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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2008

Progress on Ares First Stage Propulsion

The mission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is not simply to maintain its current position with the International Space Station and other space exploration endeavors, but to build a permanent outpost on the Moon and then travel on to explore ever more distant terrains. The Constellation Program will oversee the development of the crew capsule, launch vehicles, and other systems needed to achieve this mission. From this initiative will come two new launch vehicles: the Ares I and Ares V. The Ares I will be a human-rated vehicle, which will be used for crew transport; the Ares V, a cargo transport vehicle, will be the largest launch vehicle ever built. The Ares Projects team at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama is assigned with developing these two new vehicles. The Ares I vehicle will have an in-line, two-stage rocket configuration. The first stage will provide the thrust or propulsion component for the Ares rocket systems through the first two minutes of the mission. The First Stage Team is tasked with developing the propulsion system necessary to liftoff from the Earth and loft the entire Ares vehicle stack toward low-Earth orbit. Building on the legacy of the Space Shuttle and other NASA space exploration initiatives, the propulsion for the Ares I First Stage will be a Shuttle-derived reusable solid rocket motor. Progress to date by the First Stage Team has been robust and on schedule. This paper provides an update on the design and development of the Ares First Stage Propulsion system.

Priskos, Alex S.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Progress on Ares First Stage Propulsion

The mission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is not simply to maintain its current position with the International Space Station and other space exploration endeavors, but to build a permanent outpost on the Moon and then travel on to explore ever more distant terrains. The Constellation Program will oversee the development of the crew capsule, launch vehicles, and other systems needed to achieve this mission. From this initiative will come two new launch vehicles: the Ares I and Ares V. The Ares I will be a human-rated vehicle, which will be used for crew transport; the Ares V, a cargo transport vehicle, will be the largest launch vehicle ever built. The Ares Projects team at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama is assigned with developing these two new vehicles. The Ares I vehicle will have an inline, two-stage rocket configuration. The first stage will provide the thrust or propulsion component for the Ares rocket systems through the first two minutes of the mission. The First Stage Team is tasked with developing the propulsion system necessary to liftoff from the Earth and loft the entire Ares vehicle stack toward low-Earth orbit. Building on the legacy of the Space Shuttle and other NASA space exploration initiatives, the propulsion for the Ares I First Stage will be a Shuttle-derived reusable solid rocket motor. Progress to date by the First Stage Team has been robust and on schedule. This paper provides an update on the design and development of the Ares First Stage Propulsion system. The presentation provides an overview of the information presented in the paper.

Priskos, Alex S.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Application of First-Principles-Based Artificial Neural Network Potentials to Multiscale-Shock Dynamics Simulations on Solid Materials

The use of artificial neural network (ANN) potentials trained with first-principles calculations has emerged as a promising approach for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations encompassing large space and time scales while retaining first-principles accuracy. To date, however, the application of ANN-MD has been limited to near-equilibrium processes. Here we combine first-principles-trained ANN-MD with multiscale shock theory (MSST) to successfully describe far-from-equilibrium shock phenomena. Overall, our ANN-MSST-MD approach describes shock-wave propagation in solids with first-principles accuracy but a 5000 times shorter computing time. Accordingly, ANN-MD-MSST was able to resolve fine, long-time elastic deformation at low shock speed, which was impossible with first-principles MD because of the high computational cost. This work thus lays a foundation of ANN-MD simulation to study a wide range of far-from-equilibrium processes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Robust Automatic EXAFS First-Shell Fits

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) is a widely used technique for atomic structure determination. Fourier transformation connects EXAFS in k space and R space. However, determining the appropriate k-range for the transformation can be challenging, but critical for the first-shell fit. In this study, we present an automatic method to determine the k-range using the Larch package and a Python program. The first step is to estimate spectral noise across a series of k-ranges with a fixed minimum value and identify the optimal maximum value in the k-range (k max ). The k max is determined by an empirical noise threshold that marks the point where the noise level in the Fourier transformed spectrum changes dramatically. Using the obtained k max value, the first shell is modeled to determine the minimum k value (k min ) by optimizing the background function through alignment of the spectrum with theory. The optimal k min corresponds to the point of the minimum R-factor, which quantifies the difference between the experimental and fitted spectrum. Our method was tested on various typical datasets and yielded suitable k-ranges for Fourier transformation and accurate first-shell fits. This approach helps avoid unreliable, irreproducible data analysis, especially for noisy data from diluted samples, and enables robust automatic first-shell EXAFS fitting.

EXAFS analysis↗
NASA NTRS2022

Henrich Focke —Inventor of the First Successful Helicopter

In 1924, Henrich Focke, Georg Wulf and Dr. Werner Naumann started Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH (Focke-Wulf Aircraft Manufacturing Ltd.). Focke-Wulf constructed Juan de la Cierva’s C.19 and C.30 Autogiros under license from 1930 until 1937. This led Focke to design the first successful and fully controllable helicopter, the Fw-61. Model tests in his wind tunnel supported the configuration and in 1932 Focke proposed a helicopter project to the ministry with drawings and calculations, which was granted in that same year. Impressed with the success of the Fw-61, the German Air Ministry suggested that Focke establish a new company dedicated to helicopter development and issued him a requirement for an improved design, capable of carrying a 700 kg (1,500 lbs) payload. Focke and Gerd Achgelis (a test pilot) partnered to establish the Focke–Achgelis company in 1938. The Fw-61 became the Fa-61. Historically, Henrich Focke and his Focke-Achgelis company must surely be considered as the developer of the world’s first successful helicopter. They began development of the Focke Wulf company’s Model Fw-61 helicopter, which had a side-by-side rotor system, in 1932. First flight was achieved on June 26, 1936 with test pilot Ewald Rohlfs at the controls. With the Fw-61’s flight demonstrated success, Professor Focke went on to present three early papers: 1. Das Trag- und Hubschrauberproblem (Autogyro and Helicopter Problems), November 1937 2. Forschung und Entwicklung der Drehflügelflugzeuge (Research and Development of Rotating Wing Aircraft), April 1942 3. Fortschritte des Hubschraubers (Progress of the Helicopter), October 1943 The first paper was also published by the German Museum (Munich) in 1938 and it was translated into English on the order of the Ministry of Aircraft Production by J. Helledoren as R.T.P No. 2128 at the end of 1937. The other two reports, however, appear not to have been translated during or after World War II and thus are made public here – probably for the first time. Translations of the three Focke papers are provided in this report. A careful translation from German to English of the papers has been made. Many of original photos have been recovered from the German Museum (Munich). In several cases, the original graphs have been redrawn to enhance each paper’s technical value. The editors have added footnotes where appropriate. The editors consider Focke’s papers to be of such immense technical and historical value that they deserve wide distribution to the rotorcraft industry. Finally, the editors believe that readers of the many technical points Henrich Focke makes about his development program will see that Focke’s program anticipated even today’s best rotorcraft industry efforts.

Inventor↗
DOE OSTI2026

First Wall Design of a Tokamak Pilot Plant Using a Monte Carlo Model for 3-D Heat Flux Deposition

We present a method for calculating the heat fluxes deposited on nonaxisymmetric tokamak first wall components, allowing for a first-of-its-kind model for power handling in the tokamak far scrape-off layer (SOL). The DIV3D Monte Carlo model features strict global power conservation and can calculate the finite cross-field plasma transport into magnetically-shadowed regions, which is significant when dealing with meter-scale shadows introduced by components such as poloidal limiters or antennas. As a case study, we apply the DIV3D model to inform the distribution of first wall poloidal limiters in an ARC-class reactor device. We demonstrate that discrete protection limiters can efficiently reduce peak heat fluxes on recessed breeder wall components in the presence of significant far-SOL plasma fluxes. By varying the toroidal periodicity and radial standoff depth of the limiters, we demonstrate one of the tradeoffs that must be considered in first wall design: more limiters provide greater protection, but at the cost of reduced breeding performance. We also present the impact that radial misalignments between limiters would have on first wall power loading.

Monte Carlo methods↗
NASA NTRS1990

A first-order Lyapunov robustness method for linear systems with uncertain parameters

A method for stability-robustness analysis based on a quadratic Liapunov function that varies linearly with uncertainty parameters is derived. Linear time-invariant systems with structured uncertainties are discussed. The Liapunov function is optimized numerically to maximize the robustness region in parameter space. Numerical results are given for four examples in which the first-order method is compared to previous Liapunov methods. While the zero-order method is slightly better than the first-order method for one example, the first-order method is clearly superior in the other three (more realistic) examples. The first-order method is especially superior for the active control of flexible structures, where robustness with respect to (1) unmodeled coupling between modeled modes and (2) unmodeled modes is important. For such applications, the first-order method is much better at detecting the increased robustness associated with increased separation between frequencies.

Leal, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

First Lunar Outpost support study

The First Lunar Outpost (FLO) is the first manned step in the accomplishment of the Space Exploration Initiative, the Vice President's directive to NASA on the 20th anniversary of the Apollo moon landing. FLO's broad objectives are the establishment of a permanent human presence on the moon, supporting the utilization of extraterrestrial resources in a long-term, sustained program. The primary objective is to emplace and validate the first elements of a man tended outpost on the lunar surface to provide the basis for: (1) establishing, maintaining and expanding human activities and influence across the surface; (2) establishing, maintaining and enhancing human safety and productivity; (3) accommodating space transportation operations to and from the surface; (4) accommodating production of scientific information; (5) exploiting in-situ resources. Secondary objectives are: (1) to conduct local, small scale science (including life science); (2) In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) demonstrations; (3) engineering and operations tests; (4) to characterize the local environment; and (5) to explore locally. The current work is part of ongoing research at the Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture supporting NASA's First Lunar Outpost initiative. Research at SICSA supporting the First Lunar Outpost initiative has been funded through the Space Exploration Initiatives office at Johnson Space Center. The objectives of the current study are to further develop a module concept from an evaluation of volumetric and programmatic requirements, and pursue a high fidelity design of this concept, with the intention of providing a high fidelity design mockup to research planetary design issues and evaluate future design concepts.

Bartz, Christopher↗
NASA NTRS1992

First-order inflation

I discuss the most recent model of inflation. In first-order inflation the inflationary epoch is associated with a first-order phase transition, with the most likely candidate being GUT symmetry breaking. The transition from the false-vacuum inflationary phase to the true-vacuum radiation-dominated phase proceeds through the nucleation and percolation of true-vacuum bubbles. The first successful and simplest model of first-order inflation, extended inflation, is discussed in some detail: evolution of the cosmic-scale factor, reheating, density perturbations, and the production of gravitational waves both from quantum fluctuations and bubble collisions. Particular attention is paid to the most critical issue in any model of first-order inflation: the requirements on the nucleation rate to ensure a graceful transition from the inflationary phase to the radiation-dominated phase.

Turner, Michael S.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Safety concerns for first entry operations of orbiting spacecraft

The Space Station Freedom crew will face operational problems unique to the spacecraft environment due to the absence of convection currents and the confined atmosphere within the habitable modules. Airborne contaminants from the materials offgassing or contingency incidents like thermodegradation may accumulate until they reach hazardous concentrations. Flow modeling and experiences from previous space flight missions confirm that caution must be exercised during first-entry operations. A review of the first-entry procedures performed during the Skylab Program will be presented to highlight the necessity for carefully planned operations. Many of the environmental conditions that can be expected on the Space Station are analogous to those which exist in confined storage or work spaces in the industrial setting. Experience with closed-loop environmental operations (e.g., atmospheric control of submarines) have also demonstrated that the buildup of trace contaminant gases could result in conditions that lead to mission termination or loss of crew. Consequently, some first-entry issues for the Station can be addressed by comparing them to familiar techniques developed on Earth. The instruments of the Environmental Health System (EHS) will provide the necessary monitoring capability to protect crew health and safety during the planned first-entry procedures of the MTC phase of the SSF Program. The authors of this paper will describe those procedures and will cite an example of the consequences when proper first-entry procedures are not followed.

Wilson, Steven H.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Lightning First Pulses Used in the "Last" (Time-of-Arrival) and "Atlas" (Single Station) Total Lightning Mapping Systems

The first RF pulse from "total lightning' discharges (cloud and ground flashes) has been used in different ways to locate the origin of flashes in two new types of lightning detection systems. The multisensor LASI time-of-arrival (TOA) system uses GPS timing of the first pulse. The ATLAS single sensor system uses the amplitude of the first pulse, which is invariant in magnitude and polarization for all lightning discharges, to determine distance from the sensor. It is significantly more accurate than past single sensor lightning mapping systems. The polarity of the first pulse generally identifies lightning type (IC or CG). Both systems utilize only the first pulse which makes signal processing much simpler than with previous lightning locating systems. Knowing the position where lightning begins (maximum electric fields, mixed phase hydrometeors and updrafts) is valuable for identifying convective cells producing the hazardous meteorological conditions caused by thunderstorms. It is also important for research studying thunderstorm electrification and associated microphysical problems.

Markson, Ralph↗
NASA NTRS2000

The Ceres S'COOL Project: Two Years After First Launch

The idea for the Students' Cloud Observations OnLine (S'COOL) project as an outreach and education element of NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) research program was conceived in late 1996 during a conversation with a middle school science teacher. S'COOL was implemented in a series of increasingly developed test phases during 1997, as the launch of the first CERES instrument approached. Even before launch, the reception of the project in schools far exceeded expectations. After several delays the first instrument, on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft, was launched on Thanksgiving Day, 1997. Since the first launch, development and expansion of the project has continued with expectations for launch of Terra carrying two CERES instruments into a polar orbit in mid-1998. That launch is now expected in fall 1999, and will finally provide overflight of all participating schools. In two years, the project has grown from three initial test participants to over 300 schools now participating in 23 countries on five continents. Students from first grade through university level are involved (most participants are ages 10-15). S'COOL is also being used by a few education professors to teach about Internet use in the classroom. The project continues to grow through word of mouth, presentations at teacher workshops, and now increasingly through teachers who find it during web searches. Participants in the S'COOL project are part of the CERES validation team. They provide ground truth measurements at the time the CERES instrument flies over their location, to be compared with the retrieval of cloud properties by remote sensing from CERES. Quantities reported include cloud type, height, fraction and opacity; information on contrails; surface temperature, pressure and relative humidity; and ground cover (snow/ice, wet, dry; leaves on trees or not). in addition, a comment field on the report form serves as a catch-all for all kinds of interesting observations, including similes written by some classes to describe more exactly the clouds they see. Several not totally unexpected complications with the CERES instrument and processing software mean that the CERES team has not yet reached the point of computing the cloud properties, a high level product at the end of the processing stream. However, progress is being made and we anticipate that we will soon be populating the S'COOL database with a large number of satellite retrievals for comparison with the students' observations. Some satellite retrievals from the initial test phases are already available in the database, The CERES instruments are planned to operate at least through 2006, and the S'COOL Project is planned to continue at least that long, providing motivational learning to as many students as possible. This paper reports on the first several years of the S'CCOL project. It further reports on some of the noteworthy observations and comparisons made possible by this project. Schools are often located in interesting places, in terms of the clouds found there and the satellite's ability to observe these clouds. The paper also reports on the learning opportunities delivered by this project, and on new questions about the planet and its climate which arise in the students' minds as a result of their active participation.

Chambers, Lin H.↗
NASA NTRS2010

2010 JPC Abstract: Ares I First Stage Propulsion System Status

In November 2005, NASA created the Constellation Program to develop an entirely new fleet of spacecraft to include the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle and Ares V Cargo Launch vehicles. This mission architecture included the Orion capsule (which would be used to transport astronauts to low-Earth orbit and beyond), the Altair lunar lander, and an Earth departure stage. The Ares First Stage Team has made significant progress on the design of a propulsion system to meet the objectives of the Constellation Program. Work on a first stage element propulsion system capable of lofting a new fleet of spacecraft is well underway. To minimize technical risks and development costs, the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) of Shuttle served as a starting point in the design of a new motor that would meet the requirements of those new vehicles. This new propulsive element will provide greater total impulse utilizing a fifth segment to loft a safer, more powerful fleet of space flight vehicles. Performance requirements, basic architecture, and obsolescence issues were all factors in determining the new first stage element design and configuration. Early efforts focused on creating designs that would be capable of supporting the requisite loads and environments. While the motor casings are Shuttle legacy, because of Ares I s unique in-line configuration, the first stage will require entirely new forward structures (forward skirt, forward skirt extension, aeroshell, and frustum) and a modified systems tunnel. The use of composites facilitated a change in the geometry, which in turn afforded the ability to focus strength where it was needed without additional mass. The Ares First Stage rocket motor casting tooling was designed and built to achieve a propellant grain geometry that produces the specific required ballistic profile. The new propellant formulation is a polybutadiene acrylonitrile (PBAN) copolymer, which has been modified to attain the desired burn rate and retain adequate tailoring capability.

Priskos, Alex S.↗
NASA NTRS2019

GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observedby LIGO and Virgo During the First and Second Observing Runs

We present the results from three gravitational-wave searches for coalescing compact binaries with component masses above1M during the first and second observing runs of the advanced gravitational-wave detector network. During the first observing run (O1), from September 12, 2015 to January 19, 2016, gravitational waves from three binary black hole mergers were detected. The second observing run (O2), which ran from November 30, 2016 to August 25, 2017, saw the first detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star in spiral, in addition to the observation of gravitational waves from a total of seven binary black hole mergers, four of which we report here for the first time: GW170729, GW170809, GW170818, and GW170823. For all significant gravitational-wave events, we provide estimates of the source properties. The detected binary black holes have total masses between18.6þ3.2−0.7M and 84.4þ15.8−11.1M and range in distance between 320þ120−110 and 2840þ1400−1360Mpc. No neutron star–black hole mergers were detected. In addition to highly significant gravitational-wave events, we also provide a list of marginal event candidates with an estimated false-alarm rate less than 1 per 30 days. From these results over the first two observing runs, which include approximately one gravitational-wave detection per 15 days of data searched, we infer merger rates at the 90% confidence intervals of 110−3840Gpc−3y−1 for binary neutron stars and 9.7−101Gpc−3y−1 for binary black holes assuming fixed population distributions and determine a neutron star–black hole merger rate 90% upper limit of 610Gpc−3y−1.

Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2022

CASM — A software package for first-principles based study of multicomponent crystalline solids

CASM is a software package that enables first-principles based studies of crystalline materials. It has been designed to treat coupled chemical, mechanical, vibrational, and magnetic degrees of freedom to determine ground state and finite temperature properties of crystals. The symmetry of the underlying parent crystal structure is used to enumerate perturbations of the parent crystal structure and generate derivative structures which can be input to first-principles calculations in order to explore the ground state energy landscape. CASM algorithmically constructs cluster expansions that fully couple discrete and continuous degrees of freedom, and generates highly efficient code to evaluate the cluster expansion basis functions. Widely used machine learning methods are integrated for fitting expansion coefficients to first-principle calculations. The fully parameterized cluster expansions can be combined with (kinetic) Monte Carlo methods to calculate finite temperature thermodynamic and kinetic properties. CASM Alloy Manager identifies distinct parent crystal structures in an alloy system, creating individual projects for each, and integrating the results. The integrated infrastructure facilitates the linkage between first-principles statistical mechanics predictions with higher length scale computational methods, such as phase field simulations. In conclusion, CASM projects are designed to be easy to share in repositories, to re-use, and to extend to include additional chemical species or types of degrees of freedom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Highly cascaded first-order fiber Bragg gratings in highly multimode optical fibers for distributed temperature sensing under harsh environment conditions

This study presents a pioneering technique for fabricating highly cascaded first-order fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) using a femtosecond laser-assisted point-by-point inscription method in highly multimode optical fibers, specifically Sapphire crystalline fiber, and pure silica coreless fiber. Notably, it marks the first successful demonstration of a distributed array comprising 10 FBGs within highly multimode fibers. This achievement is facilitated by a high-power laser technique that yields larger reflectors characterized by a Gaussian intensity profile. These first-order FBGs offer various advantages, including enhanced reflectivity, reduced fabrication time, and simplified spectral characteristics, enhancing their accessibility for interpretation when contrasted with higher-order FBGs. In addition to that it encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the robustness and efficacy of these FBGs, with particular emphasis on their ability to endure extreme temperatures. These FBGs demonstrate an advantageous capability for localized multi-point temperature monitoring, reaching temperatures up to 1500°C with sapphire crystalline fiber and 1100°C with pure silica coreless fiber. This resilience makes them suitable for deployment in harsh environmental conditions. This innovative approach substantially broadens the potential applications of highly multimode optical fibers, particularly in the arena of sensing and communication, where challenges related to thermal gradients and harsh environments prevail. Furthermore, these groundbreaking first-order FBGs signify a substantial advancement in the realm of distributed temperature sensing, offering supreme capabilities for temperature monitoring and signal stability. As such, our work holds the promise of a substantial impact on industries and applications that demand unwavering reliability under extreme conditions.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Projected changes to severe thunderstorm environments as a result of twenty-first century warming from RegCM CORDEX-CORE simulations

Hazardous weather related to the occurrence of severe thunderstorms including tornadoes, high-winds, and hail cause significant damage globally to life and property every year. Yet the impact on these storms from a warming climate remains a difficult task due to their transient nature. Here, we investigate the change in large-scale environments in which severe thunderstorms form during twenty-first century warming (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) in a group of RegCM CORDEX-CORE simulations. Severe potential is measured in terms of Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) and vertical wind-shear during the severe seasons in three regions which are known to currently be prone to severe hazards: North America, subtropical South America, and eastern India and Bangladesh. In every region, environments supportive for severe thunderstorms are projected to increase during the warm season months in both the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios during the twenty-first century. The number of days supportive for severe thunderstorms increases by several days per season over the vast majority of each region by the end of the century. Analyzing the CAPE and shear trends during the twenty-first century, we find seasonally and regionally specific changes driving the increased severe potential. Twenty-first century surface warming is clearly driving a robust increase in CAPE in all regions, however poleward displacement of vertical shear in the future leads to the displacement of severe environments over North America and South America. The results found here relate that severe impacts in the future cannot be generalized globally, and that regionally specific changes in vertical shear may drive future movement of regions prone to severe weather.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

A surrogate-model-based approach for estimating the first and second-order moments of offshore wind power

Power curve, the functional relationship that governs the process of converting a set of weather variables experienced by a wind turbine into electric power, is widely used in the wind industry to estimate power output for planning and operational purposes. Existing methods for power curve estimation have three main limitations: (i) they mostly rely on wind speed as the sole input, thus ignoring the secondary, yet possibly significant effects of other environmental factors, (ii) they largely overlook the complex marine environment in which offshore turbines operate, potentially compromising their value in offshore wind energy applications, and (ii) they solely focus on the first-order properties of wind power, with little (or null) information about the variation around the mean behavior, which is important for ensuring reliable grid integration, asset health monitoring, and energy storage, among others. In light of that, this study investigates the impact of several wind-and wave-related factors on offshore wind power variability, with the ultimate goal of accurately predicting its first two moments. Further, our approach couples OpenFAST—a multi-physics wind turbine simulator—with Gaussian Process (GP) regression to reveal the underlying relationships governing offshore weather-to-power conversion. We first find that a multi-input power curve which captures the combined impact of wind speed, direction, and air density, can provide double-digit improvements, in terms of prediction accuracy, relative to univariate methods which rely on wind speed as the sole explanatory variable (e.g. the standard method of bins). Wave-related variables are found not important for predicting the average power output, but interestingly, appear to be extremely relevant in describing the fluctuation of the offshore power around its mean. Tested on real-world data collected at the New York/New Jersey bight, our proposed multi-input models demonstrate a high explanatory power in predicting the first two moments of offshore wind generation, testifying their potential value to the offshore wind industry.

17 WIND ENERGY↗