absorption-line properties generally missing from the literature. Using an updated, publicly available, state-of-the-art spectroscopic fitting code optimized for the spectra of AGNs from low to high redshift, we present a catalog of emission-line and spectral continuum parameters for 1014 unique ICRF3 objects with single-fiber spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR16. We additionally present black hole virial mass scaling relationships that use Hα-, Hβ-, Mg II -, and C IV -based line widths, all consistent with each other, which can be used in studies of radio-loud objects across a wide range of redshifts, and we use these scaling relationships to provide derived properties such as black hole masses and bolometric luminosities for the catalog. We briefly comment on these properties for the ICRF objects, as well as their overall spectroscopic characteristics.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The DESI Y1 RR Lyrae catalog I: Empirical modeling of the cyclic variation of spectroscopic properties and a chemodynamical analysis of the outer halo

We present the catalog of RR Lyrae stars observed in the first year of operations of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey. This catalog contains 6,240 RR Lyrae stars out to $\sim100$ kpc from the Galactic center and over 12,000 individual epochs with homogeneously-derived stellar atmospheric parameters. We introduce a novel methodology to model the cyclical variation of the spectroscopic properties of RR Lyrae from single-epoch measurements. We employ this method to infer the radial velocity and effective temperature variation of fundamental mode and first-overtone RR Lyrae stars and to determine their systemic velocities and mean temperatures. For fundamental mode pulsators, we obtain radial velocity curves with amplitudes of $\sim$30--50 km s$^{-1}$ and effective temperature curves with 300--1,000 K variations, whereas for first-overtone pulsators these amplitudes are $\sim20$ km s$^{-1}$ and $\sim 600$ K, respectively. We use our sample to study the metallicity distribution of the halo and its dependence on Galactocentric distance ($R_{\rm GC}$). Using a radius-dependent mixture model, we split the data into chemodynamically distinct components and find that our inner halo sample ($R_{\rm GC}\lesssim50$ kpc) is predominantly composed of stars with [Fe/H] $\sim-1.5$ dex and largely radial orbits (with an anisotropy parameter $\beta\sim0.94$), that we associate with the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger event. Stars in the outer halo field exhibit a broader and more metal-poor [Fe/H] distribution with more circular orbits ($\beta\sim0.39$). The metallicity gradient of the metal-rich and the metal-poor components is found to be $0.005$ and $0.010$ dex kpc$^{-1}$, respectively. Our catalog highlights DESI's tantalizing potential for studying the Milky Way and the pulsation properties of RR Lyrae stars in the era of large spectroscopic surveys.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1979

Ultraviolet and optical spectroscopic studies of Lambda Andromedae - The chromosphere and interstellar medium

Chromospheric lines of, and interstellar lines toward, the spectroscopic binary Lambda And (primary component G7-G8 III-IV) have been observed in the ultraviolet with the spectrometer and telescope on board the Copernicus satellite. An extensive, high-resolution spectroscopic study of the Ca II H and K profiles has also been undertaken. Some of these optical spectra were obtained simultaneously with the ultraviolet data. The ultraviolet emission lines of Lamba And are compared to the sun and to stars of similar spectral type. The star Lamba And resembles the active sun in surface brightness of chromospheric emissions and in appearance of the Mg II and Ca II profiles. The largest variations in the integrated calcium emission cores amount to an 80% increase in the K core and a corresponding 40% increase in the H core between observations two years apart. Variations in the cores may show a dependence on spectroscopic phase, and may be contributed to by circumstellar matter in the binary system. Previously unreported, transient emission features have also been observed, at a velocity of -70 km/s with respect to the Ca II emission cores.

Baliunas, S. L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The spectroscopic orbit of Gamma Geminorum and a search for its secondary

New spectroscopic observations of Gamma Geminorum, a bright, 'normal' A1 IV star have resulted in an improved spectroscopic orbit. The orbital period is 12.632 +/- 0.002 yr, the eccentricity is 0.893 +/-0.002, and the orbital parallax is 0.0291 +/-0.0024 arcsec, or a distance of 34 pc. We determine a v sin i of 8 +/-1 km/s for the A star, which confirms that it is a slow rotator. Near-infrared spectroscopic observations at 8806 A, obtained through the brief nodal passage, have resulted in the probable detection of the secondary. The masses are 2.8 and 1.07 solar mass and the Delta V of the components is 6.0 mag. This Delta V supports the value of 5.6 mag obtained by Sato et al. (1993) from observations of the asteroid occultation of Gamma Gem in 1991. The magnitude difference and mass of the secondary are consistent with a G dwarf spectral type. The detection of such a faint secondary does not compromise the use in most contexts of Gamma Gem as a standard star.

Fekel, Francis C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Flux measurements using the BATSE spectroscopic detectors

Among the Compton Gama-Ray Observatory instruments, the BATSE Spectroscopic Detectors (SD) have the distinction of being able to detect photons of energies less than about 20 keV. This is an interesting energy range for the examination of low mass X-ray binaries (LMXB's). In fact, Sco X-1, the prototype LMXB, is easily seen even in the raw BATSE spectroscopic data. The all-sky coverage afforded by these detectors offers a unique opportunity to monitor this source over time periods never before possible. The aim of this investigation was to test a number of ways in which both continous and discrete flux measurements can be obtained using the BATSE spectroscopic datasets. A instrumental description of a SD can be found in the Compton Workshop of Apr. 1989, this report will deal only with methods which can be used to analyze its datasets. Many of the items discussed below, particularly in regard to the earth occultation technique, have been developed, refined, and applied by the BATSE team to the reduction of BATSE LAD data. Code written as part of this project utilizes portions of that work. The following discussions will first address issues related to the reduction of SD datasets using the earth occultation technique. It will then discuss methods for the recovery of the flux history of strong sources while they are above the earth's limb. The report will conclude with recommended reduction procedures.

Mcnamara, Bernard↗
NASA NTRS1993

On the relative frequencies of spectroscopically normal and peculiar type Ia supernovae

After defining what we mean by spectroscopically 'normal' and 'peculiar' Type Ia supernove, we report the results of an attempt to subclassify 84 SNe Ia either as normal or as like one of the recent, peculiar SNe Ia: 1991T, 1991bg, or 1986G. Only SNe 1957A and 1960H are found to have been certifiably abnormal, with SN 1957A; appearing to have been like SN 1991bg, and SN 1960H having been like SN 1991bg or SN 1988G; SNe 1971I and 1980I are under suspicion of having been like SN 1986G, and SN 1988G of having been like SN 1991T. Of the SNe Ia we have been able to classify either as normal or as peculiar, 89% (or 83%, counting those under suspicion as peculiar) are normal. Our main conclusion is that the observational sample of SNe Ia is strongly peaked at 'spectroscopically normal.' We further conclude that when arranged in the photometric sequence of Phillips (1993) SNe Ia also form a spectroscopic sequence, and that peculiar SNe Ia are over-represented in the Phillips sample.

Branch, David↗
NASA NTRS1997

The Origin, Composition and History of Comets from Spectroscopic Studies

A wealth of information essential to understanding the composition and physical structure of cometary ice and hence gain deep insight into the comet's origin and history, can be gleaned by carrying out a full range of spectroscopic studies on the returned sample. These studies ought to be among the first performed as they are generally non-destructive and will provide a broad data bank which will be crucial in planning subsequent analysis. Examples of the spectroscopic techniques along with relative sensitivities and transitions probed, are discussed. Different kind of "spectroscopy" is summarized, with emphasis placed on the kind of information each provides. Infrared spectroscopy should be the premier method of analysis as the mid-IR absorption spectrum of a substance contains more global information about the identity and structure of that material than any other property. In fact, the greatest strides in our understanding of the composition of interstellar ices (thought by many to be the primordial material from which comets have formed) have been taken during the past ten years or so because this was when high quality infrared spectra of the interstellar medium (ISM) first became available. The interpretation of the infrared spectra of mixtures, such as expected in comets, is often (not always) ambiguous. Consequently, a full range of other non-destructive, complementary spectroscopic measurements are required to fully characterize the material, to probe for substances for which the IR is not well suited and to lay the groundwork for future analysis. Given the likelihood that the icy component (including some of the organic and mineral phases) of the returned sample will be exceedingly complex, these techniques must be intensely developed over the next decade and then made ready to apply flawlessly to what will certainly be one of the most precious, and most challenging, samples ever analyzed.

Allamandola, L. J.↗
NASA NTRS2002

The STIS CCD Spectroscopic Line Spread Functions

We characterize the spectroscopic line spread functions of the spectroscopic CCD modes for high contrast objects. Our long range goal is to develop tools that accurately extract spectroscopic information of faint, point or extended sources in the vicinity of bright, point sources at separations approaching the realizable angular limits of HST with STIS. Diffracted and scattered light due to the HST optics, and scattered light effects within the STIS are addressed. Filter fringing, CCD fringing, window reflections, and scattering within the detector and other effects are noted. We have obtained spectra of several reference stars, used for flux calibration or for coronagraphic standards, that have spectral distributions ranging from very red to very blue. Spectra of each star were recorded with the star in the aperture and with the star blocked by either the F1 or F2 fiducial. Plots of the detected starlight along the spatial axis of the aperture are provided for four stars. With the star in the aperture, the line spread function is quite noticeable. Placing the star behind one of the fiducials cuts the scattered light and the diffracted light, is detectable even out to 1OOOOA. When the star is placed behind either fiducial, the scattered and diffracted light components, at three arcseconds displacement from the star, are below lop6 the peak of the star at wavelengths below 6000A; at the same angular distance, scattered light does contaminate the background longward of 6000A up to a level of 10(exp -5).

Gull, T.↗
NASA NTRS2004

A Complex Two Dimensional Spectroscopic Database: The HST Treasury Archive for Eta Carinae

The HST Treasury Program on eta Carinae produced one of the most complex and ambitious spectroscopic datasets obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. The archival database includes the STIS/CCD and MAMA data during its recent spectroscopic event in 2003, plus all of the STIS observations of the object and its ejecta obtained during its spectroscopic cycle beginning in 1998. The database permits users to query via instrument, target, date, wavelength range, position angle, and position and allows the user to display the spectrum and download it in fits format. We have also developed software for ease of extraction and display and analysis. The user can go from an initial query to doing science in only 20 minutes! A demonstration of the database and software will be available at the poster.

Humphreys, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Emission-line Galaxies from the Hubble Space Telescope Probing Evolution and Reionization Spectroscopically (Pears) Grism Survey. II. The Complete Sample

We present a full analysis of the Probing Evolution And Reionization Spectroscopically (PEARS) slitess grism spectroscopic data obtained with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board Hubble Space Telescope. PEARS covers fields within both the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) North and South fields, making it ideal as a random survey of galaxies, as well as the availability of a wide variety of ancillary observations complemented by the spectroscopic results. Using the PEARS data, we are able to identify star-forming galaxies (SFGs) within the redshift volume 0 < z < 1.5. Star-forming regions in the PEARS survey are pinpointed independently of the host galaxy. This method allows us to detect the presence of multiple emission-line regions (ELRs) within a single galaxy. We identified a total of 1162 Hα, [O III], and/or [O II] emission lines in the PEARS sample of 906 galaxies to a limiting flux of ~10 -18(exp) erg s -1(exp) cm -2(exp). The ELRs have also been compared to the properties of the host galaxy, including morphology, luminosity, and mass. From this analysis, we find three key results: (1) the computed line luminosities show evidence of a flattening in the luminosity function with increasing redshift; (2) the star-forming systems show evidence of complex morphologies with star formation occurring predominantly within one effective (half-light) radius. However, the morphologies show no correlation with host stellar mass. (3) Also, the number density of SFGs with M * ≥ 10 9(exp) M ☉ decreases by an order of magnitude at z ≤ 0.5 relative to the number at 0.5 < z < 0.9, supporting the argument of galaxy downsizing.

Hubble↗
NASA NTRS2020

Texas Spectroscopic Search for Lyα Emission at the End of Reionization. III. The Lyα Equivalent-width Distribution and Ionized Structures at z > 7

Lyα emission from galaxies can be utilized to characterize the ionization state in the intergalactic medium (IGM). We report our search for Lyα emission at z > 7 using a comprehensive Keck/MOSFIRE near-infrared spectroscopic data set, as part of the Texas Spectroscopic Search for Lyα Emission at the End of Reionization Survey. We analyze data from 10 nights of MOSFIRE observations which together target 72 high-z candidate galaxies in the GOODS-N field, all with deep exposure times of 4.5–19 hr. Utilizing an improved automated emission-line search, we report 10 Lyα emission lines detected (>4σ) at z > 7, significantly increasing the spectroscopically confirmed sample. Our sample includes large equivalent-width (EW) Lyα emitters (>50 Å), and additional tentative Lyα emission lines detected at 3σ–4σ from five additional galaxies. We constrain the Lyα EW distribution at z ~ 7.6, finding a significant drop from z ≲ 6, suggesting an increasing fraction of neutral hydrogen (H I) in the IGM in this epoch. We estimate the Lyα transmission through the IGM (=EW(z)~7.6/EW(z~2–6)) and infer an IGM H I fraction (X(HI)) of 49 (+19,-19)% at z ~ 7.6, which is lower in modest tension (>1σ) with recent measurements at z ~ 7.6. The spatial distribution of the detected Lyα emitters implies the presence of a potential highly ionized region at z ~ 7.55, which hosts four Lyα emitters within a ∼40 cMpc spatial separation. The prominence of this ionized region in our data set could explain our lower inferred value of X(HI), though our analysis is also sensitive to the chosen reference Lyα EW distribution values and reionization models.

Intae Jung↗
NASA NTRS2019

Highly Accurate Quartic Force Field and Rovibrational Spectroscopic Constants for the Azirinyl Cation (c-C2NH2+) and Its Isomers

Azirinyl cation is an aromatic cyclic molecule that is isoelectronic with cyclopropenylidene, c-C3H2, and c-C3H3+. Cyclopropenylidene has been shown to be ubiquitous, existing in many different astrophysical environments. Given the similar chemistry between C and N, and the relative abundances between C and N in astrophysical environments, it is expected that there should be aromatic ringed molecules that incorporate N in the ring, but as yet, no such molecule has been identified. To address this issue, the present study uses high levels of electronic structure theory to compute a highly accurate quartic force field (QFF) for azirinyl cation and its two lowest lying isomers, the cyanomethyl and isocyanomethyl cations. The theoretical approach uses the singles and doubles coupled-cluster method that includes a perturbative correction for connected triple excitations, CCSD(T), together with extrapolation to the one-particle basis set limit and corrections for scalar relativity and core-correlation. The QFF is then used in a second order vibrational perturbation theory analysis (VPT2) to compute the fundamental vibrational frequencies and rovibrational spectroscopic constants for all three C2NH2+ isomers. The reliability of the VPT2 vibrational frequencies is tested by comparison to vibrational configuration interaction (VCI) calculations and excellent agreement is found between the two approaches. Fundamental vibrational frequencies and rovibrational spectroscopic constants for all singly substituted 13C, 15N, and D isotopologues are also reported. It is expected that the highly accurate spectroscopic data reported herein will be useful in the identification of these cations in high resolution experimental or astronomical observations.

Partha P Bera↗
DOE OSTI2022

System and method for assessing spectroscopic sensor accuracy

A method for assessing spectroscopic sensor accuracy, includes building an a priori simulation of generalized etalon drift. A spectroscopic sensor is tested to determine use parameters. A specific drift model is generated by applying the determined use parameters to the built a priori simulation of generalized etalon drift. The specific drift model is analyzed to determine whether the spectroscopic sensor is satisfactory.

Green, William J.↗
DOE OSTI2025

A DECADE of dwarfs: first detection of weak lensing around spectroscopically confirmed low-mass galaxies

We present the first detection of weak gravitational lensing around spectroscopically confirmed dwarf galaxies, using the large overlap between DESI DR1 spectroscopic data and DECADE/DES weak lensing catalogs. A clean dwarf galaxy sample with well-defined redshift and stellar mass cuts enables excess surface mass density measurements in two stellar mass bins ($\log \rm{M}_*=[8.2, 9.2]~M_\odot$ and $\log \rm{M}_*=[9.2, 10.2]~M_\odot$), with signal-to-noise ratios of $5.6$ and $12.4$ respectively. This signal-to-noise drops to $4.5$ and $9.2$ respectively for measurements without applying individual inverse probability (IIP) weights, which mitigates fiber incompleteness from DESI's targeting. The measurements are robust against variations in stellar mass estimates, photometric shredding, and lensing calibration systematics. Using a simulation-based modeling framework with stellar mass function priors, we constrain the stellar mass-halo mass relation and find a satellite fraction of $\simeq 0.3$, which is higher than previous photometric studies but $1.5σ$ lower than $Λ$CDM predictions. We find that IIP weights have a significant impact on lensing measurements and can change the inferred $f_{\rm{sat}}$ by a factor of two, highlighting the need for accurate fiber incompleteness corrections for dwarf galaxy samples. Our results open a new observational window into the galaxy-halo connection at low masses, showing that future massively multiplexed spectroscopic observations and weak lensing data will enable stringent tests of galaxy formation models and $Λ$CDM predictions.

To, Chun-Hao [Chicago U., Astron. Astrophys. Ctr.;↗
NASA NTRS2014

Galaxy Evolution Spectroscopic Explorer (GESE): Science Rationale, Optical Design, and Telescope Architecture

One of the key goals of NASA’s astrophysics program is to answer the question: How did galaxies evolve into the spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies that we see today? We describe a space mission concept called Galaxy Evolution Spectroscopic Explorer (GESE) to help address this question by making a large ultraviolet spectroscopic survey of galaxies at a redshift, z approximately 1 (look-back time of approximately 8 billion years). GESE is a 1.5-m space telescope with an near-ultraviolet (NUV) multi-object slit spectrograph covering the spectral range, 0.2-0.4 micrometers (0.1-0.2 micrometers as emitted by galaxies at a redshift, z approximately 1) at a spectral resolution of delta lambda=6 A.

elliptical↗
NASA NTRS2017

The HITRAN2016 Molecular Spectroscopic Database

This paper describes the contents of the 2016 edition of the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic compilation. The new edition replaces the previous HITRAN edition of 2012 and its updates during the intervening years. The HITRAN molecular absorption compilation is composed of five major components: the traditional line-by-line spectroscopic parameters required for high-resolution radiative-transfer codes, infrared absorption cross-sections for molecules not yet amenable to representation in a line-by-line form, collision-induced absorption data, aerosol indices of refraction, and general tables such as partition sums that apply globally to the data. The new HITRAN is greatly extended in terms of accuracy, spectral coverage, additional absorption phenomena, added line-shape formalisms, and validity. Moreover, molecules, isotopologues, and perturbing gases have been added that address the issues of atmospheres beyond the Earth. Of considerable note, experimental IR cross-sections for almost 300 additional molecules important in different areas of atmospheric science have been added to the database. The compilation can be accessed through www.hitran.org. Most of the HITRAN data have now been cast into an underlying relational database structure that offers many advantages over the long-standing sequential text-based structure. The new structure empowers the user in many ways. It enables the incorporation of an extended set of fundamental parameters per transition, sophisticated line-shape formalisms, easy user-defined output formats, and very convenient searching, filtering, and plotting of data. A powerful application programming interface making use of structured query language (SQL) features for higher-level applications of HITRAN is also provided.

HITRAN↗