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NASA NTRS1975

Program design by a multidisciplinary team

The use of software engineering aids in the design of a structural finite-element analysis computer program for the STAR-100 computer is described. Nested functional diagrams to aid in communication among design team members were used, and a standardized specification format to describe modules designed by various members was adopted. This is a report of current work in which use of the functional diagrams provided continuity and helped resolve some of the problems arising in this long-running part-time project.

Voigt, S.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Optimization by decomposition

An algorithm is presented for solving the structural optimization problem as a set of smaller subproblems that correspond to levels of nested substructures. In all three of the algorithm variants presented, the matching was assisted by means of the behavior and optimum sensitivity derivatives. The algorithm is noted to be intrinsically germane to distributed computing, since the subproblems can be concurrently addressed; the algorithm can also be generalized to those multidisciplinary systems whose subsystems can be arranged into a hierarchy of substructure-like dependencies.

Sobieszczanski-Sobieski, Jaroslaw↗

NASA NTRS2005

Discrete Event Supervisory Control Applied to Propulsion Systems

The theory of discrete event supervisory (DES) control was applied to the optimal control of a twin-engine aircraft propulsion system and demonstrated in a simulation. The supervisory control, which is implemented as a finite-state automaton, oversees the behavior of a system and manages it in such a way that it maximizes a performance criterion, similar to a traditional optimal control problem. DES controllers can be nested such that a high-level controller supervises multiple lower level controllers. This structure can be expanded to control huge, complex systems, providing optimal performance and increasing autonomy with each additional level. The DES control strategy for propulsion systems was validated using a distributed testbed consisting of multiple computers--each representing a module of the overall propulsion system--to simulate real-time hardware-in-the-loop testing. In the first experiment, DES control was applied to the operation of a nonlinear simulation of a turbofan engine (running in closed loop using its own feedback controller) to minimize engine structural damage caused by a combination of thermal and structural loads. This enables increased on-wing time for the engine through better management of the engine-component life usage. Thus, the engine-level DES acts as a life-extending controller through its interaction with and manipulation of the engine s operation.

Litt, Jonathan S.↗

NASA NTRS2011

Canopy Spectral Invariants: Application to Classification of Forest Types from Hyperspectral Data - Part 2

Many studies have been conducted to demonstrate the ability of hyperspectral data to discriminate plant dominant species. Most of them have employed the use of empirically based techniques, which are site specific, requires some initial training based on characteristics of known leaf and/or canopy spectra and therefore may not be extendable to operational use or adapted to changing or unknown land cover. In this paper we propose a physically based approach for separation of dominant forest type using hyperspectral data. The radiative transfer theory of canopy spectral invariants underlies the approach, which facilitates parameterization of the canopy reflectance in terms of the leaf spectral scattering and two spectrally invariant and structurally varying variables - recollision and directional escape probabilities. The methodology is based on the idea of retrieving spectrally invariant parameters from hyperspectral data first, and then relating their values to structural characteristics of three-dimensional canopy structure. Theoretical and empirical analyses of ground and airborne data acquired by Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) over two sites in New England, USA, suggest that the canopy spectral invariants convey information about canopy structure at both the macro- and micro-scales. The total escape probability (one minus recollision probability) varies as a power function with the exponent related to the number of nested hierarchical levels present in the pixel. Its base is a geometrical mean of the local total escape probabilities and accounts for the cumulative effect of canopy structure over a wide range of scales. The ratio of the directional to the total escape probability becomes independent of the number of hierarchical levels and is a function of the canopy structure at the macro-scale such as tree spatial distribution, crown shape and size, within-crown foliage density and ground cover. These properties allow for the natural separation of dominant forest classes based on the location of points on the total escape probability vs the ratio log-log plane.

Schull, M. A.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Demonstration of a Modular, Scalable, Laser Communication Terminal for Manned Spaceflight Missions

Free-space laser communication systems are increasingly implemented on state of the art satellites for their high-speed connectivity. This work outlines a demonstration of the Modular, Agile, Scalable Optical Terminal(MAScOT) we have developed to support Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) to deep-space communication links. In LEO, the MAScOT will be implemented on the International Space Station to support the Integrated Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) LEO User Modem and Amplifier Terminal (ILLUMA-T) program. ILLUMA-Ts overarching objective is to demonstrate high bandwidth data transfer between LEO and a ground station via a geosynchronous (GEO) relay satellite. Outside of GEO, MAScOT will also be implemented on the Artemis-II mission to demonstrate high data rate optical communications to and from the moon as part of theOrion EM-2 Optical Communications (O2O) program. Both missions leverage the same modular architecture despite varying structural, thermal, and optical requirements. To achieve sufficient performance, the optical terminal relies on a nested tracking loop to realize sub-arcsecond pointing across±120◦elevation and±175◦azimuth field of regard.

optical communications↗

DOE OSTI2024

Refining HPCToolkit for application performance analysis at exascale

As part of the US Department of Energy’s Exascale Computing Project (ECP), Rice University has been refining its HPCToolkit performance tools to better support measurement and analysis of applications executing on exascale supercomputers. To efficiently collect performance measurements of GPU-accelerated applications, HPCToolkit employs novel non-blocking data structures to communicate performance measurements between tool threads and application threads. To attribute performance information in detail to source lines, loop nests, and inlined call chains, HPCToolkit performs parallel analysis of large CPU and GPU binaries involved in the execution of an exascale application to rapidly recover mappings between machine instructions and source code. To analyze terabytes of performance measurements gathered during executions at exascale, HPCToolkit employs distributed-memory parallelism, multithreading, sparse data structures, and out-of-core streaming analysis algorithms. To support interactive exploration of profiles up to terabytes in size, HPCToolkit’s hpcviewer graphical user interface uses out-of-core methods to visualize performance data. The result of these efforts is that HPCToolkit now supports collection, analysis, and presentation of profiles and traces of GPU-accelerated applications at exascale. These improvements have enabled HPCToolkit to efficiently measure, analyze and explore terabytes of performance data for executions using as many as 64K MPI ranks and 64K GPU tiles on ORNL’s Frontier supercomputer. HPCToolkit’s support for measurement and analysis of GPU-accelerated applications has been employed to study a collection of open-science applications developed as part of ECP. This paper reports on these experiences, which provided insight into opportunities for tuning applications, strengths and weaknesses of HPCToolkit itself, as well as unexpected behaviors in executions at exascale.

Adhianto, Laksono↗

NASA NTRS2001

A Cloud-Resolving Simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991): Storm Structure and Eyewall Buoyancy

A numerical simulation of Hurricane Bob (1991) is conducted using the Penn State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model MM5 with a horizontal grid spacing of 1.3 Km on the finest nested mesh The model produces a realistic hurricane that intensifies slowly during the period of fine-scale simulation. Time-averaged results reveal the effects of storm motion. vertical shear, beta gyres and deformation forcing on the structure of radial inflow, vertical motion, and precipitation. Instantaneous model fields show that radial inflow in the eyewall is very intense near the surface but transitions to strong low-level outflow near the top of the boundary layer. The low-level structure is modulated by a wavenumber 2 disturbance that rotates around the eyewall at half the speed of the maximum tangential winds and is consistent with a vortex Rossby edge wave. The statistical distribution of vertical velocity in the eyewall indicates that the eyewall is composed of a small number of intense updrafts that account for the majority of the upward mass flux rather than a more gradual and symmetric eyewall circulation, consistent with the concept of hot towers. Tongues of high equivalent potential temperature, Theta(sub e), are seen along the inner edge of the eyewall updraft and within the low-level outflow. This air originates from outside of the eyewall with the highest theta(sub e) air coming from the layer closest to the surface after penetrating closest to the center. Occasionally, high Theta(sub e), air within the eye is drawn into the eyewall updrafts. The high Theta(sub e), air rising within the eyewall is shown to be associated with positive eyewall buoyancy with sufficient convective available potential energy along its path to produce relatively strong convective updrafts. Although the requirements for conditional symmetric instability are met within the eyewall and the air parcel trajectories follow slanted paths, the radial displacement of air parcels in the low-level outflow moves the air parcel sufficiently far away from the upper- warm core that the air becomes unstable to vertical displacements. Hence, convective instability rather than symmetric instability accounts for the stronger updrafts in the eyewall.

Braun, Scott A.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Fermi Surface Nesting and Anomalous Hall Effect in Magnetically Frustrated Mn 2 PdIn

Noncollinear magnets with near-zero net magnetization and nontrivial bulk electronic topology hold significant promise for spintronic applications, though their scarcity necessitates deliberate design strategies. In this work, a topologically nontrivial electronic structure is reported in metallic Mn 2 PdIn, which crystallizes in the inverse Heusler structure and exhibits a spin-glassy ground state with quenched magnetization. The system features Weyl-type band crossings near the Fermi level and reveals a novel interplay among momentum-space nesting, orbital hybridization, and spin-orbit coupling. Comprehensive magnetotransport measurements reveal a pronounced anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in Mn 2 PdIn. The observed quadratic relationship between the longitudinal and anomalous Hall resistivities highlights the dominance of the intrinsic Berry curvature contribution to the AHE. These findings establish inverse Heusler alloys as compelling platforms for realizing noncollinear magnets that host Weyl-type semimetallic or metallic phases-combining suppressed magnetization with robust electronic transport-thereby offering a promising route toward their seamless integration into next-generation spintronic devices.

Ahmed, Afsar [Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, K↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Demonstration of a Modular, Scalable, Laser Communication Terminal for Manned Spaceflight Missions

Free-space laser communication systems are increasingly implemented on state of the art satellites for their high-speed connectivity. This work outlines the design, analysis and test of the Modular, Agile, Scalable Optical Terminal (MAScOT) we have developed to support Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) to deep-space communication links. In LEO, the MAScOT will be implemented on the International Space Station to support the Integrated Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) LEO User Modem and Amplifier Terminal (ILLUMA-T) program. ILLUMA-T’s overarching objective is to demonstrate high bandwidth data transfer between LEO and a ground station via a geosynchronous (GEO) relay satellite. Outside of GEO, MAScOT will also be implemented on the Artemis-II mission to demonstrate high data rate optical communications to and from the moon as part of the Orion EM-2 Optical Communications (O2O) program. Both missions leverage the same modular architecture despite varying structural, thermal, and optical requirements. To achieve sufficient performance, the optical terminal relies on a coarse/fine nested tracking loop to realize sub-arcsecond pointing across +/- 120 deg elevation and +/- 175 deg azimuth field of regard. An integrated analysis of the MAScOT in support of both missions will be outlined in addition to scalable versions of this terminal for future missions.

Steven R. Gillmer↗

NASA NTRS1978

Space Spider - A concept for fabrication of large structures

The Space Spider concept for the automated fabrication of large space structures involves a specialized machine which roll-forms thin gauge material such as aluminum and develops continuous spiral structures with radial struts to sizes of 600-1,000 feet in diameter by 15 feet deep. This concept allows the machine and raw material to be integrated using the Orbiter capabilities, then boosting the rigid system to geosynchronous equatorial orbit (GEO) without high sensitivity to acceleration forces. As a teleoperator controlled device having repetitive operations, the fabrication process can be monitored and verified from a ground-based station without astronaut involvement in GEO. The resultant structure will be useful as an intermediate size platform or as a structural element to be used with other elements such as the space-fabricated beams or composite nested tubes.

Britton, W. R.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Cleopatra Patera on Venus - Venera 15/16 evidence for a volcanic origin

The nonconcentric nature, anomalous depth, and terraced morphology of the nested craters that compose Cleopatra Patera are more closely analogous to volcanic craters (calderas) than multiring impact structures. Associated deposits northeast and downslope of the Patera first recognized on Venera 15/16 radar images are interpreted as volcanic plains related to, and perhaps cogenetic with, Cleopatra. The plains lavas probably originated as effusions from a radial rift zone or ring fissures. Rim deposits surrounding Cleopatra are asymmetric along the structural fabric of the region, also indicating fissure-type eruptions. Finally, a volcanic origin not only is easily reconciled with the tectonic setting of the Patera, it is almost required by the correlation between the Patera and regional structural trend.

Schaber, Gerald G.↗

NASA NTRS1990

A numerical investigation of East Coast cyclogenesis during the cold-air damming event of 27-28 February 1982. I - Dynamic and thermodynamic structure

A cyclogenesis event combined with strong cold-air damming, coastal frontogenesis, and extensive mixed precipitation, which occurred on February 27-28, 1982 at the South Carolina coast is investigated numerically. The prestorm environment and subsequent cyclogenesis was simulated using a nested version of the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model with 35-km fine-mesh resolution. The model was found to successfully reproduce most principal synoptic and mesoscale features associated with this cyclogenesis case, including the storm path and intensification, the coastal front structure, cold-air damming, circulations induced by a polar jet streak, low-level jets, and precipitation. The results of this study reveal the existence of two moist airstreams fed by an onshore flow from the marine boundary layer east of the coastal front.

Lapenta, William M.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Sensitivity analysis for large-deflection and postbuckling responses on distributed-memory computers

A computational strategy is presented for calculating sensitivity coefficients for the nonlinear large-deflection and postbuckling responses of laminated composite structures on distributed-memory parallel computers. The strategy is applicable to any message-passing distributed computational environment. The key elements of the proposed strategy are: (1) a multiple-parameter reduced basis technique; (2) a parallel sparse equation solver based on a nested dissection (or multilevel substructuring) node ordering scheme; and (3) a multilevel parallel procedure for evaluating hierarchical sensitivity coefficients. The hierarchical sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the composite structure response to variations in three sets of interrelated parameters; namely, laminate, layer and micromechanical (fiber, matrix, and interface/interphase) parameters. The effectiveness of the strategy is assessed by performing hierarchical sensitivity analysis for the large-deflection and postbuckling responses of stiffened composite panels with cutouts on three distributed-memory computers. The panels are subjected to combined mechanical and thermal loads. The numerical studies presented demonstrate the advantages of the reduced basis technique for hierarchical sensitivity analysis on distributed-memory machines.

Watson, Brian C.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Sea ice tracking by nested correlations

Spatial differences in sea ice displacement affect ice stress, ice production, and the mass balance of the ice cover. Concepts about the spatial structure of this field have been undernourished because of a paucity of data with high spatial detail and because of the tedium of extracting such measurements from images manually. A method is described that measures displacements from synthetic aperture radar digital imagery with fine spatial resolution, and does so fully automatically. Many small areas of ice common to two images are identified by correlating the two images. The strategy is to acquire a crude displacement field first from highly averaged images, and to refine this field with images of successively higher resolution. The median discrepancy between automatically and manually measured displacements is three pixels (0.075 km). The algorithm operates successfully on compact ice with large floes and modest rotation rates; it is believed it will prove applicable to most of the arctic ice cover throughout the year.

Fily, Michael↗

DOE OSTI2024

Surface dependence of electronic growth of Cu(111) on MoS 2

Scanning tunneling microscopy shows that copper deposited at room temperature onto a freshly exfoliated MoS 2 surface forms Cu(111) clusters with periodic preferred heights of 5, 8, and 11 atomic layers. These height intervals correlate with Fermi nesting regions along the necks of the bulk Cu Fermi surface, indicating a connection between physical and electronic structures. Density functional theory calculations of freestanding Cu(111) films support this as well, predicting a lower density of states at the Fermi level for these preferred heights. This is consistent with other noble metals deposited on MoS 2 that exhibit electronic growth, in which the metal films self-assemble as nanostructures minimizing quantum electronic energies. Here, we have discovered that it is critical for the metal deposition to begin on a clean MoS 2 surface. If copper is deposited onto an already Cu coated surface, even if the original film displays electronic growth, the resulting Cu film lacks quantization. Instead, the preferred heights of the Cu clusters simply increase linearly with the amount of Cu deposited upon the surface. We believe this is due to different bonding conditions during the initial stages of growth. Newly deposited copper would bond strongly to the already present copper clusters, rather than the weak bonding, which exists to the van der Waals terminated surface of MoS 2 . The stronger bonding with previously deposited clusters hinders additional Cu atoms from reaching their lowest quantum energy state. The interface characteristics of the van der Waals surface enable surface engineering of self-assembled structures to achieve different applications.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2024

“Quantum Geometric Nesting” and Solvable Model Flat-Band Systems

We introduce the concept of “quantum geometric nesting” (QGN) to characterize the idealized ordering tendencies of certain flat-band systems implicit in the geometric structure of the flat-band subspace. Perfect QGN implies the existence of an infinite class of local interactions that can be explicitly constructed and give rise to solvable ground states with various forms of possible fermion bilinear order, including flavor ferromagnetism, density waves, and superconductivity. For the ideal Hamiltonians constructed in this way, we show that certain aspects of the low-energy spectrum can also be exactly computed including, in the superconducting case, the phase stiffness. Examples of perfect QGN include flat bands with certain symmetries (e.g., chiral or time reversal) and non-symmetry-related cases exemplified with an engineered model for pair-density wave. Extending this approach, we obtain exact superconducting ground states with nontrivial pairing symmetry. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

NASA NTRS1993

Morphotectonics of Venus

Venus topography can be mapped morphostructurally to reveal nested hierarchical patterns of quasi-circular upland/lowland complexes. These patterns are interpreted as surficial effects of hierarchically structured, long-acting mantle convection. Beta Regio, Alpha Regio, and Artemis illustrate this process of dynamical interaction between the deforming lithosphere and the convecting mantle.

Finn, V. J.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Poly-Pattern Compressive Segmentation of ASTER Data for GIS

Pattern-based segmentation of multi-band image data, such as ASTER, produces one-byte and two-byte approximate compressions. This is a dual segmentation consisting of nested coarser and finer level pattern mappings called poly-patterns. The coarser A-level version is structured for direct incorporation into geographic information systems in the manner of a raster map. GIs renderings of this A-level approximation are called pattern pictures which have the appearance of color enhanced images. The two-byte version consisting of thousands of B-level segments provides a capability for approximate restoration of the multi-band data in selected areas or entire scenes. Poly-patterns are especially useful for purposes of change detection and landscape analysis at multiple scales. The primary author has implemented the segmentation methodology in a public domain software suite.

Myers, Wayne↗