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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Phase-Controllable Synthesis of Ultrathin Molybdenum Nitride Crystals Via Atomic Substitution of MoS 2

MXenes are emerging members in the two-dimensional (2D) material family and are highlighted by their high electrical conductivity. Among different MXenes, molybdenum-based MXenes, especially molybdenum nitrides (MoN x ), are rarely accessible through the common synthetic approach of selective etching due to the absence of stable MAX phase precursors. In this work, we apply the atomic substitution approach to synthesize two phases of ultrathin nonlayered molybdenum nitrides (i.e., Mo 5 N 6 and δ-MoN) from 1.6 to 42.9 nm thickness by converting layered MoS 2 under different temperatures. The morphology and 2D nature of MoS 2 are well remained in both phases. These newly created 2D materials are further characterized using Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and electrical measurements, suggesting that both phases are highly crystalline and highly conductive down to the thickness of a few nanometers. Moreover, Ohmic contacts are formed between the ultrathin nitrides and Cr/Au electrodes, suggesting the great potential of the obtained nitrides for nanoelectronic device applications. The stability test shows that the Ohmic contact is well maintained after 4 weeks under ambient conditions with a slight degradation in conductivity. Furthermore, this study extends the 2D family by providing highly conductive members, offering desired building blocks for solid-state nanoelectronic devices.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Room temperature plasma-etching and surface passivation of far-ultraviolet Al mirrors using electron beam generated plasmas

The development of optical systems operating in the far ultraviolet range (FUV, λ=100-200 nm) is limited by the efficiency of passivated aluminum (Al) mirrors. Although it is presently possible to obtain high-reflectivity FUV mirrors through physical vapor deposition, the process involves deposition with substrates at high temperatures, which is technically challenging for large optical elements. A novel passivation procedure for bare Al mirrors is reported. The treatment consisted of using a low-temperature electron-beam generated plasma produced in a gas mixture of Ar and SF6 to etch away the native oxide layer from the Al film, while simultaneously promoting the generation of a thin aluminum tri-fluoride (AlF3) layer on the Al surface. In the first section we analyze the effect of varying both ion energy and SF6 concentration on the FUV reflectance, thickness, composition, and surface morphology of the resulting AlF3 protective layers. In the second section, the reflectivity of samples is optimized at selected important FUV wavelengths for astronomical observations. Notably, samples attained state-of-the-art reflectances of 75% at 108.5 nm (He Lyman γ), 91% at 121.6 nm (H Lyman α), 90% at 130.4 nm (OI), and of 95% at 155.0 nm (C IV). The stability over time of these passivated mirrors is also investigated.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Imaging the kinetics of anisotropic dissolution of bimetallic core–shell nanocubes using graphene liquid cells

Chemical design of multicomponent nanocrystals requires atomic-level understanding of reaction kinetics. Here, we apply single-particle imaging coupled with atomistic simulation to study reaction pathways and rates of Pd@Au and Cu@Au core-shell nanocubes undergoing oxidative dissolution. Quantitative analysis of etching kinetics using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging reveals that the dissolution mechanism changes from predominantly edge-selective to layer-by-layer removal of Au atoms as the reaction progresses. Dissolution of the Au shell slows down when both metals are exposed, which we attribute to galvanic corrosion protection. Morphological transformations are determined by intrinsic anisotropy due to coordination-number-dependent atom removal rates and extrinsic anisotropy induced by the graphene window. Our work demonstrates that bimetallic coreshell nanocrystals are excellent probes for the local physicochemical conditions inside TEM liquid cells. Furthermore, single-particle TEM imaging and atomistic simulation of reaction trajectories can inform future design strategies for compositionally and architecturally sophisticated nanocrystals.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1975

Scanning electron microscope investigation of the structural growth in thick sputtered coatings

Sputtered S-Monel, silver, and 304 stainless steel coatings and molybdenum disulfide coatings were deposited on mica and metal substrates with various surface finishes to investigate the structural growth of the coating by scanning electron microscopy. The geometry and the surface morphology of the nodules are characterized. Compositional changes within the coating were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Defects in the surface finish act as preferential nucleation sites and form isolated overlapping and complex nodules and various unusual surface overgrowths on the coating. The nodule boundaries are very vulnerable to chemical etching and these nodules do not disappear after full annealing. Further, they have undesirable effects on mechanical properties; cracks are initiated at the nodules when the coating is stressed by mechanical forces.

Spalvins, T.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Morphological mapping of Martian outflow channels

Geomorphic mapping of selected portions of Martian outflow channels was performed in order to facilitate comparisons to terrestrial landforms. We interpret the maps to illustrate a correspondence between Martian channel features and terrestrial landforms developed by catastrophic flood erosion in the Channeled Scabland. The following features all occur in remarkably similar arrangements on the flood-channel floors of both planets: streamlined uplands, longitudinal grooves, scour marks, inner channel cataracts, etched zones, and possible pendant bars.

Baker, V. R.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Hydrogen-terminated silicon substrates for low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy

The preparation of hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces for use as starting substrates for low-temperature MBE growth is examined in detail. The procedure involves the ex situ removal under nitrogen of residual oxide from a silicon substrate using a spin-clean with HF in ethanol, followed by the in situ low-temperature desorption (150 C) of physisorbed etch residues. The critical steps and the chemical basis for these steps are examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Impurity residues at the epilayer-substrate interface following subsequent homoepitaxial growth are studied using AES, SIMS and TEM. Finally, scanning tunneling microscopy is used to examine the effect of cleaning methods on substrate morphology.

Grunthaner, P. J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Amazonis and Utopia Planitiae: Martian Lacustrine basins

Amazonis and Utopia Planitiae are two large (greater than 10(exp 6) sq. km) basins on Mars having morphological features commonly associated with former lakes. The investigation of these areas is an extension of our previous paleolake studies in the Elysium basin. Using Viking images, we are searching for familiar geologic forms commonly associated with standing bodies of water on Earth. Like Elysium, the two basins exhibit terraces and lineations resembling shorelines, etched and infilled floors with channel-like sinuous markings in places, inflow channels along their borders, and other geomorphic indicators believed to be related to the presence of water and ice. In some areas these features are better displayed than in others where they may be very tenuous; their value as indicators can be justified only by their association with related features. Even though these postulated paleolakes are very young in the Martian stratigraphic sequence, their shoreline features are poorly preserved and they are probably much older than large Pleistocene lakes on Earth.

Scott, David H.↗
DOE OSTI2020

One-dimensional twisted and tubular structures of zinc oxide by semiconductor-catalyzed vapor–liquid–solid synthesis

The exploration of unconventional catalysts for the vapor-liquid-solid synthesis of one-dimensional materials promises to yield new morphologies and functionality. Here, we show, for the model ZnO system, that unusual nanostructures can be produced via a semiconductor (Ge) catalyst. As well as the usual straight nanowires, we describe two other distinct morphologies: twisted nanowires and twisted nanotubes. The twisted nanotubes show large hollow cores and surprisingly high twisting rates, up to 9°/μm, that cannot be easily explained through the Eshelby twist model. A combination of ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy measurements suggest that the hollow core results from a competition between growth and etching at the Ge-ZnO interface during synthesis. The twisting rate is consistent with a softening of elastic rigidity. Finally, these results indicate that the use of unconventional, nonmetallic catalysts provides opportunities to synthesize unusual oxide nanostructures with potentially useful properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1984

Study of eutectic formation

A theory was developed for the influence of convection on the microstructure of lamellar eutectics. Convection is predicted to produce a coarser microstructure, especially at low freezing rates and large volume fractions of the minority phase. Similary convection is predicted to lower the interfacial undercooling, especially at low freezing rates. Experiments using spin-up/spin-down were performed on the Mn-Bi eutectic. This stirring had a dramatic effect on the microstructure, not only making it coarser but at low freezing rates also changing the morphology of the MnBi. The coarsering persisted to moderately high freezing rates. At the lowest freezing rate, vigorous stirring caused the MnBi to be concentrated at the periphery of the ingot and absent along the center. Progress was made on developing a technique for revealing the three-dimensional microstructure of the MnBi eutectic by time-lapse videotaping while etching.

Wilcox, W. R.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Direct synthesis and chemical vapor deposition of 2D carbide and nitride MXenes

Two-dimensional transition-metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are a large family of materials actively studied for various applications, especially in the field of energy storage. MXenes are commonly synthesized by etching the layered ternary compounds, called MAX phases. We demonstrate a direct synthetic route for scalable and atom-economic synthesis of MXenes, including compounds that have not been synthesized from MAX phases, by the reactions of metals and metal halides with graphite, methane, or nitrogen. The direct synthesis enables chemical vapor deposition growth of MXene carpets and complex spherulite-like morphologies that form through buckling and release of MXene carpet to expose fresh surface for further reaction. The directly synthesized MXenes showed excellent energy storage capacity for lithium-ion intercalation.

Wang, Di↗
DOE OSTI2020

Scalable Synthesis of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene

Scaling the production of synthetic 2D materials to industrial quantities has faced significant challenges due to synthesis bottlenecks whereby few have been produced in large volumes. These challenges typically stem from bottom‐up approaches limiting the production to the substrate size or precursor availability for chemical synthesis and/or exfoliation. In contrast, MXenes, a large class of 2D transition metal carbides and/or nitrides, are produced via a top‐down synthesis approach. The selective wet etching process does not have similar synthesis constraints as some other 2D materials. The reaction occurs in the whole volume; therefore, the process can be readily scaled with reactor volume. Herein, the synthesis of 2D titanium carbide MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) is studied in two batch sizes, 1 and 50 g, to determine if large‐volume synthesis affects the resultant structure or composition of MXene flakes. Characterization of the morphology and properties of the produced MXene using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and conductivity measurements show that the materials produced in both batch sizes are essentially identical. This illustrates that MXenes experience no change in structure or properties when scaling synthesis, making them viable for further scale‐up and commercialization.

Shuck, Christopher E.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Artificial Linear Brush Abrasion of Coatings for Photovoltaic Module First Surfaces

Natural soiling and the subsequent requisite cleaning of photovoltaic (PV) modules result in abrasion damage to the cover glass. The durability of the front glass has important economic consequences, including determining the use of anti-reflective and/or anti-soiling coatings as well as the method and frequency of operational maintenance (cleaning). Artificial linear brush abrasion using Nylon 6/12 bristles was therefore examined to explore the durability of representative PV first-surfaces, i.e., the surface of a module incident to direct solar radiation. Specimens examined include silane surface functionalized-, roughened (etched)-, porous silica-coated-, fluoropolymer-coated-, and ceramic (TiO2 or ZrO2/SiO2/ZrO2/SiO2)-coated-glass, which are compared to monolithic-poly(methyl methacrylate) and -glass coupons. Characterization methods used in this study include: optical microscopy, ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) spectroscopy, sessile drop goniometry, white-light interferometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corresponding characteristics examined include: surface morphology, transmittance (i.e., optical performance), surface energy (water contact angle), surface roughness, scratch width and depth, and chemical composition, respectively. The study here was performed to determine coating failure modes; identify characterization methods that can detect nascent failures; compare the durability of popular contemporary coating materials; identify their corresponding damage characteristics; and compare slurry and dry-dust abrasion. This study will also aid in developing an abrasion standard for the PV industry.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development and testing of coarse-grained models for ultrasonic simulations of cast austenitic stainless steel

Ultrasonic inspection of cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) in the nuclear industry is particularly challenging because of sound field scatter and attenuation caused by the coarse-grained microstructure. Modeling and simulation are important tools in ultrasonic testing, as they can be used to help address key aspects of inspections, such as developing new probe designs, predicting inspection reliability, and testing phased-array focal laws. However, developing a useful and reliable CASS model is challenging due to the many grain interfaces and crystalline orientations that must be captured. We demonstrate a method of creating a realistic CASS model that is usable in CIVA, a commercially available modeling and simulation software platform. Using polished and chemically etched sections, we generate models of a coarse-grained equiaxed specimen and a columnar specimen. We also test an alternative method of generating a coarse-grained model using Voronoi regions. We qualitatively compare sound field scatter and quantitatively compare sound field attenuation and beam partitioning in simulated sound fields to those of laboratory-measured sound fields. Results show that the Voronoi models perform as well as or better than the models based on actual grain morphology. Here we also show that model-to-model randomness in Voronoi grain structure can impact the magnitude of a simulated echo response by a factor of two or more. Although CASS models are potentially a good depiction of reality for a given scenario, they should not be considered representative since CASS morphology can change significantly from specimen to specimen or within the same specimen.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Self-assembled multifunctional nanostructures for surface passivation and photon management in silicon photovoltaics

This work reports the fabrication and characterization of multifunctional, nanostructured passivation layers formed using a self-assembly process that provide both surface passivation and improved light trapping in crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells. Scalable block copolymer self-assembly and vapor phase infiltration processes are used to form arrays of aluminum oxide nanostructures (Al 2 O 3 ) on crystalline silicon without substrate etching. The Al 2 O 3 nanostructures are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Injection-level dependent photoconductance measurements are used to determine the effective carrier lifetime of the samples to confirm the nanostructures successfully passivate the Si surface. Finite element method simulations and reflectance measurement show that the nanostructures increase the internal rear reflectance of the PV cell by suppressing the parasitic optical losses in the metal contact. An optimized morphology of the structures is identified for their potential use in PV cells as multifunctional materials providing surface passivation, photon management, and carrier transport pathways.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Artificial linear brush abrasion of coatings for photovoltaic module first-surfaces

Natural soiling and the subsequent necessary cleaning of photovoltaic (PV) modules result in abrasion damage to the cover glass. The durability of the front glass has important economic consequences, including determining the use of anti-reflective and/or anti-soiling coatings as well as the method and frequency of operational maintenance (cleaning). Artificial linear brush abrasion using Nylon 6/12 bristles was therefore examined to explore the durability of representative PV first-surfaces, i.e., the surface of a module incident to direct solar radiation. Specimens examined include silane surface functionalized-, roughened (etched)-, porous silica-coated-, fluoropolymer-coated-, and ceramic (TiO 2 or ZrO 2 /SiO 2 /ZrO 2 /SiO 2 )-coated-glass, which are compared to monolithic-poly(methyl methacrylate) and -glass coupons. Characterization methods used in this study include: optical microscopy, ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) spectroscopy, sessile drop goniometry, white-light interferometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corresponding characteristics examined include: surface morphology, transmittance (i.e., optical performance), surface energy (water contact angle), surface roughness, scratch width and depth, and chemical composition, respectively. The study here was performed to determine coating failure modes; identify characterization methods that can detect nascent failures; compare the durability of popular contemporary coating materials; identify their corresponding damage characteristics; and compare slurry and dry-dust abrasion. This study will also aid in developing an abrasion standard for the PV industry.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2015

Toward Edge-Defined Holey Boron Nitride Nanosheets

"Holey" two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets with well-defined holy morphology and edge chemistry are highly desirable for applications such as energy storage, catalysis, sensing, transistors, and molecular transport/separation. For example, holey grapheme is currently under extensive investigation for energy storage applications because of the improvement in ion transport due to through the thickness pathways provided by the holes. Without the holes, the 2D materials have significant limitations for such applications in which efficient ion transport is important. As part of an effort to apply this approach to other 2D nanomaterials, a method to etch geometrically defined pits or holes on the basal plane surface of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets has been developed. The etching, conducted via heating in ambient air using metal nanoparticles as catalysts, was facile, controllable, and scalable. Starting h-BN layered crystals were etched and subsequently exfoliated into boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs). The as-etched and exfoliated h-BN nanosheets possessed defined pit and hole shapes that were comprised of regulated nanostructures at the edges. The current finding are the first step toward the bulk preparation of holey BNNSs with defined holes and edges.

Lin, Yi↗
DOE OSTI2022

Coalescence of GaP on V-Groove Si

With an increase of control over crystalline defects, metallorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE)-grown III-V-on-Si multijunction solar cells have seen rapid increases in efficiency in recent years, pointing to a promising path to lower cost III-V solar cells. However, the cost of chemo-mechanical polishing the Si wafers to prepare them for epitaxy is high. The use of V-groove nanopatterns enables similar defect reduction to that achieved on planar wafers, but the nanopatterns can be fabricated with a low-cost process. While V-grooves offer advantages over planar Si, they add complexity to the growth process. In particular, coalescence can cause the formation of threading dislocations, and the highly-directional growth conditions required for coalescence are unusual for MOVPE. We have studied the coalescence of GaP films nucleated directly on V-groove Si by MOVPE. We observed that for optimized growth conditions (V/III=5,000 and T=800 C) two growth modes were possible, and the resulting morphology depended on the exact geometry of the SiNx cap used to cover the (0 0 1)-oriented Si at the tops of the grooves. For caps with a width >100 nm, noncoalescing, nano ridge-like growth terminating in f1 1 1g facets was observed. For narrower caps, coalescence with an RMS roughness of 0.2 nm as measured by atomic force microscopy was observed. We will discuss mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon, including the role of Si from the substrate surface. The dislocation dynamics of this system were studied with electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We find that V-grooves do not block dislocation glide; ECCI measurements show misfit dislocations greater than 10 micrometers long observed to continue perpendicularly across neighboring V-grooves. In addition, all threading dislocations appear to lie on f1 1 1g planes, consistent with the GaP relaxing via glided-in glissile dislocations. The dislocation dynamics and morphological evolution of the coalescence of GaP on Si, possible mechanisms behind the observed phenomenons, and further dislocation mitigation strategies for these materials will be presented.

dislocation dynamics↗
NASA NTRS1986

Photoelectrochemical fabrication of spectroscopic diffraction gratings

Photoelectrochemical etching was demonstrated as a means of fabricating a variety of periodic structures in semiconductors. The semiconductor is used as an electrode in an electrochemical cell, and is in contact with a liquid electrolyte. When the crystal is held at a positive voltage and illuminated, etching occurs in only the illuminated regions to a depth proportional to the illumination intensity and exposure time. In Phase 1, it was determined that diffraction gratings could be produced in gallium arsenide crystals by this method, using either a scanned focused laser beam or by uniform illumination of a ruling mask defined in metal or photoresist on the crystal surface. The latter approach was determined to produce V-grooves if the mask is oriented along certain crystallographic directions. These V-grooves were produced with an exceedingly smooth crystal morphology due to the highly controllable nature of the process and the mild electrolytes involved. The results form the basis for photoelectrochemical fabrication of deep, low pitch Eschelle gratings for use in high orders in NASA spectrographic instrumentation such as the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph.

Rauh, R. David↗