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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Microstructure‐Informed Analysis Framework for Lattice Structures: Guiding Topology‐Material Synergy in Titanium Alloys

In this work we discuss a microstructure‐informed analysis framework for lattice structures that maps the material's microstructural response to guide topology selection and mechanical performance optimization. By coupling geometrical topology with intrinsic material behavior, we demonstrate how anisotropic microstructural response can inform the design of optimized lattice structures. To illustrate this concept, we focus on two distinct classes of titanium alloys: Ti5553 (Ti‐5Al‐5Mo‐5V‐3Cr wt%), which exhibits a predominantly ‐phase microstructure, and Ti64 (Ti‐6Al‐4V wt%), which features a dual‐phase structure. These alloys exhibit markedly different mechanical responses under multiaxial loading in “fully dense” solid form. The strut‐level stress analysis of these alloys reveals how specific microstructural characteristics can guide the selection of appropriate lattice topologies. Two representative lattice configurations, one stretching‐dominated and one bending‐dominated, are evaluated under identical loading conditions to explore how microstructure‐driven design can lead to topology choices that are better suited to accommodate shear or other critical local stress states, thereby enhancing mechanical performance. A strut‐level mechanics‐based analysis is performed to evaluate shear stress distribution and highlight the role of topology‐microstructure synergy and compatibility in determining overall lattice behavior. The findings emphasize the importance of designing structures that are both load‐aware and microstructure‐responsive, enabling more effective material utilization in advanced engineering applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Variations in Creep Performance of P92 Steel Within Its Composition Range: Influence of N Solubility

Underspecified composition ranges often lead to alloys with unpredictable mechanical performance. To better understand the changes in microstructure and mechanical performance associated with variations of key elements, three versions of P92 are formulated within, or close to, the specified allowable for N, B, and C ranges. Chromium and Si are also varied to influence N solubility. Different service conditions (i.e., temperature and stress) are explored. It is observed that >80% decrease in creep life occurs at 625 °C and 155 MPa for the highest B and N containing alloy. Multiscale characterization reveals key changes due to the trace element variation. The high B and N containing alloy forms deleterious BN precipitates with morphology that promotes crack nucleation and damage accumulation, but this alloy additionally forms higher fractions of beneficial MX precipitates. The alloy with the lowest B and N concentrations but greater C content shows the best creep performance—a consequence of the refined M 23 C 6 carbide precipitate population and the absence of large-scale inclusions or BN precipitates. Calculations of creep activation energy reveal that the high B and N containing alloy is more prone to damage accumulation which causes an early onset of accelerating creep and greater minimum creep rate.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Removal of phosphorus using biochar derived from Fenton sludge: Mechanism and performance insights

Abstract A phosphorus removal biochar adsorbent was prepared from Fenton sludge. The adsorption process was optimized, and its phosphorus adsorption mechanism was discussed. It was found that the phosphorus adsorption performance of biochar prepared from single Fenton sludge (FBC‐400) was better than that of co‐pyrolysis of Fenton sludge and bamboo powder. The optimum condition was that Fenton sludge pyrolyzed at 400°C (FBC‐400). FBC‐400 had a larger specific surface area than that prepared by co‐pyrolysis with bamboo powder. And the high content of iron element could provide a higher surface charge of the biochar, thereby increasing the electrostatic adsorption of phosphorus onto FBC‐400. The phosphorus adsorption was highly pH dependent by FBC‐400, which can enhance electrostatic adsorption and increase adsorption capacity in acidic conditions. The effect of coexisting anion on adsorption performance was mainly affected by CO 3 2− , reducing the adsorption capacity by at least 49%, whereas other anions had no obvious interference. The adsorption process of FBC‐400 accorded with the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and the Langmuir model, which indicated that the adsorption process was monolayer adsorption and mainly chemical adsorption, and the maximum saturated phosphorus adsorption capacity was 8.77 mg g −1 . The mechanisms for phosphorus adsorption were electrostatic adsorption and inner‐sphere complexing. 1 M NaOH was used for desorption, and the adsorption capacity remained at 81% in the fifth cycle. Practitioner Points The Fenton sludge biochar usage as an adsorbent could be a win‐win strategy to convert waste biomass to valuable ‐ product. The adsorption process accorded with the Langmuir model, the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity was 8.77 mg/g at 25°C. The adsorption mechanisms were electrostatic adsorption and inner‐sphere complexing. 1M NaOH was used for desorption, and the adsorption capacity remained at 81% in the fifth cycle.

Liu, Yanfang↗
DOE OSTI2025

PROCESS-STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS IN LASER POWDER BED FUSION PRODUCED 17-4 PH STEEL

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a metal additive manufacturing method that produces non-traditional microstructures as a result of the rapid solidification and thermal cycling inherent to the process. When using LPBF-produced material in application, these unique microstructures challenge the applicability of well developed mechanical property databases achieved by conventional heat treatments. For wider adoption of this technology, a more holistic understanding is necessary on how process attributes develop material structure, which dictate mechanical properties. This dissertation explores the process– structure–property relationships in LPBF 17-4 PH steel through systematic evaluation of atmospheric processing and heat treatment effects on microstructure and mechanical performance. Specimens were fabricated under controlled build environments, subjected to a range of solutionizing, homogenizing, and aging treatments, and characterized using optical microscopy, electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to quantify phase evolution. Tensile testing was performed to directly link heat treatment pathway and nitrogen absorption to mechanical performance. This work demonstrates where conventional heat treatment standards are applicable to LPBF 17-4 PH steel and where modifications are required. By directly correlating phase stability, nitrogen effects, and tensile response, this work provides practical guidelines for tailoring post-processing strategies. These findings underscore that successful application of LPBF 17-4 PH steel requires explicit consideration of both build environment and post-processing. By linking processing conditions to microstructure and performance, this work advances understanding of critical variables that govern reliability of additively manufactured precipitation-hardened stainless steels in demanding applications.

Brown, Benjamin [Kansas City National Security Cam↗
DOE OSTI2020

Addition of Short Polymer Chains Mechanically Reinforces Glassy Poly(2-vinylpyridine)–Silica Nanoparticle Nanocomposites

The addition of hard fillers to a polymer matrix is a well-known process for achieving mechanical reinforcement. With a decrease in the size of the fillers, the contribution from polymer–particle nanometer-sized interfaces become significant, and these interfaces affect the mechanical performance of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) beyond the limits established for conventional composites. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the improvement in the mechanical performance of glassy PNCs remain unresolved, necessitating a deeper understanding of the structure–property relationships in these intrinsically heterogeneous systems. In this effort, by using Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), we demonstrated that adding shorter chains to a PNC prepared with high molecular weight polymers significantly improved the mechanical properties of the PNC in the glassy state. The strongest enhancement of mechanical properties occurred at an optimum concentration of short chains. This is in contrast to behavior of the glass transition temperature of PNCs which shows a monotonic decrease with an increase in the concentration of shorter chains. Using experimental data and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we have identified the molecular mechanism leading to the observed non-monotonic changes in mechanical reinforcement. Here, this mechanism includes changes in the nanoscale organization at the interface, combined with chain stretching amplified by the addition of the short chains. Overall, our approach paves a simple, cost-effective pathway to fabricating glassy PNCs with significantly improved mechanical properties that will fill various practical needs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) dispersed in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC): Mechanical property, workability and permeability investigation

This paper presents experimental data on the effect of carbon nano-fiber (CNF) dispersion on mechanical behavior, workability, and permeability of ultra-high-performance concrete containing CNF (UHPC-CNF). The addition of CNFs in concrete has been shown to provide improved performance. However, an inhomogeneous distribution of CNFs in the cement matrix can result in no impact or decreased mechanical performance. Due to the van der Waal's forces and hydrophobic surface properties of the CNFs, good dispersion in mix fluids and cement paste is challenging. Experimental studies of UHPC-CNF with different dispersion methods are provided. Further mixing with optimized UHPC paste allowed for the investigation of the optimal dosage of CNFs, impact on porosity, compressive strength, flexural strength, hydration rate, and slump. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis visually revealed the effect of dispersion. Our results indicate that shear mixing and subsequent ultrasonic dispersion with chemical surfactants can provide a well-dispersion liquid admixture of CNFs resulting in high mechanical performance of UHPC-CNFs composites. The water permeability and chloride resistance of optimized UHPC-CNFs composites were further evaluated with the wicking test and ponding test to reveal improved performance for these properties as well.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Mechanical Characterization of High-Temperature Carbon Fiber-Polyphenylene Sulfide Composites for Large Area Extrusion Deposition Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) is evolving from rapid prototyping to production of structural components. The widespread application of AM demands a high level of mechanical performance from these components, and it is therefore essential to improve feedstock material in order to meet these mechanical expectations. However, compared to traditional manufacturing techniques, the mechanical properties of AM materials and their resulting components are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the processability, microstructure, and mechanical performance of twin-screw compounded short carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) pellets as a feedstock material for big area AM (BAAM). The performance of the AM components was compared to that of traditional processing methods, namely injection molding (IM) and extrusion-compression molding (ECM). It was found that the AM composites exhibited 118% lower tensile strength and 55% lower tensile modulus when compared to traditional injection molding composite specimens; however, AM composites exhibited comparable properties to ECM composites. This response was attributed to highly aligned fibers in IM and AM samples. However, the AM composites contained porosity (15.5% volume), which reduced their mechanical properties in comparison to ECM composites. Finally, the IM process showed the maximum amount of fiber attrition with minimum porosity (0.007% volume), while the ECM process exhibited the least fiber attrition with 4.3% volume porosity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

High Temperature Mechanical Behavior of Refractory Alloys with Digital Image Correlation

Gas turbine efficiency is typically limited by the maximum allowable temperature for components at the inlet side and in the hot gas flow. Refractory alloys and SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) are promising candidates for advancing operating temperatures beyond those of Ni-based alloys (>1200 °C). Refractory alloys are more suitable than SiC/SiC CMCs for dynamic components, due to the latter's low toughness and ductility. However, it is well known that refractory alloys suffer from poor oxidation behavior under service lifetimes and conditions, leading to embrittlement concerns. The ARPA-E ULTIMATE program has set out to combine new alloys with advanced coatings to mitigate oxidation/embrittlement effects, while increasing the mechanical performance benefits of refractory materials. Low oxygen (inert gas) or vacuum systems are needed to assess high temperature mechanical performance of developed alloys. To investigate the environmental sensitivity of candidate alloys and develop high temperature testing capabilities, four argon tensile frames were upgraded as well as a single vacuum system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Digital image correlation was incorporated into the vacuum frame allowing for surface strain determination and refined insight into thermomechanical response. Creep testing was performed at 1300 °C on two alloys, C-103 and MHC in vacuum and high purity argon environments. The Mo-based alloy showed less sensitivity to oxygen, indicating that testing in well-controlled argon environments may be suitable. The C-103 alloy demonstrated a stronger sensitivity to oxygen in the well-controlled argon environment, illustrating the need for the developed vacuum testing capabilities. “Small” 25 mm and “large” 76 mm MHC specimens showed comparable results in terms of strain rate during creep testing and ultimate tensile strength during tensile testing, suggesting the viability of smaller geometries that use less material of advanced developmental alloys.

Bell, Sam↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermal and Mechanical Energy Performance Analysis of Closed-loop Systems in Hot-Dry-Rock and Hot-Wet-Rock Reservoirs

To understand the potential and limitations for recovering thermal and mechanical energy from closed-loop geothermal systems a collaborative study is underway that will investigate an array of system configurations, working fluids, geothermal reservoir characteristics, operational periods, and heat transfer enhancements. Closed-loop geothermal systems are distinguished from hydrothermal or enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in that the working fluid only circulates through drilled boreholes. Principal objectives of this study are to determine upper limits for thermal and mechanical energy recovery and optimal operational and configuration parameters for each scenario. Teams of scientists and engineers are applying a suite of numerical simulation and analytical tools to model the heat recovery from closed-loop geothermal systems, and then optimizing operational and configuration parameters to maximize the thermal and mechanical energy recovery. Results from the suite of numerical simulators and analytical tools, such as outlet and inlet states and temperature profiles in the geothermal reservoir over time are intercompared to increase confidence in the analysis. This paper documents the study findings for closed-loop systems in hot-dry-rock and hot-wet-rock reservoirs, where water is the working fluid. The characteristics of the hot-dry-rock reservoir were based on the U.S. Department of Energy's Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) site, near Milford Utah. Two objective functions are defined to optimize the operational and configuration parameters of the system, one each for the recovery of mechanical and thermal energy over the period of operation. For both objective functions, a surface plant thermal to mechanical energy conversion factor and an energy drilling cost is required. In keeping with the study objectives the surface plant conversion factor is determined from a second-law of thermodynamics analysis of a generic binary plant, and drilling costs are based on those from the Utah FORGE site and current national electrical costs.

closed-loop geothermal systems↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermal and Mechanical Energy Performance Analysis of Closed-loop Systems in Hot-Dry-Rock and Hot-Wet-Rock Reservoirs

To understand the potential and limitations for recovering thermal and mechanical energy from closed-loop geothermal systems a collaborative study is underway that will investigate an array of system configurations, working fluids, geothermal reservoir characteristics, operational periods, and heat transfer enhancements. Closed-loop geothermal systems are distinguished from hydrothermal or enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in that the working fluid only circulates through drilled boreholes. Principal objectives of this study are to determine upper limits for thermal and mechanical energy recovery and optimal operational and configuration parameters for each scenario. Teams of scientists and engineers are applying a suite of numerical simulation and analytical tools to model the heat recovery from closed-loop geothermal systems, and then optimizing operational and configuration parameters to maximize the thermal and mechanical energy recovery. Results from the suite of numerical simulators and analytical tools, such as outlet and inlet states and temperature profiles in the geothermal reservoir over time are intercompared to increase confidence in the analysis. This paper documents the study findings for closed-loop systems in hot-dry-rock and hot-wet-rock reservoirs, where water is the working fluid. The characteristics of the hot-dry-rock reservoir were based on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) site, near Milford Utah. Two objective functions are defined to optimize the operational and configuration parameters of the system, one each for the recovery of mechanical and thermal energy over the period of operation. For both objective functions, a surface plant thermal to mechanical energy conversion factor and an energy drilling cost is required. In keeping with the study objectives the surface plant conversion factor is determined from a second-law of thermodynamics analysis of a generic binary plant, and drilling costs are based on those from the Utah FORGE site and current national electrical costs.

Closed-loop geothermal systems, hot-dry-rock, hot-↗
DOE OSTI2024

Epoxy Coating of Biofiber: An Effective Modifier of Biofiber Physical and Flow Properties for Improved Tensile Behavior of Biofiber-Reinforced Biocomposite

Biocomposites combine renewable, plant-based fibers with degradable polymers and are an attractive option for sustainable, lightweight, and cost-effective materials with a low carbon footprint, especially for large-scale additive manufacturing. One of the major challenges in the widespread adoption of biocomposites is that their mechanical performance is significantly inferior to that of synthetic composites. Surface treatment is a common and effective technique to improve the mechanical properties of the biofibers used in biocomposites. This study aims to investigate the physical and flow properties of surface-treated biofibers, as well as the tensile properties of their PLA-based biocomposite, to gain insights into how surface treatment changes the fiber‘s characteristics and biocomposite‘s mechanical properties. Surface treatment was created using a two-component epoxy system by reacting poly(bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin) glycidyl end-capped (PBG) and dicyandiamide (DICY). The treatment was tested on two different biofibers (loblolly pine and corn stover fibers) with three different PBG/DICY molar ratios (0.25, 0.5, and 2). Results showed that surface-treated fibers improved the tensile strength and Young‘s modulus of the biocomposites. Loblolly pine biocomposites from fibers treated with a PBG/DICY ratio of 0.25 exhibited the best tensile properties. The surface treatment resulted in a more loosely dispersed fiber bulk structure, as evidenced by less fiber agglomeration into smaller particle sizes, higher fiber sphericity, and lower loose bulk density. This can enhance stress distribution and the overall mechanical performance of the biocomposites. Additionally, surface-treated fibers exhibited better dynamic flow properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Summary report on the mechanical testing performed at INL for creep rupture, fatigue, creep-fatigue, and aging of A709 base material

The report provides the status of the creep, fatigue, and creep-fatigue testing to conducted at Idaho National Laboratory to generate a data package to support Alloy 709 qualification in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 5. These tests were performed on three commercial heats of plate material. The first procured heat was manufactured by G.O. Carlson with heat number 58776. Second and third heats were fabricated by ATI Specialty Rolled Products, with heat numbers 529900 and 530843, respectively. A series of creep and cyclic specimens were fabricated from these three heats, and tests were performed. This report presents a master list of all completed and ongoing creep, fatigue, and creep fatigue tests. Cyclic properties of three commercial heats are compared. Thermal aging of three commercial heats for 3000 hours were completed in FY 2025. The thermal aging campaign to age plate material from three commercial heats up to 100,000 hours is ongoing.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermo-mechanical characterization of shale using nanoindentation

Abstract Shale can be a potential buffer for high-level radioactive nuclear wastes. To be an effective buffer while subject to waste heat, shale's mechanical response at elevated temperature must be known. Many researchers have experimentally characterized the mechanical behavior of various shales at different length scales in adiabatic conditions. However, its mechanical performance at elevated temperatures at the nano-scale remains unknown. To investigate the temperature dependency of nanomechanical properties of shale, we conducted both experimental and numerical studies. In this study, we measured mechanical and fracture properties of shale, such as hardness, elastic modulus, anisotropy, and fracture toughness from 25 °C up to 300 °C at different bedding planes. Statistical analysis of the results suggests that hardness and fracture toughness significantly increased at temperatures from 100 to 300 °C; while, temperature does not have a significant impact on elastic modulus. Data also shows that the bedding plane orientations have a substantial impact on both mechanical and fracture properties of shale at the nano-scale leading to distinct anisotropic behavior at elevated temperature below 100 °C. Additionally, we numerically investigated the mechanical performance of the shale samples at room temperature to gain an insight into its mechanical response through the thickness. Numerical results were validated against the experimental results, confirming the simulation can be used to predict shale deformation at the nano-scale or potentially be used in multi-scale simulations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Binder-jetted AISI M2 tool steel during hot isostatic pressing: Densification and carbide transformation

Binder jetting (BJ) enables fabrication of complex components from high-alloy steels such as AISI M2; however, residual porosity after sintering limits mechanical performance. This study investigates the coupled effects of binder chemistry, sintering conditions, cooling rate, and subsequent hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on densification, microstructure, and mechanical response in binder-jetted M2 tool steel. HIP increased relative density from ∼93 to 95% to >99% and improved compressive strength by ∼40-70%. Densification was governed by initial pore morphology, where closed porosity was effectively eliminated, while interconnected porosity limited full consolidation. Microstructural analysis (XRD, EBSD, SEM) shows that HIP promotes dissolution of metastable carbides and redistribution of alloying elements (W, Mo, V), transforming heterogeneous carbide networks into finer and more uniformly distributed M 2 C, MC, and M 6 C phases through diffusion-assisted homogenization. Among the investigated conditions, the FluidFuse binder combined with sintering at 1270 °C for 60 min and furnace cooling produced the most balanced response, achieving ∼99.7% density, ∼855 HV hardness, ∼4130 MPa compressive strength, and ∼24% strain. In contrast, higher sintering temperatures promoted carbide coarsening, reducing ductility despite high density. HIP reduces microstructural heterogeneity and drives the system toward a near-equilibrium state with reduced sensitivity to prior processing history. A comparative assessment with conventional and additive manufacturing routes (LPBF, DED, EBM, FFF) shows that the BJ-HIP approach achieves competitive densification and mechanical performance. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for controlling densification and microstructure in high-alloy steels processed via BJAM.

AISI M2 tool steel↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effect of Interlayer Time-Lapse and Workability Retention on Printed Concrete Performance

The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing technologies for concrete construction requires further understanding of material performance and its relationship with print parameters such as interlayer time-lapse and workability retention during the print. Here this study addresses the effects of the time delay between consecutive extruded layers on the mechanical performance of printed concrete using a mix designed by Quikrete. A series of specimens were prepared with printing delays of 10, 15, 30, and 60 min. This work correlates the change in fracture properties, mechanical performance, and workability retention with the interlayer time-lapse between two consecutive concrete layers. Interlayer time-lapse is defined as the time difference in printing of two consequent layers of concrete. It affects individual properties differently based on the loading direction and test types, but it is consistent in terms of interlayer performance. The understanding of the effect of interlayer time-lapse on the fracture properties between two consecutive printed layers fills the knowledge gaps in printed concrete research. Therefore, this study can help researchers perform required optimization and safely estimate the performance of printed concrete.

3D printing↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dual–Interface–Reinforced Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells for Enhanced Performance and Mechanical Reliability

Two key interfaces in flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs) are mechanically reinforced simultaneously: one between the electron-transport layer (ETL) and the 3D metal-halide perovskite (MHP) thin film using self-assembled monolayer (SAM), and the other between the 3D-MHP thin film and the hole-transport layer (HTL) using an in situ grown low-dimensional (LD) MHP capping layer. The interfacial mechanical properties are measured and modeled. This rational interface engineering results in the enhancement of not only the mechanical properties of both interfaces but also their optoelectronic properties holistically. As a result, the new class of dual-interface-reinforced f-PSCs has an unprecedented combination of the following three important performance parameters: high power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.03% (with reduced hysteresis), improved operational stability of 1000 h T90 (duration at 90% initial PCE retained), and enhanced mechanical reliability of 10 000 cycles n88 (number of bending cycles at 88% initial PCE retained). Furthermore, the scientific underpinnings of these synergistic enhancements are elucidated.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Passive sensing of a microparticle modified hybrid, fiber-reinforced composite

The widespread commercial adoption of high-performance, fiber-reinforced composites has pushed research interests toward the next generation of composites. These new composites are tasked with integrating additional functionalities into the structures without causing a trade-off in mechanical performance. One such functionality that has received significant interest is sensing. This is especially important for composites using high-performance fibers (e.g., carbon fiber) because their strain-to-failure is relatively low, resulting in brittle fracture. Besides, fiber damage can be hidden within the composite, potentially leading to premature catastrophic failure if not detected. In prior research, we demonstrated continuous feed-through deposition of ceramic nanoparticles on carbon fiber’s surface that simultaneously enhanced both the piezoresistive response and interlaminar shear strength. In this work, a similar continuous feed-through deposition process was used to demonstrate passive sensing and energy harvesting by integrating ferroelectric microparticles on the surface of electrically nonconductive fibers. The sensing and energy harvesting capabilities were characterized by mechanically straining composite beams and measuring the power generated. The improvements in mechanical properties are shown through interlaminar shear strength tests. Therefore, this research aims to demonstrate a high throughput, commercially scalable approach to coat fibers with ferroelectric microparticles that enable passive sensing as well as improved mechanical performance when fabricated into a fiber-reinforced composite.

Bowland, Christopher↗