Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “dwarf”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2011

The First Hundred Brown Dwarfs Discovered by the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)

We present ground-based spectroscopic verification of six Y dwarfs also Cushing et al.), eighty-nine T dwarfs, eight L dwarfs, and one M dwarf identified by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Eighty of these are cold brown dwarfs with spectral types > or =T6, six of which have been announced earlier in Mainzer et al. and I3urgasser et al. We present color-color and colortype diagrams showing the locus of M, L, T, and Y dwarfs in WISE color space. "

Kirkpatrick, J. Davy↗
NASA NTRS2011

The Fall and the Rise of X-Rays from Dwarf Novae in Outburst: RXTE Observations of VW Hydri and WW Ceti

In a dwarf nova, the accretion disk around the white dwarf is a source of ultraviolet, optical, and infrared photons, but is never hot enough to emit X-rays. Observed X-rays instead originate from the boundary layer between the disk and the white dwarf. As the disk switches between quiescence and outburst states, the 2-10 keV X-ray flux is usually seen to be anti-correlated with the optical brightness. Here we present RXTE monitoring observations of two dwarf novae, VW Hyi and WW Cet, confirming the optical/X-ray anti-correlation in these two systems. However, we do not detect any episodes of increased hard X-ray flux on the rise (out of two possible chances for WW Cet) or the decline (two for WW Cet and one for VW Hyi) from outburst, attributes that are clearly established in SS Cyg. The addition of these data to the existing literature establishes the fact that the behavior of SS Cyg is the exception, rather than the archetype as is often assumed. We speculate that only dwarf novae with a massive white dwarf may show these hard X-ray spikes.

Fertig, D.↗
NASA NTRS2013

The Ultraviolet Radiation Environment around M Dwarf Exoplanet Host Stars

The spectral and temporal behavior of exoplanet host stars is a critical input to models of the chemistry and evolution of planetary atmospheres. Ultraviolet photons influence the atmospheric temperature profiles and production of potential biomarkers on Earth-like planets around these stars. At present, little observational or theoretical basis exists for understanding the ultraviolet spectra of M dwarfs, despite their critical importance to predicting and interpreting the spectra of potentially habitable planets as they are obtained in the coming decades. Using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope, we present a study of the UV radiation fields around nearby M dwarf planet hosts that covers both far-UV (FUV) and near-UV (NUV) wavelengths. The combined FUV+NUV spectra are publicly available in machine-readable format. We find that all six exoplanet host stars in our sample (GJ 581, GJ 876, GJ 436, GJ 832, GJ 667C, and GJ 1214) exhibit some level of chromospheric and transition region UV emission. No "UV-quiet" M dwarfs are observed. The bright stellar Lyman-alpha emission lines are reconstructed, and we find that the Lyman-alpha line fluxes comprise approximately 37%-75% of the total 1150-3100 A flux from most M dwarfs; approximately greater than 10(exp3) times the solar value. We develop an empirical scaling relation between Lyman-alpha and Mg II emission, to be used when interstellar H I attenuation precludes the direct observation of Lyman-alpha. The intrinsic unreddened flux ratio is F(Lyman-alpha)/F(Mg II) = 10(exp3). The F(FUV)/F(NUV) flux ratio, a driver for abiotic production of the suggested biomarkers O2 and O3, is shown to be approximately 0.5-3 for all M dwarfs in our sample, greather than 10(exp3) times the solar ratio. For the four stars with moderate signal-to-noise Cosmic Origins Spectrograph time-resolved spectra, we find UV emission line variability with amplitudes of 50%.500% on 10(exp2)-10(exp3) s timescales. This effect should be taken into account in future UV transiting planet studies, including searches for O3 on Earth-like planets. Finally, we observe relatively bright H2 fluorescent emission from four of the M dwarf exoplanetary systems (GJ 581, GJ 876, GJ 436, and GJ 832). Additional modeling work is needed to differentiate between a stellar photospheric or possible exoplanetary origin for the hot (T(H2) approximately equal to 2000-4000 K) molecular gas observed in these objects.

France, Kevin↗
NASA NTRS2012

Gas, Stars, and Star Formation in Alfalfa Dwarf Galaxies

We examine the global properties of the stellar and Hi components of 229 low H i mass dwarf galaxies extracted from the ALFALFA survey, including a complete sample of 176 galaxies with H i masses <10(sup 7.7) solar mass and Hi line widths <80 kilometers per second. Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data are combined with photometric properties derived from Galaxy Evolution Explorer to derive stellar masses (M*) and star formation rates (SFRs) by fitting their UV-optical spectral energy distributions (SEDs). In optical images, many of the ALFALFA dwarfs are faint and of low surface brightness; only 56% of those within the SDSS footprint have a counterpart in the SDSS spectroscopic survey. A large fraction of the dwarfs have high specific star formation rates (SSFRs), and estimates of their SFRs and M* obtained by SED fitting are systematically smaller than ones derived via standard formulae assuming a constant SFR. The increased dispersion of the SSFR distribution at M* approximately less than10(exp 8)M(sub 0) is driven by a set of dwarf galaxies that have low gas fractions and SSFRs; some of these are dE/dSphs in the Virgo Cluster. The imposition of an upper Hi mass limit yields the selection of a sample with lower gas fractions for their M* than found for the overall ALFALFA population. Many of the ALFALFA dwarfs, particularly the Virgo members, have H i depletion timescales shorter than a Hubble time. An examination of the dwarf galaxies within the full ALFALFA population in the context of global star formation (SF) laws is consistent with the general assumptions that gas-rich galaxies have lower SF efficiencies than do optically selected populations and that Hi disks are more extended than stellar ones.

ALFALFA↗
NASA NTRS2024

SOLES XII. The Aligned Orbit of TOI-2533 b, a Transiting Brown Dwarf Orbiting an F8-type Star

Brown dwarfs occupy a middle ground in mass space between gaseous giant planets and ultracool dwarf stars, and the characterisation of their orbital orientations may shed light on how these neighbouring objects form. We present an analysis of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect across the transit of TOI-2533 b, a brown dwarf on a moderately eccentric (e b = 0.2476 ± 0.0090) and wide-separation (a b /R ⋆ = 13.34 ± 0.30) orbit around an F8-type star, using data from the NEID/WIYN spectrograph in combination with archival photometry and radial velocity observations. Spin-orbit analyses of brown dwarfs are relatively rare, and TOI-2533 stands out as the fifth brown dwarf system with a measured spin–orbit constraint. We derive a sky-projected stellar obliquity of λ = −7° ± 14° for TOI-2533 b, finding that the brown dwarf is consistent with spin–orbit alignment. Our joint model also indicates that TOI-2533 b falls near the lower bound of the hydrogen-burning minimum mass range (M b = 74.9 ± 5.3 M Jup ). Ultimately, we find that TOI-2533 b is consistent with formation from disc fragmentation in a primordially spin–orbit aligned orientation, although we cannot rule out the possibility that the system has been tidally realigned during its lifetime.

Thiago Ferreira dos Santos↗
NASA NTRS2000

Detection of H alpha emission in a methane (T type) brown dwarf

We report the detection of H alpha emission in the T dwarf (methane brown dwarf) 2MASSW J1237392 + 652615 over three days using the Keek Low esolution Imaging Spectrograph. The measured line flux, log (L-H alpha/L-bol) = -4.3, is roughly consistent with early M dwarf activity levels and inconsistent with decreasing activity trends in late M and L dwarfs. Similar emission is not seen in two other T dwarfs.

Late-type stars magnetic activity steller activity↗
NASA NTRS2007

Moderate-Resolution Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Observations of M, L, and T Dwarfs

We present 10-19 micrometers moderate-resolution spectra of 10 M dwarfs, one L dwarf, and two T dwarf systems obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. The IRS allows us to examine molecular spectroscopic features/lines at moderate spectral resolution in a heretofore untapped wavelength regime. These R = (lamda)/(Delta)(lamda) approximately equal to 600 spectra allow for a more detailed examination of clouds and nonequilibrium chemistry, as well as the molecular features of H2O, NH3, and other trace molecular species that are the hallmarks of these objects. A cloud-free model best fits our mid-infrared spectrum of the T1 dwarf (Sigma) Indi Ba, and we find that the NH3 feature in (Sigma) Indi Bb is best explained by a nonequilibrium abundance due to vertical transport in its atmosphere.We examined a set of objects (mostly M dwarfs) in multiple systems to look for evidence of emission features, which might indicate an atmospheric temperature inversion, as well as trace molecular species; however, we found no evidence of either.

low mass brown dwarfs↗
NASA NTRS2016

Recent Variability Observations of Solar System Giant Planets: Fresh Context for Understanding Exoplanet and Brown Dwarf Weather

Over the past several years a number of high cadence photometric observations of solar system giant planets have been acquired by various platforms. Such observations are of interest as they provide points of comparison to the already expansive set of brown dwarf variability observations and the small, but growing, set of exoplanet variability observations. By measuring how rapidly the integrated light from solar system giant planets can evolve, variability observations of substellar objects that are unlikely to ever be resolved can be placed in a fuller context. Examples of brown dwarf variability observations include extensive work from the ground (e.g., Radigen et al. 2014), Spitzer (e.g., Metchev et al. 2015), Kepler (Gizis et al. 2015), and HST (Yang et al. 2015).Variability has been measured on the planetary mass companion to the brown dwarf 2MASS 1207b (Zhou et al. 2016) and further searches are planned in thermal emission for the known directly imaged planets with ground based telescopes (Apai et al. 2016) and in reflected light with future space based telescopes. Recent solar system variability observations include Kepler monitoring of Neptune (Simon et al. 2016) and Uranus, Spitzer observations of Neptune (Stauffer et al. 2016), and Cassini observations of Jupiter (West et al. in prep). The Cassini observations are of particular interest as they measured the variability of Jupiter at a phase angle of approximately 60 deg, comparable to the viewing geometry expected for space based direct imaging of cool extrasolar Jupiters in reflected light. These solar system analog observations capture many of the characteristics seen in brown dwarf variability, including large amplitudes and rapid light curve evolution on timescales as short as a few rotation periods. Simon et al. (2016) attribute such variations at Neptune to a combination of large scale, stable cloud structures along with smaller, more rapidly varying, cloud patches. The observed brown dwarf and exoplanet variability may well arise from comparable cloud structures. In my presentation I will compare and contrast the nature of the variability observed for the various solar system and other substelar objects and present a wish list for future observations.

giant planets↗
NASA NTRS1979

Degenerate dwarf X-ray sources

X-ray emission by accreting degenerate dwarfs is examined qualitatively, considering bremsstrahlung and cyclotron fluxes and cooling. Also discussed are strongly magnetic degenerate dwarfs, which are characterized by a blackbody-limited UV cyclotron component and a hard X-ray bremsstrahlung component, both produced by the hot emission region, and a hard UV or soft X-ray blackbody component produced by cyclotron and bremsstrahlung photons. With regard to nonmagnetic and weakly magnetic degenerate dwarfs, it is concluded that degenerate dwarfs can produce larger luminosities than earlier estimates indicated, that even high mass stars can produce low temperature (less than 10 keV) X-ray spectra, and, for moderate and high accretion rates and high (greater than 1.2 solar masses) stellar masses, the spectra exhibit a high energy tail. Individual sources of each type of dwarf are considered, such as the AM Her, DQ Her and SS Cyg classes as well as Cyg X-2 and the Sco X-1 class, and the number of such sources in the Galaxy is estimated.

Lamb, D. Q.↗
NASA NTRS1981

IUE observations of eight dwarf novae - A study of the outburst cycle from 0.12 to 3.5 microns

The dwarf novae are a class of close binary systems with a G-M star transferring mass to a white dwarf. The transferred material accumulates in a disk and accretes onto the white dwarf. Dwarf novae are characterized by outbursts on time scales of weeks to months possibly triggered by instabilities in the disk. To test the steady state models and the behavior of the disk at various stages of the outburst cycle, IUE observations were conducted for eight dwarf novae. Selected UV continuum points were joined to nonsimultaneous optical and IR spectrophotometry and broad-band photography to yield flux distributions over a large wavelength range. These flux distributions are discussed in terms of available accretion disk models.

Szkody, P.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The hot DO white dwarf HD 149499 B - Einstein redshift of a DB progenitor with carbon features

High-resolution IUE spectra of the hot DO white dwarf HD 149499B have been analyzed. The mass of the white dwarf needed to fit the measured gravitational redshift is 0.4-0.6 solar mass for a degenerate core composed of carbon based upon using a nonzero temperature mass-radius relation. The resonance doublet of C IV (1550 A) appears to be photospheric in origin, and two possible explanations for the presence of carbon in a hot DO white dwarf are discussed. The relationship of HD 149499B and other DO white dwarfs to the DB white dwarfs is also considered.

Sion, E. M.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Do all barium stars have a white dwarf companion?

International Ultraviolet Explorer short-wavelength, low-dispersion spectra were analyzed for four barium, two mild barium, and one R-type carbon star in order to test the hypothesis that the barium and related giants are produced by mass transfer from a companion now present as a white dwarf. An earlier tentative identification of a white dwarf companion to the mild barium star Zeta Cyg is confirmed. For the other stars, no ultraviolet excess attributable to a white dwarf is seen. Limits are set on the bolometric magnitude and age of a possible white dwarf companion. Since the barium stars do not have obvious progenitors among main-sequence and subgiant stars, mass transfer must be presumed to occur when the mass-gaining star is already on the giant branch. This restriction, and the white dwarf's minimum age, which is greater than 8 x 10 to the 8th yr, determined for several stars, effectively eliminates the hypothesis that mass transfer from an asymptotic giant branch star creates a barium star. Speculations are presented on alternative methods of producing a barium star in a binary system.

Dominy, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Radial velocity studies of cataclysmic binaries. II - The ultrashort period dwarf nova T Leonis

Spectroscopic and photometric observations of T Leo which reveal the object to be an ultrashort period dwarf nova are presented. In particular, the analysis indicates that T Leo has an orbital period of 84.69936 (plus or minus 0.00068) minutes, which is the third shortest orbital period of any known cataclysmic variable and the shortest known for any U Gem type dwarf nova. These observations enable the placement of upper limits of 0.19 and 0.4 solar mass on the mass of the red dwarf and white dwarf, respectively. The overall energy distribution is relatively flat (f-sub-lambda approximately constant) which is consistent with a low mass accretion rate. The models of Williams and Ferguson (1982) suggest that the mass accretion rate is about 10 to the -10th solar mass/yr. A narrow peak component of H-alpha is observed, the phasing of which cannot be explained by the canonical hot spot model. Possible explanations for its origin are presented and discussed. It is predicted that future observations of T Leo may reveal the object to be a SU UMa type dwarf nova.

Shafter, A. W.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Search for white dwarf companions of cool stars with peculiar element abundances

A search for a white dwarf companions of cool stars with peculiar element abundances was undertaken. One additional star the xi Cet, was found with a white dwarf companion. It was found that HR 1016, 56Uma, 16 Ser, have high excitation emission lines which indicate a high temperature object in the system. It is suggested that since these indications for high temperature companions were seen for all nearby Ba stars, it is highly probable that all Ba stars have white dwarf companions, and that the peculiar element abundances seen in the Ba stars are due to mass transfer. Observations, arguments and conclusions are presented. White dwarf companions were not found. Together with the Li and Be abundances and the chromospheric emission line spectra in these stars were studied. No white dwarf companions were seen for subgiant CH stars.

Boehm-Vitense, E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The origin of dwarf galaxies, cold dark matter, and biased galaxy formation

A reexamination is conducted of the formation of dwarf, diffuse, metal-poor galaxies due to supernova-driven winds, in view of data on the systematic properties of dwarfs in the Local Group and Virgo Cluster. The critical condition for global gas loss as a result of the first burst of star formation is that the virial velocity lie below an approximately 100 km/sec critical value. This leads, as observed, to two distinct classes of galaxies, encompassing the diffuse dwarfs, which primarily originate from typical density perturbations, and the normal, brighter galaxies, including compact dwarfs, which can originate only from the highest density peaks. This furnishes a statistical biasing mechanism for the preferential formation of bright galaxies in denser regions, enhancing high surface brightness galaxies' clustering relative to the diffusive dwarfs.

Dekel, A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Mass transfer in cataclysmic variables - Clues from the dwarf nova period distribution

Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that the mean mass-transfer rate at a given orbital period is not continuous across the 2-3 hr gap in the orbital period distribution for cataclysmic variables. It is pointed out that although dwarf novae comprise nearly half (48 percent) of all disk systems with orbital periods less than 10 hr, only three systems out of the 22 with periods between 3 and 4 hr appear to be dwarf novae. The overall orbital period distribution for dwarf novae in conjunction with the predictions from current theories of dwarf nova eruptions are used to argue that mass-transfer rates must be generally higher for systems with orbital periods greater than 3 hr relative to systems with periods less than 2 hr. It is further argued that the mean mass-transfer rate at a given orbital period cannot increase more steeply than P exp 1.7 unless the white dwarf mass is positively correlated with orbital period.

Shafter, A. W.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Evidence of large-scale structures in the atmosphere of the active K-dwarf component of V471 Tauri

Contemporaneous IUE ultraviolet spectra and visible photoelectric data of the eclipsing binary V471 Tauri (K2V + DA) between 1979 and 1985 was analyzed. The combined data detail the three-dimensional structure of atmospheric loops and their associated starspots on the K dwarf. The distribution of starspot regions on the surface of the K star was inferred from the visible photometry. When spots are located near the limb of the K dwarf prior to and shortly after the total eclipse of the white dwarf, absorption lines such as C II, C III, c IV, and Si IV appear superimposed on the continuum of the white dwarf. These absorption lines are likely caused by cool coronal loops overlying the spots in the atmosphere of the K dwarf. The loops can extend nearly one stellar radius above the surface of the K2V star.

Guinan, E. F.↗
NASA NTRS1986

EXOSAT observations of V471 Tauri - A 9.25 minute white dwarf pulsation and orbital phase dependent X-ray dips

New results obtained from a 28 hr continuous observation of V471 Tauri with the EXOSAT satellite are reported. The detection of soft X-ray fluxes from both the white dwarf and the K dwarf, the discovery of a 9.25 minute pulsation from the white dwarf, and the discovery of orbital phase-related soft X-ray dips are discussed. The dips may be correlated with the triangular Lagrangian points of the binary orbit. The X-ray flux from the white dwarf is consistent with thermal models for a white dwarf photosphere with T(eff) of about 35,000 K, log g = 8.0-8.5, and log N(H) = 18.65 + or - 0.2.

Jensen, K. A.↗