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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1982

Interaction of heat production, strain rate and stress power in a plastically deforming body under tensile test

At high strain rates the heat produced by plastic deformation can give rise to a rate dependent response even if the material has rate independent constitutive equations. This effect has to be evaluated when interpreting a material test, or else it could erroneously be ascribed to viscosity. A general thermodynamic theory of tensile testing of elastic-plastic materials is given in this paper; it is valid for large strain at finite strain rates. It enables discovery of the parameters governing the thermodynamic strain rate effect, provides a method for proper interpretation of the results of the tests of dynamic plasticity, and suggests a way of planning experiments in order to detect the real contribution of viscosity.

Paglietti, A.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Correlating dislocation structures to basal and prismatic slip bands near grain boundaries in tensile-tested Mg–4Al using a multiscale electron microscopy approach

Dislocation structures where basal and prismatic slip bands meet grain boundaries in tensile-tested Mg with 4 wt% Al (Mg–4Al) were studied using a multiscale electron microscopy approach to explore the assumptions made for the dislocation pileup theory: a) slip bands consist of dislocation arrays piling up near grain boundaries, and b) stress concentration in the adjacent grain is solely caused by dislocation pileup. After post-testing electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) scans, focused-ion-beam (FIB) lift-out specimens were prepared from regions of interest so that the specimen plane is parallel to the bulk sample surface to allow for direct correlation between mesoscale and microscale characterization. High dislocation density and the dislocation arrays in the slip bands corroborated with the first assumption. Evidence of plastic deformation in all grains, however, showed that the second assumption was false. Additionally, dislocation structures including crystal rotation boundaries and dislocations dissociating to the basal plane provide additional stress relief mechanisms near grain boundaries that are not accounted for in many crystal plasticity models, which requires auxiliary models to more accurately predict the stress and strain distribution in a microstructure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1985

Modifications of system for elevated temperature tensile testing and stress-strain measurement of metal matrix composites

Composites consisting of tungsten alloy wires in superalloy matrices are being studied because they offer the potential for increased strength compared to current materials used at temperatures up to at least 1093 C (2000F). Previous research at the NASA Lewis Research Center and at other laboratories in the U.S., Europe, and Japan has demonstrated laboratory feasibility for fiber reinforced superalloys (FRS). The data for the mechanical and physical properties used to evaluate candidate materials is limited and a need exists for a more detailed and complete data base. The focus of this work is to develop a test procedure to provide a more complete FRS data base to quantitatively evaluate the composite's potential for component applications. This paper will describe and discuss the equipment and procedures under development to obtain elevated temperature tensile stress-strain, strength and modulus data for the first generation of tungsten fiber reinforced superalloy composite (TFRS) materials. Tensile stress-strain tests are conducted using a constant crosshead speed tensile testing machine and a modified load-strain measuring apparatus. Elevated temperature tensile tests are performed using a resistance wound commercial furnace capable of heating test specimens up to 1093 C (2000 F). Tensile stress-strain data are obtained for hollow tubular stainless steel specimens serving as a prototype for future composite specimens.

Diaz, J. O.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A microdynamic version of the tensile test machine

Very large space structures require structural reactions to control forces associated with nanometer-level displacements; JPL has accordingly built a tensile test machine capable of mN-level force measurements and nm-level displacement measurements, with a view to the study of structural linear joining technology at the lower limit of its resolution. The tester is composed of a moving table that is supported by six flexured legs and a test specimen cantilevered off the table to ground. Three vertical legs contain piezoactuators allowing changes in length up to 200 microns while generating axial load and bending moments. Displacements between ground and table are measured by means of three laser-interferometric channels.

Glaser, R. J.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Mechanical properties of individual InAs nanowires studied by tensile tests

Mechanical properties of individual InAs nanowires (NWs) synthesized by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) methods are studied by in-situ tensile tests in a scanning electron microscope and their fracture strength and Young's modulus are obtained. The two types of NWs both exhibit brittle fracture with a maximum elastic strain up to ∼10%. Their fracture strength distributes in a similar range of ∼2–5 GPa with a general trend of increasing with NW volume decrease, which is well described by Weibull statistic with a smaller Weibull modulus and a higher characteristic strength for MOCVD NWs. Young's modulus is determined to be 16–78 GPa with an average value of 45 GPa and no dependence on NW diameter for MOCVD NWs and 34–79 GPa with an average value of 58 GPa for MBE NWs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Direct comparison of nanoindentation and tensile test results on reactor-irradiated materials

Nanoindentation testing has been used for decades to assess materials on a local scale and to obtain fundamental mechanical property parameters. Nuclear materials research often faces the challenge of testing rather small samples due to the hazardous nature, limited space in reactors, and shallow ion-irradiated zones, fostering the need for small-scale mechanical testing (SSMT). As such, correlating the results from SSMT to bulk properties is particularly of interest. Here, this study compares macroscopic tensile test data (yield and flow stresses) to nanoindentation data (hardness) obtained on a number of different neutron-irradiated materials in order to understand the scaling behavior on radiation-damaged samples.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1987

Optical strain measuring techniques for high temperature tensile testing

A number of optical techniques used for the analysis of in-plane displacements or strains are reviewed. The application would be for the high temperature, approximately 1430 C (2600 F), tensile testing of ceramic composites in an oxidizing atmosphere. General descriptions of the various techniques and specifics such as gauge lengths and sensitivities are noted. Also, possible problems with the use of each method in the given application are discussed.

Gyekenyesi, John Z.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Emerging hierarchical dislocation structures: Insights from scanning electron microscopy-electron backscatter diffraction in situ tensile testing and multifractal analysis

Understanding the evolution of dislocation structures during plastic deformation is critical for predicting the mechanical performance of metallic materials. In this work, we applied in situ scanning electron microscopy/electron backscatter diffraction tensile testing combined with multifractal (MF) analysis to assess deformation-induced dislocation structure evolution in solution-annealed 304 L stainless steel, both in its as-received and neutron-irradiated states (5.4 displacements per atom). The analysis of kernel average misorientation patterns revealed the formation of hierarchical dislocation arrangements that exhibit clear MF scaling behavior. Despite pronounced visual differences between nonirradiated and irradiated specimens—most notably, the appearance of dislocation channels after irradiation—the singularity spectra suggest that both conditions give rise to similar underlying hierarchical structures. MF analysis provides a quantitative measure of the spatial complexity and self-organization of dislocation patterns, highlighting the accelerated emergence and evolution of the dislocation structures in irradiated polycrystalline materials, as well as the limitation of their spatial extent. The findings indicate that irradiation not only modifies microstructure but also alters correlation-driven dislocation organization. More generally, they demonstrate that MF analysis is a powerful tool for probing mesoscale deformation mechanisms.

Dislocation structures↗
NASA NTRS2023

Assessing Flow Formability of Aerospace Aluminum Alloys via DIC Tensile Testing

Over the past decade, NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has championed integrally stiffened cylinder (ISC) technology for single-piece, cryogenic tank barrels on launch vehicles. The current investigation aims to extend the hybrid spin/shear/flow forming process to aircraft fuselage structures, a damage tolerance critical application. The WF Maschinenbau VUD-600® vertical spin/flow forming facility recently established at LaRC represents a reasonable sub-scale facsimile of the ISC deformation process for research and development (R&D) purposes. The objective of this study is to explore whether tensile testing with digital image correlation (DIC) is an effective way to rank the formability of candidate aerospace Al alloys and expedite empirical forming trials. Specific tensile data, such as reduction of area, strain hardening exponent, and modulus of resilience, are used as formability metrics for a variety of alloy/temper/product form combinations. Results from high-strength aluminum alloys AA 2139, AA 2050, AA 2043 and AA 2219 are compared with the medium-strength, highly formable AA 6061 benchmark. Rolled, forged and cast preform materials in both the -O temper (fully annealed) and -T4 temper (solution-treated, quenched, and naturally aged) conditions are evaluated. AA 2139 plate in the -T4 temper emerges as the top-ranked material, based on the criteria selected. Starting with preforms in the -T4 temper will result in flow-formed material exhibiting mechanical properties closer to aircraft fuselage requirements. The optimum balance between strength and damage tolerance may also be achieved via post-forming procedures that avoid quenching and stretching.

Aluminum alloys↗
DOE OSTI2014

Stress-induced martensitic transformation during tensile test of full-size TF conductor jacket tube at 4.2 K

The toroidal-field (TF) conductor jacket of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is made of modified 316LN stainless steel, which is influenced by heat treatment at approximately 650 °C for 200 h to produce Nb{sub 3}Sn superconducting materials at the final stage. Due to the high electromagnetic forces arising during magnet operation, higher mechanical properties of the jacket materials at cryogenic temperatures are required. In our work, mechanical properties of the full-size TF conductor jacket tube were investigated, which satisfied the ITER requirements. Stress-induced martensitic transformation mechanism during tensile test of the conductor jacket material at 4.2 K was characterized by means of in-situ temperature dependent XRD, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The tensile behavior related to the amount of stress-induced phase transformation at cryogenic temperature was also discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

In Situ TEM Tensile Testing of Bicrystals with Tailored Misorientation Angles

Grain boundaries have complex structural features that influence strength, ductility and fracture in metals and alloys. Grain boundary misorientation angle has been identified as a key parameter that controls their mechanical behavior, but the effect of misorientation angle has been challenging to isolate in polycrystalline materials. Here, we describe the use of bicrystal Au thin films made using a rapid melt growth process to study deformation at a single grain boundary. Tensile testing is performed on bicrystals with different misorientation angles using in situ TEM, as well as on a single crystalline sample. Plastic deformation is initiated through dislocation nucleation from free surfaces. Grain boundary sliding is not observed, and failure occurs away from the grain boundary through plastic collapse in all cases. The failure behavior in these nanoscale bicrystals does not appear to depend on the misorientation angle or grain boundary energy but instead has a more complex dependence on sample surface structure and dislocation activity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1985

Tensile test of pressureless-sintered silicon nitride at elevated temperature

Uniaxial tensile strength tests of pressureless sintered silicon nitride were carried out in air at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 1600 C. Silicon nitrides containing Y2O3, Al2O3, Al2O3-MgO, or MgO-CeO2 additives were tested. The results show that the composition of the additive used influences the strength characteristics of the silicon nitride. The tensile strength rapidly decreased at temperatures above 1000 C for the materials containing MgO as the additive and above 1000 C for the material with Y2O3. When the temperature increased to as high as 1300 C, the strength decreased to about 10 percent of the room temperature strength in each case. Observations of the fracture origin and of the crack propagation on the fracture surfaces are discussed.

Matsusue, K.↗
DOE OSTI2024

High Temperature Tensile Testing of Molybdenum Before and After Exposure in Flowing He at 600°C to 1000°C

ORNL supported NorthStar Medical Radioisotope’s accelerator-based concept to produce the medical isotope molybdenum-99 (Mo-99). The Mo targets are expected to experience in the accelerator temperature ranging from 200°C to 1000°C, and previous studies have demonstrated the embrittlement of Mo targets at room temperature when exposed to impure He at 800 to 1000°C. The goal of this project was to evaluate potential embrittlement at temperature ranging from 600°C to 1000°C for three Mo materials exposed at the same temperatures for 100h in high purity He (O 2 < 5ppm (µl/l)) with a flow rate of ~1m/s. Enriched Mo-100 (aMo) and conventional pressed and sintered Mo (UHP) disks were provided by NorthStar while low carbon arc cast rolled Mo, fabricated at ORNL, was used for comparison. The as fabricated rolled Mo exhibited superior tensile strength due to the alloy very fine grain size with limited ductility except at 1000°C with the elongation at rupture reaching 30%. The UHP Mo disks showed the lowest strength but highest ductility at 20-1000°C with significant strain hardening during tensile testing. The ductility of the aMo material was quite low at all temperatures due to a high density of voids at grain boundaries. Significant embrittlement of the aMo material was observed after exposure at 600°C to 1000°C, most likely because of oxygen diffusion and segregation at grain boundaries. No embrittlement was observed for the UHP Mo material, with excellent elongation at rupture for some of the specimens oxidized in He and tested at 600-1000°C. Significant variation in ductility from one UHP Mo specimen to another was, however, measured, both in the as fabricated and He-oxidized conditions. The rolled Mo was not affected by oxidation in He at 800°C, but a decrease in strength and increase in ductility was observed at 1000°C, likely due to the material recrystallization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Technical Letter Report of Slow-Strain-Rate Tensile Tests on Irradiated Stainless Steels in a PWR Environment

Slow-strain-rate tensile (SSRT) tests have been performed on irradiated specimens in a simulated pressurized water reactor (PWR) environment. The samples are miniature tensile specimens of various austenitic stainless steels (SSs) with different thermal-mechanical treatments commonly used for reactor core internal components. Neutron irradiation was carried out in the BOR-60 reactor, a sodium-cooled, fast breeder reactor in Russia, at ~320°C. The damage doses of the specimens are 5, 10, and 48 dpa (displacements per atom). All irradiated materials show significant irradiation hardening and loss of ductility in the SSRT tests. The yield strengths of cold-worked are higher than that of solution-annealed samples at all doses up to 48 dpa. While the irradiation hardening seems to saturate between ~5 and ~10 dpa, the loss of ductility continues to increase above 10 dpa. Strain softening is also observed for all irradiated materials above 5 dpa. Fractographic examinations show that ductile dimple fracture is the dominant morphology for all SSRT tests in the PWR environment. Small areas of transgranular, mixed mode and cleavage fractures are seen on most fracture surfaces in PWR water tests. Intergranular cracking is also observed in 48-dpa Types 316 and 347 SSs. Cracking susceptibility of the tested materials was evaluated with fracture morphology and time to failure. In general, high-doses cold-worked SSs are more susceptible to transgranular cleavage cracking in the PWR environment. Solution-annealed Type 347 SS is susceptible to intergranular cracking at 45 dpa in the PWR environment.

Chen, Y.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

High-Temperature Mechanical Tensile Testing of Unidirectional Sic/Sic Composites Using A Versatile Lamp Furnace

Silicon carbide (SiC) based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are of interest for high-temperature structural applications, including use in turbine engine components. To understand damage mechanisms and predict durability of these systems, in-depth knowledge of their behavior at ambient and high temperatures is necessary. A method for high temperature testing of SiC/SiC minicomposite specimens up to 1500oC in both tensile fast fracture and creep conditions to investigate their thermomechanical behavior will be presented. This method utilizes a novel radiation heat furnace, equipped with infrared lamps with ellipsoidal reflectors, to heat the specimen at the furnace center in user-defined atmospheres. The housing structure of the lamps allows for observation of the specimen during testing using optical methods and for conducting other experimental studies. The goal is to employ nondestructive health monitoring techniques in-situ, including acoustic emission (AE), electrical resistance (ER), and digital image correlation (DIC) to evaluate damage initiation and evolution in the minicomposite specimens during tensile testing. Results from mechanical testing and nondestructive techniques will be presented. Electron microscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography were used to further characterize specimen damage after testing.

Aeronautics↗
DOE OSTI2014

ROLE OF SCALE FACTOR DURING TENSILE TESTING OF SMALL SPECIMENS

The influence of scale factor (tensile specimen geometry and dimensions) on mechanical test results was investigated for different widely used types of small specimens (SS-1, SS-2, SS-3, and SS-J3) and a set of materials. It was found that the effect of scale factor on the accurate determination of yield stress, ultimate tensile stress, and uniform elongation values was weak; however, clear systematic differences were observed and should be accounted for during interpretation of results. In contrast, total elongation values were strongly sensitive to variations in specimen geometry. Modern experimental methods like digital image correlation allow the impact of scale factor to be reduced. Using these techniques, it was shown that true stress true strain curves describing strain-hardening behavior were very close for different specimen types. The limits of miniaturization are discussed, and an ultra-miniature specimen concept was suggested and evaluated. This type of specimen, as expected, may be suitable for SEM and TEM in situ testing.

Gussev, Maxim N↗
DOE OSTI2018

Elevated temperature tensile tests on DU–10Mo rolled foils

We report that studies were completed to obtain tensile mechanical properties for uranium-10wt.% molybdenum (U-10Mo) foils which were subjected to four different thermomechanical processing conditions. U-Mo alloy foils are being investigated to support fuel conversion of high power research reactors from their current high enriched fuel form to a low enriched fuel form. Mechanical properties of the fuel foil have an effect on irradiation performance and fuel fabrication and therefore are required to support modeling and qualification of new low-enriched uranium monolithic fuel plate designs. The data contained in this document contributes to fuel qualification by fulfilling the requirement that physical properties related to fuel meat be established. It is expected that depleted uranium-10wt% Mo (DU–10Mo) mechanical behavior is representative of the low-enriched U10-Mo to be used in actual fuel plates; therefore DU–10Mo was studied to simplify material processing, handling, and testing requirements. In this report, the different thermomechanical treatments included variations of wrought hot and cold rolling reduction and post rolling annealing. Each of the four foils was hot rolled. After hot rolling reduction, three of the four foils were further reduced by cold rolling. One of the three was reduced a further 20% by cold rolling, and the remaining two were reduced 50% by cold rolling. Following cold rolling reduction, one of the two foils which had been reduced 50% by cold rolling was annealed at 650?°C. Performing this analysis allows assessment of the impact of foil fabrication history on the resultant tensile properties DU–10Mo fuel foils. Tensile properties of DU–10Mo at room temperature through approximately 400 °C determined from the tests conducted herein suggest the material is stronger and has lower ductility than what has been reported previously in the literature. The explanation for these differences has yet to be determined, but is likely related to differences in grain size and/or impurity content, and variation in fabrication history. At the highest temperatures tested (550 °C) better agreement between the values reported here and available literature was found. As expected, yield and ultimate tensile strength decreased with increasing test temperature. Generally, the yield stress for all foil processing conditions was found to be in the range of 1100 MPa for room temperature tests, and in the range of 200 MPa for tests conducted at 550 °C. Ultimate tensile stress was in the range of 1175 MPa at room temperature, decreasing to approximately 225 MPa at 550 °C. Lastly, elongation increased significantly, from 0 to 2% at room temperature to 50% or more for the tests at 550 °C.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗