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At least 91 records · Page 5

Stellar population and metal production in AGN discs

ABSTRACT As gravitational wave detections increase the number of observed compact binaries (consisting of neutron stars or blacks), we begin to probe the different conditions producing these binaries. Most studies of compact remnant formation focus either on stellar collapse from the evolution of field binary stars in gas-free environments or on the formation of stars in clusters where dynamical interactions capture the compact objects, forming binaries. But a third scenario exists. In this paper, we study the fate of massive stars formed, accrete gas, and evolve in the dense discs surrounding supermassive black holes. We calculate the explosions produced and compact objects formed by the collapse of these massive stars. Nucleosynthetic yields may provide an ideal, directly observable, diagnostic of the formation and fate of these stars in active galactic nuclei. We present a first study of the explosive yields from these stars, comparing these yields with the observed nucleosynthetic signatures in the discs around supermassive stars with quasars. We show that, even though these stars tend to form black holes, their rapid rotation leads to discs that can eject a considerable amount of iron during the collapse of the star. The nucleosynthetic yields from these stars can produce constraints on the number of systems formed in this manner, but further work is needed to exploit variations from the initial models presented in this paper.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The Rho Ophiuchi cloud young stellar population - Results of a near-infrared study

An imaging survey of 1.4 sq pc of the Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud in the J, H, and K near-infrared photometric bands was conducted. Approximately 332 of the 481 detected sources are associated with the cloud, and 30 percent of these have near-infrared excesses, indicative of disks or circumstellar material surrounding these young stellar objects (YSOs). The K-band luminosity function is significantly different in different regions of the survey area, suggesting that YSOs in these regions have different ages or mass functions. The entire survey area has a high star formation efficiency of about 23 percent. Finally, many newly detected sources provide a relatively large, uniformly sensitive sample of objects for study at longer wavelengths to better determine true source luminosities and evolutionary lifetimes.

Greene, Thomas P.↗

A study of the stellar population in the Lynds 1641 dark cloud - A possible dense cluster associated with IRAS 05338-0624

Sensitive images obtained at 1.6 and 2.2 microns reveal a possible dense cluster of stars associated with IRAS 05338-0624 and located within an optically thick molecular core; the visual extinction suffered by cluster members ranges from 7 to 40 mag. A circular region of diameter 70 arcsec (0.16 pc at a distance of 480 pc) contains 20 stellar objects or semistellar knots. Assuming that the depth of the region is comparable to its projected size leads to an estimated stellar density of 6800/cu pc. The ratio of stellar to molecular material contained within the core must lie between 4 percent and 43 percent. It is likely that this cluster will emerge from its parent core as a bound group.

Strom, Karen M.↗

A Dynamically Distinct Stellar Population in the Leading Arm of the Sagittarius Stream

We present a chemical and dynamical analysis of the leading arm (LA) and trailing arm (TA) of the Sagittarius (Sgr) stream, as well as for the Sgr dwarf galaxy core (SC), using red giant branch, main-sequence, and RR Lyrae stars from large spectroscopic survey data. The different chemical properties among the LA, TA, and SC generally agree with recent studies and can be understood by a radial metallicity gradient established in the progenitor of the Sgr dwarf, followed by preferential stellar stripping from the outer part of the Sgr progenitor. One striking finding is a relatively larger fraction of low-eccentricity stars (e < 0.4) in the LA than in the TA and SC. The TA and SC exhibit very similar distributions. Considering that a tidal tail stripped off from a dwarf galaxy maintains the orbital properties of its progenitor, we expect that the e-distribution of the LA should be similar to that of the TA and SC. Thus, the disparate behavior of the e-distribution of the LA is of particular interest. Following the analysis of Vasiliev et al., we attempt to explain the different e-distribution by introducing a time-dependent perturbation of the Milky Way by the Large Magellanic Cloud's (LMC) gravitational pull, resulting in substantial evolution of the angular momentum of the LA stars to produce the low-e stars. In addition, we confirm from RR Lyrae stars with high eccentricity (e > 0.6) that the TA stars farther away from the SC are also affected by disturbances from the LMC.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

A study of the stellar population in the Lynds 1641 dark cloud. I - The IRAS catalog sources

The character of the sources identified in the IRAS Point Source Catalog and located within the boundaries of the nearest giant molecular cloud, Lynds 1641 is discussed. New optical and near-infrared photometry are combined to provide spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for these objects divided into three classes: class I objects with flat or rising spectra, class II objects with spectra intermediate in slope between a flat and blackbody spectrum, and class III objects with spectra similar to those of blackbodies. It is found that L1641 contains a much larger percentage of class I sources than does the nearby Taurus-Auriga star-forming complex. Spectral energy distributions for the IRAS-selected sample are examined and compared with SEDs for young stellar objects (YSOs) located in Taurus-Auriga. The IRAS-selected sources having optical counterparts in the H-R diagram are identified and discussed along with the distribution of masses and ages for these YSOs.

Strom, Karen M.↗

Stellar populations in edge-on galaxies from deep CCD surface photometry, 1: NGC 5907

We present extremely deep charge coupled device (CCD) surface photometry of the edge-on Sc galaxy NGC 5907. Our data reach reliably to a surface brightness of R=27 mag/sq arcsec, some two magnitudes fainter than any previous work. We obtained this improvement using a 2048X2048 CCD with a wide (approximately 24 min) field, which made it possible to sky subtract directly from the galaxy frame, and by taking many dark sky flatfields. Our analysis of these data, using a full 2D model fitting procedure with a detailed error model, confirm the thin disk parameters of van der Kruit & Searle (1981). In particular, we confirm that the galaxy's disk has a radial cutoff and a constant scale height with radius. We find evidence for a stellar warp in this system, which has the same orientation as the H I warp. Our deep data also confirm that NGC 5907 has no thick disk. This suggests that theories of thick disk formation from star formation in the early stages of disk collapse, or by secular heating mechanisms, are unlikely to be correct, because they would predict that every galaxy would have a thick disk. Thick disk formation from the accretion of satellite galaxies is more likely.

Morrison, Heather L.↗

Stellar Populations of Lyman Break Galaxies at z approx. to 1-3 in the HST/WFC3 Early Release Science Observations

We analyze the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of Lyman break galaxies . (LBGs) at z approx = 1-3 selected using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) UVIS channel filters. These HST /WFC3 obse,rvations cover about 50 arcmin2 in the GOODS-South field as a part of the WFC3 Early Release Science program. These LBGs at z approx = 1-3 are selected using dropout selection criteria similar to high redshift LBGs. The deep multi-band photometry in this field is used to identify best-fit SED models, from which we infer the following results: (1) the photometric redshift estimate of these dropout selected LBGs is accurate to within few percent; (2) the UV spectral slope f3 is redder than at high redshift (z > 3), where LBGs are less dusty; (3) on average, LBGs at .z approx = 1-3 are massive, dustier and more highly star-forming, compared to LBGs at higher redshifts with similar luminosities, though their median values are similar within 1a uncertainties. This could imply that identical dropout selection technique, at all. redshifts, find physically similar galaxies; and (4) the stellar masses of these LBGs are directly proportional to their UV luminosities with a logarithmic slope of approx 0.46, and star-formation rates are proportional to their stellar masses with a logarithmic slope of approx 0.90. These relations hold true - within luminosities probed in this study - for LBGs from z approx = 1.5 to 5. The star-forming galaxies selected using other color-based techniques show similar correlations at z approx = 2, but to avoid any selection biases, and for direct comparison with LBGs at z > 3, a true Lyman break selection at z approx = 2 is essential. The future HST UV surveys,. both wider and deeper, covering a large luminosity range are important to better understand LBG properties, and their evolution.

Hathi, N. P.↗

Stellar populations and merger rates of brightest cluster galaxies a billion years ago: SDSS MaNGA IFU spectroscopy

ABSTRACT We investigate the spectroscopic properties of 85 brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and their companions observed with the SDSS MaNGA integral field unit. Galaxy redshifts are between 0.08 < z < 0.15, allowing for a field-of-view up to 80 × 80 kpc. For the main galaxies: the average age of the BCG cores is 7.66$\, \pm \,$1.36 Gyr with no significant gradient out to $2\, R_ {e}$; the average metallicity of the BCG cores is $[Z/H]=0.23\, \pm \, 0.03$ with a negative gradient of Δ[Z/H]/Δ(R/Re) = –0.14$\, \pm \, 0.09$ which flattens beyond $1.2\, R_ {e}$. Velocity dispersion gradients are mostly flat, but a few positive slopes are seen in the most massive galaxies. Emission lines are present in 12 of the BCGs, most often confined to the central $\sim 2\,$ kpc with emission line ratios well-described by a LINER or AGN excitation source. There are 78 companion galaxies identified and 9 have nebular emission lines that indicate recent star formation. The companions with flux ratios of 4:1 and 20:1 within 30 kpc of their BCG’s core are studied. The companion galaxies have a median age of 7.65$\, \pm \,$1.55 Gyr and are high-metallicity systems, with a median [Z/H] = 0.17 ± 0.07. Close spectroscopic companions with higher merging probabilities have an average merging time of 0.5 ± 0.2 Gyr. The average merger rate is 0.08$\, \pm \, 0.12 \,$ Gyr−1 for 4:1 companions and 0.26$\, \pm \, 0.22 \,$ Gyr−1 for 20:1 companions, allowing for an increase in mass of 2.3$\, \pm \,$3.4 per cent Gyr−1 and 3.5$\, \pm \,$3.2 per cent Gyr−1, respectively.

Edwards, Louise O. V. (ORCID:000000029135997X)↗

Axion lines from nuclear de-excitations in galactic stellar populations

We show that mono-energetic axions are produced in abundance through nuclear de-excitations in nearby galaxies such as M87, which is the central galaxy of the Virgo cluster, and the starburst galaxy M82. If the axion couples to both nucleons and photons and is ultralight, then monochromatic hard x-ray signatures are induced by the subsequent axion-to-photon conversion in the magnetic fields permeating these systems. We search for evidence of such signals using NuSTAR data, focusing specifically on the 57 Fe de-excitation line at 14.4 keV, and we catalog other potentially relevant nuclear lines. We find no evidence for axions from M87 or M82 and set stringent constraints on the combined axion-nucleon and axion-photon coupling at the level of |𝑔 𝑎⁢𝑛⁢𝑛 × 𝑔 𝑎⁢𝛾⁢𝛾 | ≲ 1.1 × 10 −22 GeV −1 in the limit 𝑚 𝑎 ≲ 10 −10 eV at 95% confidence.

Ning, Orion [University of California, Berkeley, C↗

Anomalous Stellar Populations in Low-surface-brightness Galaxies

We present new Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 near-IR observations of the color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) in two low-surface-brightness galaxies, F575-3 and F615-1, notable for having no current star formation based on a lack of Hα emission. Key features of the near-IR CMDs are resolved, such as the red giant branch (RGB), the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) region, and the top of the blue main sequence. F575-3 has the bluest RGB of any CMD in the literature, indicating an extremely low mean metallicity. F615-1 has unusually wide RGB and AGB sequences, suggesting multiple episodes of star formation from metal-poor gas, and possibly infalling material. Both galaxies have an unusual population of stars to the red of the RGB and lower in luminosity than typical AGB stars. These stars have normal optical colors but abnormal near-IR colors. We suggest that this population of stars might be analogous to local peculiar stars like Be stars with strong near-IR excesses owing to a surrounding disk of hot gas.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

New Subgrouping of Multiple Stellar Populations in NGC 2808 Based on Low-resolution Spectroscopy

We performed low-resolution spectroscopy for the red giant branch stars in an intriguing globular cluster (GC) NGC 2808, which hosts subpopulations with extreme helium and light-element abundances. In order to trace N, C, and Ca abundance differences among subpopulations, we measured CN, CH, and Ca ii H&K spectral indices, respectively. We identified four subpopulations (G1, G2, G3, and G4) from CN and CH strength, with CN-weak/CH-strong G1, CN-intermediate/CH-strong G2, CN-strong/CH-intermediate G3, and CN-strong/CH-weak G4. Compared to [Na/O] from high-resolution spectroscopy, we show that CN index can more clearly separate G1 and G2. Since CN traces N abundance in a GC, it implies that G1 and G2 would show a larger difference in [N/Fe] compared to [Na/Fe], as predicted by chemical evolution models. Later generation stars G3 and G4, however, are better separated with high-resolution spectroscopy. We also found that G4 shows a stronger Ca ii H&K line strength compared to that of G1, but we suspect this to be a result of unusually strong He enhancement and/or Mg depletion in G4 of this GC. This work illustrates that combining low- and high-resolution spectroscopic studies can improve the separation of subpopulations in GCs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Axion lines from nuclear de-excitations in galactic stellar populations

We show that mono-energetic axions are produced in abundance through nuclear de-excitations in nearby galaxies such as M87, which is the central galaxy of the Virgo cluster, and the starburst galaxy M82. If the axion couples to both nucleons and photons and is ultralight, then monochromatic hard X-ray signatures are induced by the subsequent axion-to-photon conversion in the magnetic fields permeating these systems. We search for evidence of such signals using NuSTAR data, focusing specifically on the $^{57}$Fe de-excitation line at 14.4 keV, and we catalog other potentially relevant nuclear lines. We find no evidence for axions from M87 or M82 and set leading constraints on the combined axion-nucleon and axion-photon coupling at the level of $|g_{ann} \times g_{aγγ}| \lesssim 1.1 \times 10^{-22}$ GeV$^{-1}$ in the limit $m_a \lesssim 10^{-10}$ eV, at 95% confidence.

Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)↗

Stellar populations in the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 4565. I - Surface brightness and color distributions

Results are presented for photographic and photoelectric photometry of the edge-on Sb galaxy NGC 4565. Major-axis, minor-axis, and perpendicular surface brightness profiles are determined, along with color gradients parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the galaxy. It is found that the galaxy's light can be deconvolved naturally into five components: (1) a starlike nucleus located at the center of the bulge and the edge of the dust lane; (2) a thin disk containing the gas and dust, the young OB stars, and the spiral arms; (3) a thick disk that may be a locally isothermal sheet of old Population I metal-rich stars; (4) a bulge that merges smoothly into the thick disk at a radial distance of about 2.9 kpc; and (5) a corona whose light dominates the perpendicular profiles from about 2.9 to at least 8.2 kpc above the galactic plane.

Jensen, E. B.↗

Blue compact dwarf galaxies. II - Near-infrared studies and stellar populations

An IR photometric survey was performed of 36 blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDG) where intense bursts of star formation have been observed. The survey covered the J, H, and K lines, with all readings taken at the level of a few mJy. Although the near-IR fluxes observed in the galaxies are due to K and M giants, the bursts have calculated ages of less than 50 million yr. However, the BCDG galaxies surveyed are not young, with the least chemically evolved galaxy observed, I Zw 18, featuring 50 pct of its stars formed prior to its last burst, but with a missing mass that is not accounted for by H I interferometric observations. It is concluded that the old stars must be more spatially extended than the young stars, and a mixture of OB stars with the K and M giants is projected as capable of displaying the colors observed. The star formation processes in the BCDG galaxies is defined as dependent on the total mass of the galaxies, with low mass galaxies having a high ratio of star formation, compared to their previous rates.

Thuan, T. X.↗

Near-infrared photometry and stellar populations in dwarf elliptical and irregular galaxies

Studies of three different types of dwarf galaxies have been conducted, taking into account low surface brightness (LSB) dwarf irregular (dI) galaxies, dwarf elliptical (dE) galaxies, and blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDGs). Near-infrared observations for a large sample of BCDGs have been reported by Thuan (1983). The present paper is concerned with complementary near-infrared observations for a large sample of LSB dI and dE galaxies, and, in addition, with a few additional BCDG observations. In a discussion of dwarf elliptical galaxies, attention is given to an infrared color-color diagram, optical-infrared colors and burst ages, and the UVK color plane. Low surface brightness dwarf irregular galaxies and blue compact dwarf galaxies are considered along with the possible evolutionary scenarios which may link LSB dIs, BCDGs, and dEs.

Thuan, T. X.↗

Ultraviolet radiation from evolved stellar populations. 2: The ultraviolet upturn phenomenon in elliptical galaxies

We discuss the far-ultraviolet upturn phenomenon (UVX) observed in elliptical galaxies and spiral galaxy bulges. Our premise is the UV radiation from these systems emanates primarily from extreme horizontal branch (EHB) stars and their progeny. We derive the broad-band UV colors 1500-V and 2500-V for globular clusters and elliptical galaxies from the available satellite data and investigate color-color and color-line strength correlation. Clusters can be bluer than any galaxy in 15-V and 25-V, implying larger hot star populations, but galaxies are significantly bluer than clusters in 15-25 at a given 15-V. We attribute this primarily to the effect of metal abundance on the mid-UV (2500 A) light. These redder colors of the galaxies also imply that the UVX in galaxies is not produced by metal-poor subpopulations similar to the clusters. We devlop a simple spectral synthesis formulation for all phases of single star evolution from the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) to the white dwarf cooling track that requires only one or two parameters for each choice of age and abundance. We provide the ingredients necessary for constructing models with arbitrary horizontal branch (HB) morphologies in the age range 2 less than t less than 20 Gyr and for six metallicities in the range -2.26 less than (Fe/H) less than 0.58; we also consider the efect of enhanced Y in metal-rich models. The maximum lifetime UV output is produced by EHB stars with (M(sub env))(sup 0) approximately 0.02 solar mass and can be up to 30 times higher than for post-asymptotic giant branch (P-AGB) stars. The ultraviolet output of old populations is governed primarily by the distribution of (M(sub env))(sup 0)P(M(sub env))(sup 0), on the ZAHB. The UV output is not very sensitive to (Fe/H) or to Y, but it can change very rapidly with (M(sub env))(sup 0). Thus it is extremely sensitive to the precise nature of giant-branch mass loss. Our models use simple descriptions of P(M(sub env))(sup 0) to bracket the colors produced from any real distribution of stars. Our models accurately predict the range of UV colors observed for the globular clusters, given known constraints on their age, abundances, and HB morphologies. We find that models with (Fe/H) greater than or = 0 that do not contain EHB stars cannot reproduce the colors of most of the galaxies. The models also predict that the fraction of the far-UV light from P-AGB stars, which are spatially resolvable in nearby galaxies, is approximately 70% and approximately 20% for moderate UVX and strong UVX systems, respectively. We find that 25-V, but not 15-V, is sensitive to the age and abundance, though these cannot always be cleanly distinguished. The galaxy colors place limits of (Fe/H) greater than -0.5 and less than 15% on the contribution of globular cluster-type populations to the V light. Galaxy colors are consistent with solar-abundance models with ages in the range 6-14 Gyr. We discuss several implications of the observations and the models, including the question of light metal versus iron peak enhancements in galaxies, whether the UV color-Mg(sub 2) correlation is continuous or discrete, effects of helium abundnace on the UVX, and the key question of whether red giant branch mass loss can be large enough to produce the necessary EHB population in the strong UVX galaxies.

Dorman, Ben↗