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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
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DOE OSTI2022

The 2022 Polarized Proton Run in the Injectors

The previous polarized proton (PP) run was in 2017. During the start up process this run the injectors were set up in the same configuration using Booster and AGS PPM user 4 (BU4/AU4). Concurrently with this a new setup was established on Booster and AGS user 3 (BU3/AU3) called the split/merge. This new setup splits a single bunch into 2 in the Booster and recombines them on the AGS flattop in an attempt to improve polarization mainly by reducing the transverse emittance growth thought to be associated with higher peak beam current. Although Gold beam from EBIS was used at times in RHIC for LEReC and CeC development, from the injector perspective there is little noteworthy about it and so this note will focus solely on PP. According to the OC log, STAR Physics was first declared on Dec. 22, 2021 and the run ended on April 18, 2022. Initially, BU4/AU4 was used for RHIC. Then the split/merge setup was used from Dec. 27 until the Siemens motor generator failed on Jan. 12 and the Westinghouse motor generator had to be used in its place. The peak dB/dt available using the Westinghouse is half what it is with Siemens so the AGS required a different setup. Since the split/merge setup is more complicated than the standard one, and any benefit from it to polarization had not been demonstrated, a cycle was developed on AU6 for RHIC based on the AU4 setup but with a longer ramp. The split/merge was also set up with Westinghouse on BU3/AU7, but it was never used for RHIC. The switch back to the Siemens occurred on March 8 th once again using BU4/AU4.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Smart Alarm for the CEBAF Injector

We present initial results from a proof-of-concept ?smart alarm? for the CEBAF injector. Because of the injector's large number of parameters and possible fault scenarios, it is highly desirable to have an autonomous alarm system that can quickly identify and diagnose unusual machine states. Our approach leverages a trained neural network to not only identify an anomalous machine state, but also to identify the root-cause by pinpointing the specific element or region responsible. We developed an inverse model trained on data collected during normal operations. Using the inverse model, measurements from the machine are used to compute machine settings, which are then compared to EPICS setpoints. Instances when predictions differ from EPICS setpoints by a user-defined threshold are flagged as anomalies, and the user is alerted to the issue. We present the results of our data collection efforts, model training and performance, and initial performance metrics.

Tennant, C.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Status of the IOTA proton injector

The IOTA Proton Injector (IPI), currently under installation at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility (FAST), is a machine capable of delivering 20\,mA pulses of protons at 2.5\,MeV to the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) ring. First beam in the IPI beamline is anticipated in the first half of~2024, when it will operate alongside the existing electron injector beamline to facilitate further beam physics research and continued development of novel accelerator technologies at the IOTA ring. This report details the expected operational profile, known challenges, and the current state of installation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Commissioning of the IOTA Proton Injector

The Proton Injector for the IOTA storage ring (IPI) is being constructed at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility (FAST). It will be a machine capable of delivering 20 mA pulses of protons at 2.5 MeV. IPI will operate alongside the existing electron injector beamline to facilitate further beam physics research and the continued development of novel accelerator technologies at the IOTA ring. This report details the results of the initial commissioning of IPI and an overview of the upcoming experiments with intense proton beams at IOTA.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Update on Ce+BAF Injector Baseline Simulations

Progress in the development of the positron injector concept for the Ce+BAF is presented. The results of start-to-end positron beam tracking simulations for two injector operating modes (low current high polarized beam and high current low polarized beam) are discussed. The efficiency of the positron capture system based on a normal conducting focusing solenoid downstream of the conversion target is compared with the efficiency of a superconducting solenoid.

Ushakov [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Fac↗
DOE OSTI2026

Technical Report for Bayesian Optimization and Reinforcement Learning for Beam Polarization Increase in the BNL Hadron Injectors

This project developed and evaluated physics-informed Bayesian learning and machine learning (ML)-based optimization methods for improving beam polarization preservation in the BNL hadron injector chain. The work focused on uncertainty-aware digital twin modeling, Bayesian calibration of accelerator simulations using beam measurements, and data-efficient optimization strategies including Bayesian optimization and reinforcement learning. These methods were applied to injector tuning and RF control problems in realistic accelerator settings to support improved operational robustness and readiness for RHIC operations and future Electron–Ion Collider facilities. No subject inventions were disclosed under this award.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

High-Efficiency, High-Current Laser-Driven Electron Injector

This final report describes research conducted under DOE Award DE-SC0021132, "High-Efficiency, High-Current Laser-Driven Electron Injector," during the period 09/01/2020–08/31/2023. The project investigates a largely unexplored regime of short-pulse laser–plasma interaction near the quarter-critical density in ultrathin gas targets as a novel electron injection mechanism for laser–wakefield acceleration (LWFA). The overarching goal is to develop high-efficiency, high-current electron sources driven by modest peak-intensity lasers at high repetition rate, suitable as compact injectors or front-ends for future laser-based accelerators.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design of a high power 8 MeV electron beam injector for the LERF

We present the beamline design for a high power 8 MeV electron injector to be installed at the Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF). The injector is designed to provide beam power of up to 80 kW for testing positron source target candidates. We discuss the results of beam dynamics simulations conducted using the General Particle Tracer (GPT) software, where electromagnetic beamline elements were optimized using multi-objective genetic algorithm tools. Additionally, we present preliminary studies on secondary particle generation from both rotating solid and free surface liquid metal jet targets described elsewhere in this workshop.

Lizarraga-Rubio, Victor [Thomas Jefferson National↗
DOE OSTI2026

Automating Orbit Correction In The Main Injector 8 GeV Line

The Main Injector 8 GeV line (MI8 line) transports beam from Fermilab s Booster accelerator to either the Booster Neutrino experiments (BNB), the Recycler or the Main Injector. Often the orbit of the beam through the MI8 line differs depending on the beam destination. The beam is collimated in the MI8 line, so increasing intensities and repetition rates make controlling orbits through the collimators a necessity. The current method of regulating the MI8 line orbit with DC corrector settings is insufficient. A system named MITUNE is being developed to sample and categorize all beams through the MI8 line and automatically calculate and apply proper dipole corrector ramps to maintain desired orbits for pulses to any destination.

Hazelwood, K. J. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design of a high power 8 MeV electron beam injector for the LERF

Here, we present the beamline design for a high power 8 MeV electron injector to be installed at the Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF). The injector is designed to provide beam power of up to 80 kW for testing positron source target candidates. We discuss the results of beam dynamics simulations conducted using the General Particle Tracer (GPT) software, where electromagnetic beamline elements were optimized using multi-objective genetic algorithm tools. Additionally, we present preliminary studies on secondary particle generation from both rotating solid and free surface liquid metal jet targets described elsewhere in this workshop.

Lizarraga-Rubio, Victor Manuel [Thomas Jefferson N↗
DOE OSTI2026

Positron Injector for Ce+BAF

A baseline concept for a continuous wave (CW) polarized positron injector was developed for the CEBAF at Jefferson Lab. This concept is based on the generation of CW longitudinally polarized positrons by a high-current, polarized electron beam 1 mA, 130-370 MeV, and 90% longitudinal polarization that passes through a rotating, water-cooled, tungsten target. The simulations for the Ce+BAF injector at the Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) are performed, including positron beam generation, capture, energy selection, and acceleration to 123 MeV. The positron yield (or positron current) and longitudinal polarization are calculated considering the longitudinal and transverse CEBAF acceptances (<1% energy spread, 1.2 mm bunch length and normalized emittance of 100 mm·mrad). The impact of target thickness, electron beam energy, and transverse size on positron yield within the required emittance limit is evaluated. Target thermal and structural FEM analyses (ANSYS Fluent) are performed to determine the maximum electron beam current and minimum transverse beam size on the target.

Benesch, Jay [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerato↗
DOE OSTI2026

Commissioning of the IOTA Proton Injector

The IOTA Proton Injector (IPI) at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility (FAST) is a machine capable of delivering up to 14 mA pulses of protons at 2.5 MeV to the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) ring. Its construction was completed in the fall of 2025, followed by a successful commissioning run scheduled to conclude at the end of May 2026. It operates alongside the existing electron injector beamline to facilitate further beam physics research and continued development of novel accelerator technologies at the IOTA ring. This report details the current operational profile, known challenges, and future plans for the proton program development at FAST.

Romanov, A. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000287065709)↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ducted Fuel Injection vs. Conventional Diesel Combustion: Extending the Load Range in an Optical Engine with a Four-Orifice Fuel Injector

Ducted fuel injection (DFI) is a technique to attenuate soot formation in compression ignition engines relative to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). The concept is to inject fuel through a small tube inside the combustion chamber to reduce equivalence ratios in the autoignition zone relative to CDC. DFI has been studied at loads as high as 8.5 bar gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP g ) and as low as 2.5 bar IMEP g using a four-orifice fuel injector. Across previous studies, DFI has been shown to attenuate soot emissions, increase NO x emissions (at constant charge dilution), and slightly decrease fuel conversion efficiencies for most tested points. This study expands on the previous work by testing 1.1 bar IMEPg (low-load/idle) conditions and 10 bar IMEPg (higher-load) conditions with the same four-orifice fuel injector, as well as examining potential causes of the degradations in NO x emissions and fuel conversion efficiencies. DFI and CDC are directly compared at each operating point in the study. At the low-load condition, the intake charge dilution was swept to elucidate the soot and NO x performance of DFI. The low-load range is important because it is the target of impending, more-stringent emissions regulations, and DFI is shown to be a potentially effective approach for helping to meet these regulations. The results also indicate that DFI likely has slightly decreased fuel conversion efficiencies relative to CDC. We find that the increase in NO x emissions with DFI is likely due to longer charge gas residence times at higher temperatures, which arise from shorter combustion durations and advanced combustion phasing relative to CDC.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Volumetric micro-injector for capillary electrophoresis

A volumetric microfluidic injector for capillary electrophoresis (CE) for highly repeatable sample injection has been designed and built to eliminate known injection bias in hydrodynamic injection. A defined volume from 1-10 nL or 0.1-100 nL of sample is confined in a defined region of a micro-valve PDMS microfluidic injector chip and electrophoretic potential is applied to drive sample into a separation device such as an embedded fused silica capillary for separation and detection. Using a 75 μm ID capillary, the RSD of an absorbance peak area as low as 1.32% (n=11) is obtained. As a comparison, the time-dependent injection was tested using the same chip which resulted in an inferior repeatability.

Ha, Noel Seunghyun↗
DOE OSTI2022

Air-fuel micromix injector having multibank ports for adaptive cooling of high temperature combustor

A method of using a combustor for high temperature combustion. The combustor is equipped with a showerhead type micromix air-fuel injector. The injector faceplate has its ports concentrically arranged into “banks”, to which delivery of fuel can be controlled on a bank-by-bank basis. During combustor operation, the temperature of the air into the combustor is monitored. If the temperature is above a predetermined threshold, fuel is delivered to fewer than all banks of ports. As a result, the bank(s) of ports to which fuel is not delivered inject only air into the combustion chamber, and the other bank(s) of ports inject the air-fuel mixture as usual.

Coogan, Shane B.↗
DOE OSTI2023

IOTA Proton Injector Beamline Installation

The IOTA Proton Injector (IPI), currently under installation at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility, is a beamline capable of delivering 20-mA pulses of protons at 2.5 MeV to the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) ring. First beam in the IPI beamline is anticipated in 2023, when it will operate alongside the existing electron injector beamline to facilitate further fundamental physics research and continued development of novel accelerator technologies in the IOTA ring. This report details the expected operational profile, known challenges, and the current state of installation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Status of the IOTA Proton Injector

The IOTA Proton Injector (IPI), currently under installation at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility (FAST), is a machine capable of delivering 20 mA pulses of protons at 2.5 MeV to the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) ring. First beam in the IPI beamline is anticipated in the first half of 2024, when it will operate alongside the existing electron injector beamline to facilitate further beam physics research and continued development of novel accelerator technologies at the IOTA ring. This report details the expected operational profile, known challenges, and the current state of installation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of the Fermilab Linac Injector

The Fermilab Linac injection line consists of a 35 keV magnetron-type H\textsuperscript{-} ion source, two-solenoid Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), 201 MHz 4-rod 750 keV Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), and a Medium Energy Transport (MEBT) containing 4 quadrupoles and a bunching cavity. The injector delivers 25 mA, 48 µs pulses to the drift-tube Linac at a repetition rate of 15Hz. The transmission efficiency of the injector has been lower than expected since commissioning. Recent beam current measurements suggest that the beam is primarily lost upstream of the RFQ exit. Numerical simulations indicate that ions passing through the non-linear field region of the solenoids could produce a beam with an increased emittance resulting in up to 50\% of the LEBT beam current failing to meet the RFQ acceptance. An aperture restriction was installed upstream of the first solenoid to remove these ions. This report describes the results of measurements and simulations as well as the LEBT tuning.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗