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At least 91 records · Page 5

The use of prior probabilities in maximum likelihood classification of remotely sensed data

Possibilities for the improvement of classification accuracies by the use of prior information about the expected distribution of classes in the maximum likelihood classification of remote sensing data are examined. The modification of the maximum likelihood decision rule to take into account one or several sets of probabilities for the occurrence of classes which probabilities are based on independent knowledge of the area surveyed is demonstrated. It is then shown that the use of prior probabilities is sufficiently versatile so as to allow the prior weighting of output classes based on their anticipated sizes as well as the merging of continuously varying measurements with discrete collateral information data sets and the construction of time-sequential classification systems in which an earlier classification modifies the outcome of a latter one.

Strahler, A. H.↗

Servo Lead Compensation

Circuit for continuously varying lead compensation in servosystem operative even when integrating amplifier goes into saturation.

Buchanan, E.↗

GaInAs-AlInAs heterostructures for optical devices grown by MBE

The band gap of Ga(0.47)In(0.53)As corresponds to an emission wavelength of about 1.65 microns. Lasers have been produced with Al(0.48)In(0.52)As as cladding layers operating at room temperature. The peak emission of Ga(0.47)In(0.53)As can be continuously varied from 1.65 to 1.2 microns by the use of the multiquantum well structures. This range of wavelengths covers the minimum loss and dispersion in optical fibers and will be applicable to integrated optics. Double heterostructure broad area lasers have been fabricated using AlInAs as cladding layers to the GaInAs active layer. Room temperature threshold current densities of 4.3 kA/sq cm have been obtained for lasers with a 4500 A active region. The first data on GaInAs/AlInAs quantum well emitters will be presented. Photoluminescence of 4 K from quantum well layers of 100, 150, and 180 A with 150 A AlInAs barrier layers produced emission at 1.27, 1.35, and 1.41 microns, respectively. Ga(0.47)In(0.52)As quantum well LEDs have also been produced which emit at 1.34 microns.

Welch, D. F.↗

On the behavior of hydromagnetic surface waves

The behavior of velocity, magnetic field, and pressure perturbations about a continuously varying interface in pressure equilibrium is investigated in detail within ideal incompressible magnetohydrodynamics. A specific initial value problem is solved in quadrature for a thin interface and compared with the solution for a discontinuous interface. The unattenuated surface wave about a discontinuous interface is replaced at a thin interface by a collective surface disturbance which decays, with the associated energy density flowing into local oscillations within the interface. At long times the envelope of the local oscillations is concentrated within a small fraction of the thin interface (gradients within the envelope increase linearly with time, eventually resulting in a breakdown of the linearized ideal theory). Thus, the derived decay rate of the surface disturbance gives a mode-conversion rate rather than a heating rate. In applications to the propagation and dissipation of surface waves in the solar corona, this rate cannot in general be interpreted as a coronal heating rate.

Lee, M. A.↗

Viscous normal modes on coronal inhomogeneities and their role as a heating mechanism

Viscous damping of Alfven surface waves is examined both analytically and numerically using incompressible MHD. Normal modes are shown to exist on discontinuous as well as continuously varying interfaces in Alfven speed. The waves experience negligible decay below the transition zone. High-frequency waves damp just above the transition region, while those of lower frequency lose energy further out. A comparison of dissipative decay rates shows that wave damping by viscosity proceeds approximately two orders of magnitude faster than by resistivity.

Steinolfson, R. S.↗

Observational discrimination between modes of shock propagation in interstellar clouds: Predictions of CH+ and SH+ column densities in diffuse clouds

Considerable effort in recent years has been devoted to the study of shocks in the diffuse interstellar medium. This work has been motivated partly by the observations of rotationally excited states of H2, and partly by the realization that species such as CH(+), OH and H2O might be formed preferentially in hot, post-shock gas. The problem of CH(+) and the difficulties encountered when trying to explain the high column densities, observed along lines of sight to certain hot stars, have been reviewed earlier. The importance of a transverse magnetic field on the structure of an interstellar shock was also demonstrated earlier. Transverse magnetic fields above a critical strength give rise to an acceleration zone or precursor, in which the parameters on the flow vary continuously. Chemical reactions, which change the degree of ionization of the gas, also modify the structure of the shock considerably. Recent work has shown that large column densities of CH(+) can be produced in magnetohydrodynamic shock models. Shock speeds U sub s approx. = 10 km/s and initial magnetic field strengths of a few micro G are sufficient to produce ion-neutral drift velocities which can drive the endothermic C(+)(H2,H)CH(+) reaction. It was also shown that single-fluid hydrodynamic models do not generate sufficiently large column densities of CH(+) unless unacceptably high shock velocities (u sub s approx. 20 km/s) are assumed in the models. Thus, the observed column densities of CH(+) provide a constraint on the mode of shock propagation in diffuse clouds. More precisely, they determine a lower limit to the ion-neutral drift velocity.

Flower, D. R.↗

Bithermal fatigue: A simplified alternative to thermomechanical fatigue

A bithermal fatigue test technique was proposed as a simplified alternative to the thermomechanical fatigue test. Both the thermomechanical cycle and the bithermal technique can be used to study nonisothermal fatigue behavior. The difference between the two cycles is that in a conventional thermomechanical fatigue cycle the temperature is continuously varied concurrently with the applied mechanical strains, but in the bithermal fatigue cycle the specimen is held at zero load during the temperature excursions and all the loads are applied at the two extreme temperatures of the cycle. Experimentally, the bithermal fatigue test technique offers advantages such as ease in synchronizing the temperature and mechanical strain waveforms, in minimizing temperature gradients in the specimen gauge length, and in reducing and interpreting thermal fatigue such as the influence of alternate high and low temperatures on the cyclic stress-strain response characteristics, the effects of thermal state, and the possibility of introducing high- and low-temperature deformation mechanisms within the same cycle. The bithermal technique was used to study nonisothermal fatigue behavior of alloys such as single-crystal PWA 1480, single-crystal Rene N4, cast B1900+Hf, and wrought Haynes 188.

Verrilli, Michael J.↗

Faceting and roughening in quasicrystals

The question whether quasi-crystal shapes should be faceted is studied in a simple model of quasi-crystalline order. At T = 0, the model is proved to yield a completely faceted equilibrium shape in both two and three dimensions. At T greater than 0, an interface model is derived for a two-dimensional Penrose tiling. By mapping it onto a one-dimensional quasi-periodic Schroedinger equation, it is shown that the roughness exponent varies continuously with T at low T.

Garg, Anupam↗

Streaming sausage, kink and tearing instabilities in a current sheet with applications to the earth's magnetotail

This paper investigates the growth rates and eigenmode structures of the streaming sausage, kink, and tearing instabilities in a current sheet with a super-Alfvenic flow. The growth rates and eigenmode structures are first considered in the ideal incompressible limit by using a four-layer model, as well as a more realistic case in which all plasma parameters and the magnetic field vary continuously along the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field and plasma flow. An initial-value method is applied to obtain the growth rate and eigenmode profiles of the fastest growing mode, which is either the sausage mode or kink mode. It is shown that, in the earth's magnetotail, where super-Alfvenic plasma flows are observed in the plasma sheet and the ratio between the plasma and magnetic pressures far away from the current layer is about 0.1-0.3 in the lobes, the streaming sausage and streaming tearing instabilities, but not kink modes, are likely to occur.

Lee, L. C.↗

Active Control of the Forced and Transient Response of a Finite Beam

When studying structural vibrations resulting from a concentrated source, many structures may be modelled as a finite beam excited by a point source. The theoretical limit on cancelling the resulting beam vibrations by utilizing another point source as an active controller is explored. Three different types of excitation are considered, harmonic, random, and transient. In each case, a cost function is defined and minimized for numerous parameter variations. For the case of harmonic excitation, the cost function is obtained by integrating the mean squared displacement over a region of the beam in which control is desired. A controller is then found to minimize this cost function in the control interval. The control interval and controller location are continuously varied for several frequencies of excitation. The results show that control over the entire beam length is possible only when the excitation frequency is near a resonant frequency of the beam, but control over a subregion may be obtained even between resonant frequencies at the cost of increasing the vibration outside of the control region. For random excitation, the cost function is realized by integrating the expected value of the displacement squared over the interval of the beam in which control is desired. This is shown to yield the identical cost function as obtained by integrating the cost function for harmonic excitation over all excitation frequencies. As a result, it is always possible to reduce the cost function for random excitation whether controlling the entire beam or just a subregion, without ever increasing the vibration outside the region in which control is desired. The last type of excitation considered is a single, transient pulse. A cost function representative of the beam vibration is obtained by integrating the transient displacement squared over a region of the beam and over all time. The form of the controller is chosen a priori as either one or two delayed pulses. Delays constrain the controller to be causal. The best possible control is then examined while varying the region of control and the controller location. It is found that control is always possible using either one or two control pulses. The two pulse controller gives better performance than a single pulse controller, but finding the optimal delay time for the additional controllers increases as the square of the number of control pulses.

Post, John Theodore↗

Molecular arrangements and conformations of liquid n-tridecane chains confined between two hard walls

Monte Carlo simulations based on united CH2 atoms linked with fixed bond lengths and angles, and continuously varying torsional angles subject to appropriate interaction energies, were used to study liquid n-tridecane chains confined between two parallel hard walls with 5 mm separation. The molecules located in the central region are noted to be in very close agreement with ideal unperturbed chains. Nearly all the chain units in the first segmental layer adjacent to the walls belong to two-dimensional chains, and exhibit considerable orientational correlations between neighboring segments of different chains.

Vacatello, Michele↗

The Windvan pulsed CO2 Doppler lidar wide-area wind sensor

Wind sensing using a Doppler lidar is achieved by sensing the Doppler content of narrow frequency laser light backscattered by the ambient atmospheric aerosols. The derived radial wind components along several directions are used to generate wind vectors, typically using the Velocity Azimuth Display (VAD) method described below. Range resolved information is obtained by range gating the continuous scattered return. For a CO2 laser (10.6 mu) the Doppler velocity scaling factor is 188 kHz/ms(exp -1). In the VAD scan method the zenith angle of the pointing direction is fixed and its azimuth is continuously varied through 2 pi. A spatially uniform wind field at a particular altitude yields a sinusoidal variation of the radial component vs. azimuth. The amplitude, phase and dc component of this sinusoid yield the horizontal wind speed, direction and vertical component of the wind respectively. In a nonuniform wind field the Fourier components of the variation yields the required information.

Lawrence, Rhidian↗

LWIR detector research in InAsSb/InAs

The InAsSb/InSb strained-layer system forms a type-II superlattice in the Sb-rich region of the phase diagram. The band gap of InAsSb/InSb strained-layer superlattices grown on lattice-matched buffers can be varied continuously to produce semiconducting systems with band gaps ranging from that of InSb (0.23 eV with an absorption edge at 5.5 microns at 77 K) to 0. The semiconductor to semimetal transition occurs at As concentrations of approximately 33 percent, with the precise value dependent upon the strain and quantum well dimensions. At higher As content, the system is a semimetal. The authors fabricated photovoltaic detectors with high D asterisk at 77 K at wavelengths beyond 10 microns, and both photovoltaic and photoconductive detectors have been demonstrated with response to 15 microns. The photoconductive detectors exhibit gain of up to 100. Details of the materials growth, studies of the band structure and properties, device processing and the detector performance observed to date in these systems are discussed.

Peercy, Paul S.↗

Virtual acoustics displays

The real time acoustic display capabilities are described which were developed for the Virtual Environment Workstation (VIEW) Project at NASA-Ames. The acoustic display is capable of generating localized acoustic cues in real time over headphones. An auditory symbology, a related collection of representational auditory 'objects' or 'icons', can be designed using ACE (Auditory Cue Editor), which links both discrete and continuously varying acoustic parameters with information or events in the display. During a given display scenario, the symbology can be dynamically coordinated in real time with 3-D visual objects, speech, and gestural displays. The types of displays feasible with the system range from simple warnings and alarms to the acoustic representation of multidimensional data or events.

Wenzel, Elizabeth M.↗

Considerations of digital phase modulation for narrowband satellite mobile communication

The Inmarsat-M system for mobile satellite communication is specified as a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) system, applying Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) for transmitting 8 kbit/sec in 10 kHz user channel bandwidth. We consider Digital Phase Modulation (DPM) as an alternative modulation format for INMARSAT-M. DPM is similar to Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) except that DPM has a finite memory in the premodular filter with a continuous varying modulation index. It is shown that DPM with 64 states in the VA obtains a lower bit error rate (BER). Results for a 5 kHz system, with the same 8 kbit/sec transmitted bitstream, is also presented.

Grythe, Knut↗

A continuum method for modeling surface tension

In the novel method presented for modeling the effects of surface tension on fluid motion, the interfaces between fluids with different, color-represented properties are finite-thickness transition regions across which the color varies continuously. A force density proportional to the surface curvature of constant color is defined at each point in the transition region; this force-density is normalized in such a way that the conventional description of surface tension on an interface is recovered when the ratio of local transition-reion thickness to local curvature radius approaches zero. The properties of the method are illustrated by computational results for 2D flows.

Brackbill, J. U.↗

Optical spectroscopy of Z Canis Majoris, V1057 Cygni, and FU Orionis - Accretion disks and signatures of disk winds

High resolution, high SNR optical spectra have been used to investigate the hypothesis that in outburst, FU Ori objects are self-luminous accretion disks whose light dominates at optical and near-IR wavelengths. Strong evidence has been found for linewidth versus wavelength correlation in good agreement with model predictions for Z CMa and V1057 Cyg, but not for FU Ori itself. Linewidth varies continuously with wavelength at optical wavelengths in the former two objects, In the case of FU Ori, it is argued that a combination of strong wind components to spectral lines, and surface gravity possibly being lower than that of supergiants, conceals the underlying linewidth versus wavelength relationship. A marginal correlation is found between linewidth and lower excitation potential in all three objects. Synthetic disk spectra are subtracted from observed spectral, and remarkably good fits are found for all three objects for wavelengths longer than about 5000 A.

Welty, Alan D.↗