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At least 91 records · Page 5

Parameterizing empirical interatomic potentials for predicting thermophysical properties via an irreducible derivative approach: the case of ThO 2 and UO 2

The accuracy of classical physical property predictions using molecular dynamics simulations is determined by the quality of the interatomic potentials. Here we introduce a training approach for empirical interatomic potentials (EIPs) which is well suited for capturing phonons and phonon-related properties. Our approach is based on direct comparisons of the second- and third-order irreducible derivatives (IDs) between an EIP and the Born–Oppenheimer potential within density functional theory (DFT) calculations. IDs fully exploit space group symmetry and allow for training without redundant information. We demonstrate the fidelity of our approach in the context of ThO 2 and UO 2 , where we optimize parameters of an embedded-atom method potential in addition to core–shell interactions. Our EIPs provide thermophysical properties in good agreement with DFT and outperform widely utilized EIPs for phonon dispersion and thermal conductivity predictions. Reasonable estimates of thermal expansion and formation energies of Frenkel pairs are also obtained.

empirical interatomic potential↗

Uncertainty quantification of collective nuclear observables from the chiral potential parametrization

We perform an uncertainty estimate of quadrupole moments and B(E2) transition rates that inform nuclear collectivity. In particular, we study the low-lying states of 6 Li and 12 C using the ab initio symmetry-adapted no-core–shell model. For a narrow standard deviation of approximately 1% on the low-energy constants which parametrize high-precision chiral potentials, we find output standard deviations in the collective observables ranging from approximately 3%–6%. The results mark the first step towards a rigorous uncertainty quantification of collectivity in nuclei that aims to account for all sources of uncertainty in ab initio descriptions of challenging collective and clustering observables.

ab initio↗

Energy transfer between localized emitters in photonic cavities from first principles

Radiative and nonradiative resonant couplings between defects are ubiquitous phenomena in photonic devices used in classical and quantum information technology applications. In this work, we present a first-principles approach to enable quantitative predictions of the energy transfer between defects in photonic cavities, beyond the dipole-dipole approximation and including the many-body nature of the electronic states. As an example, we discuss the energy transfer from a dipolelike emitter to an 𝐹 center in MgO in a spherical cavity. We show that the cavity can be used to controllably enhance or suppress specific spin-flip and spin-conserving transitions. Specifically, we predict that an ∼10–100 enhancement in the resonant energy transfer rate can be gained in the case of the 𝐹 center in MgO at ∼10 nm distances from a dipolar source, using rather moderate cavity with quality factor 𝑄 ∼ 400. We also show that a similar suppression in the transfer rate can be achieved by off-tuning the cavity resonance relative to the emitter transition energy. The framework presented here is general and readily applicable to a wide range of devices where localized emitters are embedded in microspheres, core-shell nanoparticles, and dielectric Mie resonators. Hence, our approach paves the way to predict how to control energy transfer in quantum memories and in ultrahigh-density optical memories, and in a variety of quantum information platforms.

First-principles calculations↗

Applications of the modified Hulthén-Kohn method for bound and scattering states

We adapt the Hulthén–Kohn method suggested by Efros [Phys. Rev. C 99, 034620 (2019)] for calculating various observables in the continuum and discrete spectrum using two-body interactions in single- and coupled channel systems. We explore the convergence of phase shifts and wave functions as well as the location of S-matrix poles which enables obtaining both resonance and bound state parameters. We find that employing a harmonic oscillator basis, together with an interaction smoothing scheme introduced by Gyarmati et al. [Nucl. Phys. A 326, 119 (1979)], and adopting approximate bound-state solutions for the short-range components of basis wave functions lead to good convergence even with restricted oscillator quanta accessible for modern no-core shell model codes. The adapted Efros method will facilitate ab initio many-body nuclear structure applications.

Nuclear reactions↗

Attosecond X-Ray Core-Level Chronoscopy of Aromatic Molecules

Attosecond photoemission or photoionization delays are a unique probe of the structure and the electronic dynamics of matter. However, the spectral congestion of valence photoelectron spectra sets fundamental limits to the complexity of systems that can be studied, and the delocalization of valence electron wave functions blurs the spatial origin of the photoelectron wave packet. Using attosecond x-ray pulses from LCLS, we demonstrate the key advantages of measuring core-level delays: The photoelectron spectra remain atomlike, the measurements become element specific, and the observed scattering dynamics originate from a pointlike source when multicenter interference effects are negligible. We exploit these unique features to reveal the effects of changing functional groups (C-H vs N) and symmetry on attosecond scattering dynamics by measuring and calculating the photoionization delays between N−1⁢𝑠 and C−1⁢𝑠 core shells of a series of aromatic azabenzene molecules. Remarkably, the delays increase with the number of nitrogen atoms in the molecule and reveal multiple resonances. We identify two previously unknown mechanisms regulating the associated attosecond dynamics, namely the enhanced confinement of the trapped wave function with the replacement of C-H groups by N atoms and the decrease of the coupling strength among the photoemitted partial waves with increasing symmetry. This study demonstrates the unique opportunities opened by measurements of core-level photoionization delays for unraveling attosecond electron dynamics in complex matter.

Ji, Jia-Bao [Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule↗

Quantum Monte Carlo calculation of 𝛿 NS in 10 C using an effective field theory approach

Here, we compute radiative corrections to the superallowed 𝛽 decay of 10 C in an effective field theory approach using nuclear matrix elements obtained from quantum Monte Carlo calculations. These corrections are an important ingredient in the extraction of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Masakawa quark mixing matrix element 𝑉 𝑢⁢𝑑 , and the role of this work is to illuminate the uncertainties arising from nuclear structure. Our results provide good agreement with both the traditional extraction of 𝑉 𝑢⁢𝑑 , as well as with a more recent evaluation performed using the no-core shell model and a dispersion formalism. The dominant uncertainty in this approach is the presence of two unknown low-energy constants that enter into the relevant nuclear matrix elements. Future determinations of these low-energy constants—either from QCD or modeling them with two nucleon amplitudes—would improve the precision of the extraction in this formalism.

beta decay↗

Single rhenium atoms on nanomagnetite: Probing the recharge process that controls the fate of rhenium in the environment

Understanding the redox transitions that control rhenium geochemistry is central to paleoredox and geochronology studies, as well as predicting the fate of chemically similar hazardous oxyanions in the environment such as pertechnetate. However, detailed mechanistic information regarding rhenium redox transitions in anoxic systems is scarce. Here, we performed a comprehensive laboratory study of rhenium redox transitions on variably oxidized magnetite nanoparticle surfaces. Through high-end spectroscopic and microscopic tools, we propose an abiotic transition pathway in which aqueous iron(II) ions in the presence of pure or preoxidized magnetite serve as an electron source to reduce rhenium(VII) to individual rhenium(IV) atoms or small polynuclear species on nanoparticle surfaces. Notably, iron(II) ions recharged preoxidized magnetite nanoparticles exhibit a maghemite core and a magnetite shell, challenging the traditional core-shell magnetite-maghemite model. This study provides a fundamental understanding of redox processes governing rhenium fate and transport in the environment and enables an improved basis for predicting its speciation in geochemical systems.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

Significantly enhanced near-field coupling via tip engineering

The ability to significantly enhance near-field coupling between light and matter at the nanoscale is crucial for advancing the fields of nanophotonics and nanopolariotonics. However, conventional probes face challenges in achieving optimal light–matter interaction. In this study, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, simulation-based strategy that leverages tip engineering to dramatically amplify the scattering field through tailored double-layer geometries. By employing a core-shell structure with a thin shell layer optimized for specific dielectric permittivity and effective polarizability, we demonstrate a near-field enhancement of up to 10 times compared to conventional probes. Our findings highlight exciting new possibilities for optimizing near-field interactions through probe designs with customized resonances, paving the way for substantially improved nano-optical sensing, imaging, and detection.

Shiravi, H.↗

Solar Spectrum Conversion for an Algae Bioreactor (CRADA Final Report)

This project focused on developing advanced optical coatings to improve solar energy utilization. The research aimed to create lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) capable of capturing unused near-infrared (NIR) light from the sun and converting it into visible light (blue and red photons) that can be used for photosynthesis. The primary goal was to identify, synthesize, and integrate highly efficient UCNPs into a transparent thin-film device. Through a comprehensive workflow involving computer simulations, high-throughput robotic synthesis, and detailed optical characterization, the project successfully developed a high-performance material. The key technical achievement was the creation of a core-shell UCNP (NaYF₄:20%Yb³⁺, 2%Er³⁺ coated with a 10 nm NaYF₄ shell) that demonstrated a quantum yield of 3.2% for converting 980 nm NIR light into visible light. Transparent thin films fabricated from these nanoparticles showed excellent optical properties, confirming their potential for practical applications. This research adds to the scientific understanding of energy transfer in lanthanide materials and demonstrates a technically effective method for creating efficient light-converting coatings. The primary benefit to the public lies in the potential for these coatings to enhance the efficiency of solar-driven processes, such as boosting the growth of algae in photobioreactors for biofuel production.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Effect of Preparation Conditions of Fe@SiO2 Catalyst on Its Structure Using High-Pressure Activity Studies in a 3D-Printed SS Microreactor

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) in a 3D-printed stainless steel (SS) microchannel microreactor was investigated using Fe@SiO2 catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by two different techniques: one pot (OP) and autoclave (AC). The mesoporous structure of the two catalysts, Fe@SiO2 (OP) and Fe@SiO2 (AC), ensured a large contact area between the reactants and the catalyst. They were characterized by N2 physisorption, H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis–differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) techniques. The AC catalyst had a clear core–shell structure and showed a much greater surface area than that prepared by the OP method. The activities of the catalysts in terms of FTS were studied in the 200–350 °C temperature range at 20-bar pressure with a H2/CO molar ratio of 2:1. The Fe@SiO2 (AC) catalyst showed higher selectivity and higher CO conversion to olefins than Fe@SiO2 (OP). Stability studies of both catalysts were carried out for 30 h at 320 °C at 20 bar with a feed gas molar ratio of 2:1. The Fe@SiO2 (AC) catalyst showed higher stability and yielded consistent CO conversion compared to the Fe@SiO2 (OP) catalyst.

Biochemistry & Molecular Biology↗

Glancing Angle Deposition in Gas Sensing: Bridging Morphological Innovations and Sensor Performances

Glancing Angle Deposition (GLAD) has emerged as a versatile and powerful nanofabrication technique for developing next-generation gas sensors by enabling precise control over nanostructure geometry, porosity, and material composition. Through dynamic substrate tilting and rotation, GLAD facilitates the fabrication of highly porous, anisotropic nanostructures, such as aligned, tilted, zigzag, helical, and multilayered nanorods, with tunable surface area and diffusion pathways optimized for gas detection. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in GLAD-based gas sensor design, focusing on how structural engineering and material integration converge to enhance sensor performance. Key materials strategies include the construction of heterojunctions and core–shell architectures, controlled doping, and nanoparticle decoration using noble metals or metal oxides to amplify charge transfer, catalytic activity, and redox responsiveness. GLAD-fabricated nanostructures have been effectively deployed across multiple gas sensing modalities, including resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and optical platforms, where their high aspect ratios, tailored porosity, and defect-rich surfaces facilitate enhanced gas adsorption kinetics and efficient signal transduction. These devices exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity toward a range of analytes, including NO2, CO, H2S, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with detection limits often reaching the parts-per-billion level. Emerging innovations, such as photo-assisted sensing and integration with artificial intelligence for data analysis and pattern recognition, further extend the capabilities of GLAD-based systems for multifunctional, real-time, and adaptive sensing. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the promise of GLAD as a scalable platform for next-generation gas sensing technologies.

Chemistry↗

NeuralMie (v1.0): an aerosol optics emulator

The direct interactions of atmospheric aerosols with radiation significantly impact the Earth's climate and weather and are important to represent accurately in simulations of the atmosphere. This work introduces two contributions to enable a more accurate representation of aerosol optics in atmosphere models: (1) NeuralMie, a neural network Mie scattering emulator that can directly compute the bulk optical properties of a diverse range of aerosol populations and is appropriate for use in atmosphere simulations where aerosol optical properties are parameterized, and (2) TAMie, a fast Python-based Mie scattering code based on the Toon and Ackerman (1981) Mie scattering algorithm that can represent both homogeneous and coated particles. TAMie achieves speed and accuracy comparable to established Fortran Mie codes and is used to produce training data for NeuralMie. NeuralMie is highly flexible and can be used for a wide range of particle types, wavelengths, and mixing assumptions. It can represent core-shell scattering and, by directly estimating bulk optical properties, is more efficient than existing Mie code and Mie code emulators while incurring negligible error compared to existing aerosol optics parameterization schemes (0.08 % mean absolute percentage error).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Structural response of a fiber composite compressor fan blade airfoil

A theoretical investigation was performed to determine the structural response of a fiber composite airfoil typical of those encountered in high-tip speed compressor fan blades when subjected to load conditions anticipated in such applications. The analysis method consisted of composite mechanics embedded in pre- and post-processors coupled with NASTRAN. The load conditions examined include thermal due to aerodynamic heating, pressure due to aerodynamic forces, and centrifugal. Root reactions due to various load conditions, average composite and ply stresses, ply delaminations, and the fundamental modes and the corresponding reactions were investigated. The results show that the thermal and pressure stresses are negligible compared to those caused by the centrifugal forces. The core-shell concept for composite blades is an inefficient design and is sensitive to interply delaminations. The results are presented in graphical and tabular forms to illustrate the types and amount of data required for the analysis, and to provide quantitative data associated with the various responses which can be helpful in designing composite blades.

Chamis, C. C.↗

Structural response of fiber composite fan blades

A fiber composite airfoil, typical for high-tip speed compressor applications, is subjected to load conditions anticipated to be encountered in such applications, and its structural response is theoretically investigated. The analysis method used consists of composite mechanics embedded in pre- and post-processors and coupled with NASTRAN. The load conditions examined include thermal due to aerodynamic heating, pressure due to aerodynamic forces, centrifugal, and combinations of these. The various responses investigated include root reactions due to various load conditions, average composite and ply stresses, ply delaminations, and the fundamental modes and the corresponding reactions. The results show that the thermal and pressure stresses are negligible compared to those caused by the centrifugal forces. Also, the core-shell concept for composite blades is an inefficient design (core plies not highly stressed) and appears to be sensitive to interply delaminations. The results are presented in graphical and tabular forms to illustrate the types and amount of data required for such an analysis, and to provide quantitative data of the various responses which can be helpful in designing such composite blades.

Chamis, C. C.↗

Rubber-toughened cyanate composites - Properties and toughening mechanism

Earlier work by Young et al. (1990) has shown that Dow experimental cyanate ester resin XU71787.02 is readily toughenable by rubber. A particularly effective rubber for this purpose is an experimental core-shell rubber which toughens the polymer by inducing shear yielding. This paper describes an investigation into the toughening mechanism in the corresponding carbon-fiber composite systems and the effect of fibers on composite properties. Resin-fiber interfacial shear strengths have been successfully correlated to the compressive strengths after impact and other key properties of composites based on rubber-toughened cyanate and several carbon fibers. The differences in the properties are explained by the difference in the functioning of the rubber particles during the fracture process.

Yang, P. C.↗

A Melting Layer Model for Passive/Active Microwave Remote Sensing Applications: Model Formulation and Comparison with Observations - Part 1

In this study, a 1-D steady-state microphysical model which describes the vertical distribution of melting precipitation particles is developed. The model is driven by the ice-phase precipitation distributions just above the freezing level at applicable gridpoints of "parent" 3-D cloud-resolving model (CRM) simulations. It extends these simulations by providing the number density and meltwater fraction of each particle in finely separated size categories through the melting layer. The depth of the modeled melting layer is primarily determined by the initial material density of the ice-phase precipitation. The radiative properties of melting precipitation at microwave frequencies are calculated based upon different methods for describing the dielectric properties of mixed phase particles. Particle absorption and scattering efficiencies at the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager frequencies (10.65 to 85.5 GHz) are enhanced greatly for relatively small (approx. 0.1) meltwater fractions. The relatively large number of partially-melted particles just below the freezing level in stratiform regions leads to significant microwave absorption, well-exceeding the absorption by rain at the base of the melting layer. Calculated precipitation backscatter efficiencies at the Precipitation Radar frequency (13.8 GHz) increase in proportion to the particle meltwater fraction, leading to a "bright-band" of enhanced radar reflectivities in agreement with previous studies. The radiative properties of the melting layer are determined by the choice of dielectric models and the initial water contents and material densities of the "seeding" ice-phase precipitation particles. Simulated melting layer profiles based upon snow described by the Fabry-Szyrmer core-shell dielectric model and graupel described by the Maxwell-Garnett water matrix dielectric model lead to reasonable agreement with radar-derived melting layer optical depth distributions. Moreover, control profiles that do not contain mixed-phase precipitation particles yield optical depths that are systematically lower than those observed. Therefore, the use of the melting layer model to extend 3-D CRM simulations appears justified, at least until more realistic spectral methods for describing melting precipitation in high-resolution, 3-D CRM's are implemented.

Olson, William S.↗

Analysis of Short and Long Range Atomic Order in Nanocrystalline Diamonds with Application of Powder Diffractometry

Fundamental limitations, with respect to nanocrystalline materials, of the traditional elaboration of powder diffraction data like the Rietveld method are discussed. A tentative method of the analysis of powder diffraction patterns of nanocrystals is introduced which is based on the examination of the variation of lattice parameters calculated from individual Bragg lines (named the "apparent lattice parameter", alp). We examine the application of our methodology using theoretical diffraction patterns computed for models of nanocrystals with a perfect crystal lattice and for grains with a two-phase, core-shell structure. We use the method for the analysis of X-ray and neutron experimental diffraction data of nanocrystalline diamond powders of 4, 6 and 12 nm in diameter. The effects of an internal pressure and strain at the grain surface is discussed. This is based on the dependence of the alp values oil the diffraction vector Q and on the PDF analysis. It is shown, that the experimental results support well the concept of the two-phase structure of nanocrystalline diamond.

Palosz, B.↗

Examination of Short- and Long-Range Atomic Order Nanocrystalline SiC and Diamond by Powder Diffraction Methods

The real atomic structure of nanocrystals determines unique, key properties of the materials. Determination of the structure presents a challenge due to inherent limitations of standard powder diffraction techniques when applied to nanocrystals. Alternate methodology of the structural analysis of nanocrystals (several nanometers in size) based on Bragg-like scattering and called the "apparent lattice parameter" (alp) is proposed. Application of the alp methodology to examination of the core-shell model of nanocrystals will be presented. The results of application of the alp method to structural analysis of several nanopowders were complemented by those obtained by determination of the Atomic Pair Distribution Function, PDF. Based on synchrotron and neutron diffraction data measured in a large diffraction vector of up to Q = 25 Angstroms(exp -1), the surface stresses in nanocrystalline diamond and SiC were evaluated.

Palosz, B.↗