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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS2011

Humans in Space: Summarizing the Medico-Biological Results of the Space Shuttle Program

As we celebrate the 50th anniversary of Gagarin's flight that opened the era of Humans in Space we also commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Space Shuttle Program (SSP) which was triumphantly completed by the flight of STS-135 on July 21, 2011. These were great milestones in the history of Human Space Exploration. Many important questions regarding the ability of humans to adapt and function in space were answered for the past 50 years and many lessons have been learned. Significant contribution to answering these questions was made by the SSP. To ensure the availability of the Shuttle Program experiences to the international space community NASA has made a decision to summarize the medico-biological results of the SSP in a fundamental edition that is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2011 beginning 2012. The goal of this edition is to define the normal responses of the major physiological systems to short-duration space flights and provide a comprehensive source of information for planning, ensuring successful operational activities and for management of potential medical problems that might arise during future long-term space missions. The book includes the following sections: 1. History of Shuttle Biomedical Research and Operations; 2. Medical Operations Overview Systems, Monitoring, and Care; 3. Biomedical Research Overview; 4. System-specific Adaptations/Responses, Issues, and Countermeasures; 5. Multisystem Issues and Countermeasures. In addition, selected operational documents will be presented in the appendices. The chapters are written by well-recognized experts in appropriate fields, peer reviewed, and edited by physicians and scientists with extensive expertise in space medical operations and space-related biomedical research. As Space Exploration continues the major question whether humans are capable of adapting to long term presence and adequate functioning in space habitats remains to be answered We expect that the comprehensive review of the medico-biological results of the SSP along with the data collected during the missions on the space stations (Mir and ISS) provides a good starting point in seeking the answer to this question.

Risin, Diana↗
NASA NTRS2007

SIM Planetquest Science and Technology: A Status Report

Optical interferometry will open new vistas for astronomy over the next decade. The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM-PlanetQuest), operating unfettered by the Earth's atmosphere, will offer unprecedented astrometric precision that promises the discovery of Earth-analog extra-solar planets as well as a wealth of important astrophysics. Results from SIM will permit the determination of stellar masses to accuracies of 2% or better for objects ranging from brown dwarfs through main sequence stars to evolved white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Studies of star clusters will yield age determinations and internal dynamics. Microlensing measurements will present the mass spectrum of the Milky Way internal to the Sun while proper motion surveys will show the Sun's orbital radius and speed. Studies of the Galaxy's halo component and companion dwarf galaxies permit the determination of the Milky Way's mass distribution, including its Dark Matter component and the mass distribution and Dark Matter component of the Local Group. Cosmology benefits from precision (1-2%) determination of distances to Cepheid and RR Lyrae standard candles. The emission mechanism of supermassive black holes will be investigated. Finally, radio and optical celestial reference frames will be tied together by an improvement of two orders of magnitude. Optical interferometers present severe technological challenges. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with the support of Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center (LM ATC) and Northrop Grumman Space Technology (NGST), has addressed these challenges with a technology development program that is now complete. The requirements for SIM have been satisfied, based on outside peer review, using a series of laboratory tests and appropriate computer simulations: laser metrology systems perform with 10 picometer precision; mechanical vibrations have been controlled to nanometers, demonstrating orders of magnitude disturbance rejection; and knowledge of component positions throughout the whole test assembly has been demonstrated to the required picometer level. Technology transfer to the SIM flight team is now well along.

astrometry↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

TOLNet’s FAIR Journey: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

The Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) has generated over a decade of ozone vertical profile data products over North America and contributed to several air quality focused field studies. The science value of the TOLNet data has been demonstrated in numerous peer-reviewed publications on air quality and ozone relevant research. As the broad scientific community has moved towards adopting FAIR Principles to make data more findable, accessible, interoperable, and (re)usable, the TOLNet team has been consistently making data more FAIR. This effort has many challenges, partially reflecting on the FAIR principles being domain agnostic while the implementation needs to be domain specific. The FAIR principles declare the dependence on the community standards, domain-relevant metadata, and rich metadata. This presentation uses the TOLNet data and data system as an example to explore the best practices to implement FAIR principle. Particularly, we will examine the metadata and the “richness” to support findability and usability as well as machine-to-machine actionability via API. Last year, as part of our FAIR journey, we launched the TOLNet website (https://tolnet.larc.nasa.gov/) and the API (https://tolnet.larc.nasa.gov/api/). Part of this process included extracting and cataloging metadata across the entire TOLNet mission timeframe. This enabled users to search through the mission by various metadata criteria, improving the findability and accessibility. And computers could connect directly to the TOLNet API to extract both metadata and data, providing a level of interoperability never present before for TOLNet data. On top of that, all new TOLNet data is now automatically validated using the API to ensure it complies with GEOMS standards, aiding in reusability. It takes both technology and scientists working together to make progress. The next step is to evaluate the current TOLNet offerings against NASA’s Practical Guide for Open, Free & FAIR NASA Earth Science Data Products (https://doi.org/10.5067/DOC/ESCO/ESDSWG-0002V1).

TOLNet↗
DOE OSTI2025

A comprehensive academic and industrial survey of blockchain technology for the energy sector using fuzzy Einstein decision-making

The global energy sector is undergoing a significant transformation driven by decarbonization and digitalization, leading to the emergence of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) — particularly blockchain — as a promising tool for enhancing transparency, security, and efficiency in modern power systems. This study aims to provide a comprehensive academic and industrial survey of blockchain applications in the energy sector and develop a robust decision-making framework to identify and prioritize the most promising real-world use cases based on multidisciplinary criteria. A three-stage methodology was adopted: (i) a literature and market review encompassing over 300 academic publications and commercial blockchain initiatives in energy, (ii) an in-depth evaluation of the evolution and viability of blockchain initiatives in energy with the help of expert surveys, and (iii) a novel decision-making model using a q-rung orthopair fuzzy Multi-Attributive Border Approximation (q-ROF-MABAC) method under the Einstein operator. The results were compared with existing decision models to validate consistency and robustness. Nine key blockchain use case categories were identified and ranked based on technical, economic, and governance dimensions. The results demonstrated that integrating expert insights into a fuzzy logic framework helps filter out overhyped claims in the literature and prioritize realistic and high-impact applications such as green certificates, grid services, and peer-to-peer energy trading. The model’s rankings remained stable across varying weight configurations, confirming the robustness of the methodology. This study provides an evidence-based decision-support tool for researchers, industry stakeholders, and policymakers to better understand, evaluate, and adopt blockchain technologies in the energy sector.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS2001

Membership and Coronal Activity in the NGC 2232 and Cr 140 Open Clusters

This is the second annual performance report for our grant "Membership and Coronal Activity in the NGC 2232 and Cr 140 Open Clusters." We propose to identify X-ray sources and extract net source counts in 8 archival ROSAT HRI images in the regions of the NGC 2232 and Cr 140 open clusters. These X-ray data will be combined with ground-based photometry and spectroscopy in order to identify G, K, and early-M type cluster members. At present, no members later than approximately F5 are currently known for either cluster. With ages of approximately 25 Myr and at a distance of just 320 - 360 pc, the combined late-type membership of the NGC 2232 and Cr 140 clusters will yield an almost unique sample of solar-type stars in the post-T Tauri/pre-main sequence phase of evolution. These stars will be used to assess the level and dispersion in coronal activity levels, as part of a probe of the importance of magnetic braking and the level of magnetic dynamo activity, for solar-type stars just before they reach the ZAMS. Over the past year we have successfully acquired all of the ground-based data necessary to support the analysis of the archival ROSAT X-ray data in the regions around both of these clusters. By the end of 2001 we expect to have completed the reduction and analysis of the ground-based photometry and spectroscopy and will begin the integration of these data with the ROSAT X-ray data. A certain amount of pressure to complete the work on NGC 2232 is coming from the SIRTF project, as this cluster may be a key component to a circumstellar disk evolution GTO program. We are only too happy to try to help and have worked to speed the analysis as much as possible. The primary activity to be undertaken in the next few months is the integration of the groundbased photometry and spectroscopy with the archival ROSAT X-ray data and then writing the paper summarizing our results. The most time consuming portion of this next phase is, of course, seeing the paper through publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Therefore, we have requested a no-cost extension to the grant to allow us to bring this project to a conclusion.

Patten, Brian M.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Imaging Nanoscale Energy Transport and Conversion with Ultrafast Electron Microscopy (Final Technical Report)

Light-matter interactions are ubiquitous in nature and reside at the heart of innumerable technologies. The cascade of processes that occur when a material absorbs a photon of light are exceedingly complex and are interwoven in both space and time, rendering precise determination of the atomic-scale and ultrafast mechanisms immensely challenging. The advent of methods for generating short pulses of light several decades ago led to major advances in understanding the initial moments of light absorption and the resultant effects, though directly interrogating the response of the atoms within the material continued to prove challenging. More recently, methods for generating ultrashort pulses of X-rays and fast electrons have opened the way to probing photoinduced structural dynamics of a wide range of matter in multiple phases. An especially promising laboratory-scale method is ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM), wherein the modalities of conventional transmission electron microscopes (imaging, diffraction, spectroscopy) are extended into the femtosecond temporal regime. Here, the ultrafast imaging and diffraction modalities of UEM were used to study the transient structural aspects of photoexcitation of semiconducting materials (e.g., spatially-resolved electron-phonon coupling, excitation and emission of acoustic phonons, and discrete nanoscale scattering processes). The project had three main objectives: (1) determination of the excitation mechanisms of dense, hypersonic charge-carrier waves and the spatially mediated means by which they couple to the lattice via coherent phonon emission, especially with UEM imaging, wherein effects of nanoscale structural and morphological features on the coupling and relaxation dynamics are expected to dictate nucleation sites and preferred wave vectors, (2) elucidation of photoinduced acoustic-phonon seeding, emergence, propagation, and decay over nanoscale crystal regions and especially with respect to local strain fields and atomic-scale disruptions in lattice order, and (3) interwoven with the first two were efforts aimed at realizing combined angstrom-femtosecond spatiotemporal imaging with UEM. The outcomes and impacts of this project were the generation of new knowledge with respect to fundamental light-matter interactions and, especially, the spatially-mediated excitation and evolution of the structural response of materials following coherent photoexcitation. Importantly, the spatial and temporal resolutions of the UEM imaging modalities used are well-suited for such studies and enable spatially-resolved mechanisms to be determined as a function of atomic order, structural features, and morphology. In addition, ultrafast crystallographic measurements were used to correlate real- and reciprocal-space dynamics in order to determine atomic-scale preferential wave vectors and ultrafast scattering mechanisms, especially as dictated by specimen boundary conditions. The obtained results, as detailed in peer-reviewed publications and presentations, illustrate the importance of ultrafast, angstrom-scale real-space imaging for developing a comprehensive understanding of energy transport and conversion in materials.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Field and Model Data Associated with the Manuscript “Drivers of Streamflow Intermittency in Humid Regions: 2. Evaluating Controls on Flow Persistence in an Urbanized Catchment”

This package contains field data, modeling files, and scripts supporting the investigation of the drivers of streamflow intermittency in an urbanized catchment. It includes the field data collected from electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys, distributed temperature sensing (DTS), continuous self-potential (SP) monitoring, groundwater and stilling well. In addition, it contains the data and results of the coupled water- and electrical-flow model developed using the COMSOL Multiphysics and Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS), as well as software files and Jupyter notebooks used to process the data and generate figures in the manuscript submitted for peer review. The data archive is organized in the following directories: 1) Climate Includes hourly precipitation and daily evapotranspiration time series (2024 – 2025) provided as CSV files, alongside a text file detailing dataset units. 2) Coupled_model Field_Application subfolder contains the ATS XML input scripts, data files, output data for the SP site. It also contains the Jupyter notebook (Plot_final_calib.ipynb) to visualize the results of the modeled SP, stream-groundwater exchange and moisture content. The flow model simulation is executed using the ATS XML scripts and the included Python script (generate_data_set.py) to convert ATS output to COMSOL-ready input. COMSOL Multiphysics template (.m can only be used with COMSOL with MATLAB) is executed using the ATS output data to simulate the potential field. 3) Discharge Includes the electrical conductivity (EC) time series (provided as CSV files) from salt slug injections. It also includes the Jupyter notebook (Discharge_process.ipynyb) used to estimate discharge. All discharge measurements collated into rating_curve_processed.csv 4) DTS Contains collated DTS data including raw Stokes and anti-Stokes measurement (provided as .h5 file). It also includes DTS processing.ipynb, a Jupyter notebook for calibrating the DTS data using dts_calibration Python package. cooler_calibration.csv is the DTS calibration CSV used in the calibration sequence. 5) ERT Contains raw resistivity data (provided as CSV files), spatial location of each of the electrodes (provided as CSV files), and files used for the resistivity inversion. 6) Slug_test Includes the slug test data at all the groundwater wells provided as CSV files, as well as the Jupyter notebook (Slug_test.ipynb) for calculating hydraulic conductivity. 7) SP Contains the SP data collected in field at the SP sites (provided as CSV files). 8) Well_data Contains two subfolders: 1) Raw, which provides unprocessed pressure, electrical conductivity and temperature timeseries downloaded from the loggers in all the groundwater and stilling wells, and 2) Processed, which contains sorted, QA/QC timeseries data for each well. The data archive also contains data_process.ipynb, a Jupyter notebook used for field data analysis and generating figures (plotting well, SP, climate, and discharge data, as well as calculating head gradient at sites with nested groundwater wells). Note: Code files (.ipynb, .py, .xml) can be opened in any standard code editor, .exo file can be viewed using Paraview, .h5 files can be opened using HDFView software and h5py Python package, and .resipy file can be opened with the open-source ResIPy software.

ATS↗
NASA NTRS2016

Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute: Year Three Annual Report 2016

NASA's Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) is pleased to present the 2016 Annual Report. Each year brings new scientific discoveries, technological breakthroughs, and collaborations. The integration of basic research and development, industry and academic partnerships, plus the leveraging of existing technologies, has further opened a scientific window into human exploration. SSERVI sponsorship by the NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) and Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) continues to enable the exchange of insights between the human exploration and space science communities, paving a clearer path for future space exploration. SSERVI provides a unique environment for scientists and engineers to interact within multidisciplinary research teams. As a virtual institute, the best teaming arrangements can be made irrespective of the geographical location of individuals or laboratory facilities. The interdisciplinary science that ensues from virtual and in-person interactions, both within the teams and across team lines, provides answers to questions that many times cannot be foreseen. Much of this research would not be accomplished except for the catalyzing, collaborative environment enabled by SSERVI. The SSERVI Central Office, located at NASA Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley, California, provides the leadership, guidance and technical support that steers the virtual institute. At the start of 2016, our institute had nine U.S. teams, each mid-way through their five-year funding cycle, plus nine international partnerships. However, by the end of the year we were well into the selection of four new domestic teams, selected through NASA's Cooperative Agreement Notice (CAN) process, and a new international partnership. Understanding that human and robotic exploration is most successful as an international endeavor, international partnerships collaborate with SSERVI domestic teams on a no-exchange of funds basis, but they bring a richness to the institute that is priceless. The international partner teams interact with the domestic teams in a number of ways, including sharing students, scientific insights, and access to facilities. We are proud to introduce our newest partnership with the Astrophysics and Planetology Research Institute (IRAP) in Toulouse, France. In 2016, Principal Investigator Dr. Patrick Pinet assembled a group of French researchers who will contribute scientific and technological expertise related to SSERVI research. SSERVI's domestic teams compete for five-year funding opportunities through proposals to a NASA CAN every few years. Having overlapping proposal selection cycles allows SSERVI to be more responsive to any change in direction NASA might experience, while providing operational continuity for the institute. Allowing new teams to blend with the more seasoned teams preserves corporate memory and expands the realm of collaborative possibilities. A key component of SSERVI's mission is to grow and maintain an integrated research community focused on questions related to the Moon, Near-Earth asteroids, and the moons of Mars. The strong community response to CAN-2 demonstrated the health of that effort. NASA Headquarters conducted the peer-review of 22 proposals early in 2017 and, based on recommendations from the SSERVI Central Office and NASA SSERVI program officers, the NASA selecting officials determined the new teams in the spring of 2017. We are pleased to welcome the CAN-2 teams into the institute, and look forward to the collaborations that will develop with the current teams. The new teams are: The Network for Exploration and Space Science (NESS) team (Principal Investigator (PI) Prof. Jack Burns/U. Colorado); the Exploration Science Pathfinder Research for Enhancing Solar System Observations (ESPRESSO) team (PI Dr. Alex Parker/Southwest Research Institute); the Toolbox for Research and Exploration (TREX) team (PI Dr. Amanda Hendrix/ Planetary Science Institute); and the Radiation Effects on Volatiles and Exploration of Asteroids & Lunar Surfaces (REVEALS) team (PI Prof. Thomas Orlando/ Georgia Institute of Technology). In this report, you will find an overview of the 2016 leadership activities of the SSERVI Central Office, reports prepared by the U.S. teams from CAN-1, and achievements from several of the SSERVI international partners. Reflecting on the past year's discoveries and advancements serves as a potent reminder that there is still a great deal to learn about NASA's target destinations. Innovation in the way we access, sample, measure, visualize, and assess our target destinations is needed for further discovery. At the same time, let us celebrate how far we have come, and strongly encourage a new generation that will make the most of future opportunities.

Pendleton, Yvonne↗
DOE OSTI2023

Tunable Laser-Plasma Amplifier (Final Report)

Exploration at the laser intensity frontier has always offered new avenues for physics and reaching beyond this frontier is a grand challenge. Present-day petawatt-class lasers provide focused intensities on target of 10 22 W/cm 2 , corresponding to electric fields of 200 TV/m, while laser-plasma amplification opens a route for focused intensities well above 10 23 W/cm 2 . Intensities in this range provide the ability to test quantum electrodynamics in the unexplored low-energy, strong-field regime where signatures for new physics may arise. The behavior of matter under such extraordinary conditions is a rich and fascinating subject, not only in its own right in fundamental plasma physics, but for the many potential applications that promise to enrich the natural sciences in the future, including compact electron-beam, ion-beam particle accelerators, and ultra-bright X-ray sources. Although laser systems are now under construction internationally to access intensities of 10 23 W/cm 2 , the current technologies used appear to be fundamentally limited to these intensities. The realization of intensities beyond 10 23 W/cm 2 using parametric amplification in plasmas promises a breakthrough in high-energy density physics. Parametric amplification using Raman scattering in a plasma could provide the enabling technology for the generation of ultra-high-power laser pulses, but a more complete understanding of the nonlinear optics of plasmas is required. There is a significant gap in well-diagnosed laser-plasma instability studies of nonlinear plasma-wave phenomena, which are critical to understand for future laser-plasma devices. To achieve an efficient laser-plasma amplifier, plasma waves must be driven to large amplitude where significant energy can be rapidly transferred from the pump to the seed over the pulse duration of the seed. Simulations suggest that this nonlinear pump depletion regime can be achieved in the “pi-pulse” amplification regime. While simulations show this optimal regime with efficient amplification, it has remained elusive in experiments and there is a growing consensus within the community that thermal effects and pump beam limitations prevent laser-plasma amplifiers from progressing through the linear regime into the nonlinear pump depletion regime. Previous experiments have been significantly limited by the laser power available at the necessary wavelengths for the seed laser; therefore, the amplification is required to start in the linear regime where it is sensitive to many deleterious effects. The enabling technology (currently unique to plasma-wave amplification in the world) at the University of Rochester is the ability to provide a seed pulse with sufficient power (4 mJ/100 fs seed) to immediately drive nonlinear plasma waves into the pi-pulse regime and to tune its wavelength to optimize the efficiency of energy transfer. This in combination with the state-of-the-art OMEGA heater beams providing multiple kilojoules in a nanosecond to sufficiently heat the plasma make this system distinct from previous studies. These heater beams will provide, for the first time in Raman amplification studies, a homogeneous electron temperature high enough to prevent pump beam propagation issues that have plagued previous experiments. These systems will provide a platform for driving electron-plasma waves into the nonlinear regime where pump depletion and pulse shortening are predicted to lead to high amplification efficiencies (>30%). The Team has made significant progress through prior support from DOE Fusion Energy Sciences [DOE Office of Science Award Number DE-SC0016253 (2016-2022)]. This includes twenty-two peer-reviewed manuscripts, one patent, ten contributed talks presented at international conferences, and research that was highlighted as invited talks at fifteen international conferences. The broader impacts of this research are evident in the support of early career scientists, two Ph.D. theses, four current graduate students, a Masters Project, two undergraduate researchers, and an underrepresented minority student hired through the California Alliance for Minority Participation who now works as a Research Engineer in the group. This research met all of the funded research objectives and the highlights from primary Raman amplification thrust of this work are discussed below and form the foundation for the proposed research.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗