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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Desmearing small-angle scattering data by central moment expansions of instrument resolution

This study introduces an enhanced numerical technique tailored specifically for refining 1D small-angle scattering (SAS) intensity profiles affected by smearing. Our primary objective is to address the resolution blurring commonly encountered in SAS data, particularly in systems with clearly defined correlation peaks whose spread aligns with the width of the resolution function at corresponding Q positions. Unlike previous approaches that expanded the SAS intensity using central moment expansion, the new method focuses on expanding the resolution function itself, thus eliminating artificial oscillations observed in smeared spectra due to limitations inherent in our earlier algorithm. This method is straightforward to implement, computationally efficient and consistently performs well in numerical benchmarking. To illustrate its effectiveness, we present a case study of a lamellar phase characterized by distinct peaks in its small-angle neutron scattering intensities.

central moment expansions↗
DOE OSTI2021

pnnl/SOSAT

State of Stress Analysis Tool (for carbon sequestration). The SOSAT tool provides value during GCS site screening and characterization phases to target collection of specific additional data to constrain uncertainties in geomechanical risk and to help operators to make informed decisions during the operational phase (Appriou et al., 2019). The capability represented in SOSAT, therefore, helps build stakeholder confidence that geomechanical risks are understood and manageable

Central, PNNL Developer↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetotransport of Sm 2 Ir 2 O 7 across the pressure-induced quantum-critical phase boundary

Rare-earth pyrochlore iridates host two interlocking magnetic sublattices of corner-sharing tetrahedra and can harbour a unique combination of frustrated moments, exotic excitations and highly correlated electrons. They are also the first systems predicted to display both topological Weyl semimetal and axion insulator phases. We have measured the transport and magnetotransport properties of single-crystal Sm 2 Ir 2 O 7 up to and beyond the pressure-induced quantum critical point for all-in-all-out (AIAO) Ir order at $p_c$ = 63 kbar previously identified by resonant X-ray scattering and close to which Weyl semimetallic behavior has been previously predicted. Our findings overturn the accepted expectation that the suppression of AIAO order should lead to metallic conduction persisting down to zero temperature. Instead, the resistivity-minimum temperature, which tracks the decrease in the AIAO ordering temperature for pressures up to 30 kbar, begins to increase under further application of pressure, pointing to the presence of a second as-yet unidentified mechanism leading to non-metallic behavior. The magnetotransport does track the suppression of Ir magnetism, however, with a strong hysteresis observed only within the AIAO phase boundary, similar to that found for Ho 2 Ir 2 O 7 and attributed to plastic deformation of Ir domains. Around $p_c$ we find the emergence of a new type of electronic phase, characterized by a negative magnetoresistance with small hysteresis at the lowest temperatures, and hysteresis-free positive magnetoresistance above approximately 5 K. The temperature dependence of our low-temperature transport data are found to be best described by a model consistent with a Weyl semimetal across the entire pressure range.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetic Materials Research at SRNL

Introduction – What are Magnetic Materials? Magnetic materials are crystalline solids which below a certain temperature, known as the ordering temperature, display spontaneous order in their magnetic moments. Results • Enhanced thermal stability and saturation magnetization with Y substitution in Ce2Fe14B based permanent magnets • Discovered a new ferromagnetic phase transition at TC = 62.9 K in (Dy1/3Mo2/3)2AlC and validated the two previously reported low temperature magnetic phases Characterization of Magnetic Materials Raw high purity materials are melted together to synthesize a crystalline sample using an arc melter at Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL). Use high energy ball milling to form a hard/soft magnetic composite using Y substituted Ce2Fe14B. Finish structural characterization on γ- irradiated (RE1/3Mo2/3)2AlC (RE = Rare Earth) MAX samples. Unit Cell Lattice Points

Bretana, Alex↗
DOE OSTI2026

4th TDAMM Workshop White Paper

Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (TDAMM) is entering a fundamentally new phase characterized by an unprecedented increase in the rate and diversity of astrophysical transient detections. The community is transitioning from a discovery-limited to a follow-up-limited era, driven by major investments across electromagnetic, gravitational-wave, and neutrino observatories. Upcoming facilities such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, and wide-field survey instruments will produce a deluge of time-domain alerts, reaching millions of events per night. Simultaneously, upgrades to the gravitational-wave network (LVK O5 and beyond) and neutrino observatories (IceCube Gen2) will significantly increase the detection rates of non-electromagnetic messengers. New high-energy missions and expansions of the InterPlanetary Network (IPN) will further enhance discovery capabilities across the gamma-ray and X-ray regimes. This convergence of capabilities represents a transformative opportunity: for the first time, the community will routinely detect rare and high-impact events across multiple messengers. However, the scientific return from these discoveries will depend critically on the ability to rapidly identify, prioritize, and coordinate follow-up observations across a heterogeneous and globally distributed set of facilities.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Microstructural and Oxidation Effects of Nb Additions to U3Si2

U3Si2 is a long term, accident-tolerant nuclear fuel candidate for light-water reactors because of its superior thermal conductivity and increased uranium density when compared to traditional uranium dioxide (UO2). While reducing internal thermal stresses and increasing efficiency, U3Si2 exhibits energetic oxidation during certain off-normal and accident scenarios, which include coolant or steam exposure. To mitigate this, Nb is investigated as an alloy constituent to enhance corrosion resistance and increase mechanical strength. The work presented investigates the response of Nb-alloyed U3Si2 to steam atmospheres. A thermogravimetric analysis is conducted in flowing steam to T > 1000 °C to assess oxidation resistance. The phase characterization of as-melted, thermally annealed and post-oxidation compositions with up to 12 vol% Nb by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy is reported.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Strategies on How to Manage Battery Heat Under Fast Charge Conditions

Improvements to battery design often focus on the energy density of the active material and/or utilization of the available active material. Optimizing thermal management design at the cell-level and/or the pack level is key to accomplishing mission-relevant battery design. Measurement of heat signatures at each level helps inform manufacturing at the design, production, and characterization phases. Understanding thermal limitations allows end users to make well-informed decisions on design of durable and safe battery packs.

battery↗
DOE OSTI2025

Quantitative phase retrieval and characterization of magnetic nanostructures via Lorentz (scanning) transmission electron microscopy

Magnetic materials phase reconstruction using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) measurements have traditionally been achieved using longstanding methods such as off-axis holography (OAH) fast-Fourier transform technique and the transport-of-intensity equation (TIE). The increase in access to processing power alongside the development of advanced algorithms have allowed for phase retrieval of nanoscale magnetic materials with greater efficacy and resolution. Specifically, reverse-mode automatic differentiation (RMAD) and the extended electron ptychography iterative engine (ePIE) are two recent developments of phase retrieval that can be applied to analyzing micro-to-nano- scale magnetic materials. This work evaluates phase retrieval using TIE, RMAD, and ePIE in simulations of Permalloy (Ni 80 Fe 20 ) nanoscale islands, or nanomagnets. Extending beyond simulations, we demonstrate total phase retrieval and image reconstructions of a NiFe nanowire using OAH and RMAD in LTEM and ePIE in Lorentz-mode-4D scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments and determine the saturation magnetization through corroborations with micromagnetic modeling. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of these methods in retrieving the total phase and highlight its use in characterizing and analyzing the proximity effect of the magnetic nanostructures.

Lorentz transmission electron microscopy↗
DOE OSTI2023

Radiation Hardened Foam Cold Test Plan - Phase II: Foam Characterization Testing and Environmental Chamber Testing of FoamBag Fixative Foam

This document outlines the Phase II test objectives and implementation plan for a down-select foam fixative technology intended to facilitate activities in support of the Savannah River Site (SRS) F/H labs deactivation and decommissioning (D&D) efforts. It is a collaborative effort between Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), Florida International University (FIU), and the SRS F/H labs team intended to test and evaluate the potential of a polyurethane resin foam in mitigating the release of contamination during dismantling operations on radioactively contaminated piping in legacy facilities. The cold test plan addresses specific requirements highlighted by site and safety personnel and will be executed at FIU and SRNL test and lab facilities. Results from the cold tests will inform the hot test at F/H labs, which will use the foam fixative to confine and/or isolate residual contamination within a 3-dimensional void space of Hastelloy C-22 piping designated for removal from the area and transported to a designated disposal facility. Phase I testing was previously conducted using Hilti CP620 fixative foam. Results from Phase I testing indicate Hilti CP-620 fixative foam is incompatible with SRS site hot taps as an effective foam delivery method into Hastelloy C-22 piping. Phase II testing will be conducted using FoamBag TM fixative foam as an alternative fixative foam option. Phase II testing will address eight test objectives: (1) evaluation of the adhesion and bonding properties of FoamBag TM in Hastelloy C-22 piping, (2) evaluation of the adhesion of FoamBag TM in piping under various moisture conditions, (3) determination of the heat profile of FoamBag TM during curing, (4) determination of the internal pipe pressure after FoamBag TM deployment and curing, (5) conduct a leak test to determine if FoamBag TM is effective at creating a full seal within piping, (6) headspace testing of FoamBag TM to determine if there are any associated off-gas hazards during FoamBag TM curing, (7) conduct environmental chamber testing of FoamBag TM to understand how environmental parameters impacts FoamBag TM curing, and (8) conduct fire testing to evaluate FoamBag TM fire retardant characteristics.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

NORTH DAKOTA CARBONSAFE PHASE III: SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND PERMITTING OF GEOLOGIC STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE

The Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), in partnership with Minnkota Power Cooperative Inc. (Minnkota), SLB, and Computer Modelling Group Ltd. (CMG), supported wide-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) as part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) Initiative Phase III. This phase included the acquisition, analysis, and development of information to fully characterize two storage complexes to demonstrate viable storage resources for commercial volumes of CO2 (defined by DOE as a minimum of 50 million tonnes [MMt] of CO2 within a 30-year period) (National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2024). Phase III also involved the preparation, submission, and approval of North Dakota underground injection control (UIC) Class VI storage facility permits (SFPs)—required precursors to applications for Class VI injection well permits. The presumed viability of commercial-scale CCS, situated adjacent to Minnkota’s Milton R. Young Station (MRYS), is validated by Minnkota’s continued pursuit of Project Tundra—an initiative to build the world’s largest lignite-based CCS project in central North Dakota (www.projecttundrand.com). Project Tundra comprises two scopes of work, Tundra Capture (installation of postcombustion CO2 capture at MRYS) and Tundra SGS (secure geologic storage). The efforts of North Dakota CarbonSAFE Phase III, Site Characterization and Permitting, supported Tundra SGS. Extensive site-specific characterization activities included a successful multimeasurement geophysical approach and drilling a stratigraphic test well (J-ROC 1, subsequently renamed Liberty-1) adjacent to MRYS. Core collection and analyses, downhole testing and fluid sampling, and geophysical logging were performed on J-ROC 1 and on a nearby stratigraphic test well (known as J-LOC 1), which was drilled, cored, and tested under a complementary project funded by the North Dakota Lignite Research Program. The injection tests performed on J-LOC 1 positively impacted the CarbonSAFE project, resulting in fewer proposed injection wells and significant construction, operations, and monitoring cost savings. The characterization data collected and analyses performed were integrated into geologic models, and successive numerical simulations were run to determine CO2 plume extent and subsurface pressure buildup associated with the planned CO2 injection rate of nearly 4 MMt per year. The latter doubles the CarbonSAFE Initiative goal with an estimated 100 MMt of CO2 stored in 20 years. Application of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) method for estimating the Class VI Rule area of review (AOR) to the overpressurized Broom Creek Formation inspired an alternative method of calculation, called risk-based AOR delineation. This peer-reviewed method was applied for the first time during the storage facility-permitting process. The two SFP applications submitted in 2021 successfully resulted in North Dakota Industrial Commission (NDIC) orders in 2022 authorizing the creation of the storage facility areas and amalgamation of pore space as well as establishing financial responsibility requirements. After approval of the SFPs, Minnkota filed in 2022 applications for permits to reenter the J-ROC 1 well and to drill two new wells—all with the intended purpose to become Class VI injection wells. To establish eligibility under the Internal Revenue Code for Section 45Q tax incentives, a monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) plan was prepared and submitted by Minnkota to EPA in 2022, resulting in the first such plan approved in North Dakota. Also in 2022, under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Minnkota prepared and submitted an environmental information volume (EIV) describing the proposed CCS project and associated potential environmental impacts. Based on the EIV, DOE determined that the proposed construction project required an environmental assessment, and Minnkota submitted the first draft in 2023 and a revised draft in 2024. Both submissions were followed by a public comment period. Subsequently, DOE issued a finding of no significant impact (FONSI) on September 13, 2024. A successful outreach program, strongly based in the production, presentation, and dissemination of informational material, fostered an environment to aid stakeholders in making informed decisions regarding the planned project. Opportunities for public input were provided at various steps along the way, including at county planning and zoning meetings, before and during the SFP administrative hearing, and during environmental assessment public comment periods. In addition, land/pore space owners and mineral owners had various points of contact, including granting access rights, securing pore space leasing, and mineral owner notifications. Based upon the successful storage facility permitting issued by NDIC, approval of the MRV plan by EPA, and receipt of a FONSI under the NEPA, Minnkota is continuing its pursuit of Project Tundra. In December 2023, the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations under its Carbon Capture Demonstrations Projects Program announced funding for the capture system (Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, 2023) and a proposal for CarbonSAFE Phase IV: Construction funding was submitted in March 2024 for the storage project. A go/no-go decision to proceed with construction and operations in the Broom Creek Formation is anticipated in 2024. References National Energy Technology Laboratory, CarbonSafe Initiative, https://netl.doe.gov/carbon-management/carbon-storage/carbonsafe (accessed August 2024). Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, 2023, OCED selects three projects in CA, ND, and TX to reduce harmful carbon pollution, create new economic opportunities, and advance carbon reducing technologies, December, www.energy.gov/oced/articles/oced-selects-three-projects-ca-nd-and-tx-reduce-harmful-carbon-pollution-create-new (accessed August 2024).

Peck, Wesley↗
DOE OSTI2026

Characterizing skyrmion flow phases with principal component analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a powerful method that can identify patterns in large, complex data sets by constructing low-dimensional order parameters from higher-dimensional feature vectors. There are increasing efforts to use space-and-time-dependent PCA to detect transitions in nonequilibrium systems that are difficult to characterize with equilibrium methods. Here, we demonstrate that feature vectors incorporating the position and velocity information of driven skyrmions moving through random disorder permit PCA to resolve different types of disordered skyrmion motion as a function of driving force and the ratio of the Magnus force to the dissipation. Since the Magnus force creates gyroscopic motion and a finite Hall angle, skyrmions can exhibit a greater range of flow phases than what is observed in overdamped driven systems with quenched disorder. We show that in addition to identifying previously known skyrmion flow phases, PCA detects several additional phases, including different types of channel flow, moving fluids, and partially ordered states. Guided by the PCA analysis, we further characterize the disordered flow phases to elucidate the different microscopic dynamics and show that the changes in the PCA-derived order parameters can be connected to features in bulk transport measures, including the transverse and longitudinal velocity-force curves, differential conductivity, topological defect density, and changes in the skyrmion Hall angle as a function of drive. We discuss how asymmetric feature vectors can be used to improve the resolution of the PCA analysis, and how this technique can be extended to find disordered phases in other nonequilibrium systems with time-dependent dynamics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Multi-orbital-phase and Multiband Characterization of Exoplanetary Atmospheres with Reflected Light Spectra

Direct imaging of widely separated exoplanets from space will obtain their reflected light spectra and measure atmospheric properties. Previous calculations have shown that a change in the orbital phase would cause a spectral signal, but whether this signal may be used to characterize the atmosphere has not been shown. We simulate starshade-enabled observations of the planet 47 UMa b, using the present most realistic simulator Starshade Imaging Simulation Toolkit for Exoplanet Reconnaissance to estimate the uncertainties due to residual starlight, solar glint, and exozodiacal light. We then use the Bayesian retrieval algorithm ExoReL{sup R} to determine the constraints on the atmospheric properties from observations using a Roman- or Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx)-like telescope, comparing the strategies to observe at multiple orbital phases or in multiple wavelength bands. With a ∼20% bandwidth in 600–800 nm on a Roman-like telescope, the retrieval finds a degenerate scenario with a lower gas abundance and a deeper or absent cloud than the truth. Repeating the observation at a different orbital phase or at a second 20% wavelength band in 800–1000 nm, with the same integration time and thus degraded signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), would effectively eliminate this degenerate solution. Single observation with a HabEx-like telescope would yield high-precision constraints on the gas abundances and cloud properties, without the degenerate scenario. These results are also generally applicable to high-contrast spectroscopy with a coronagraph with a similar wavelength coverage and S/N, and can help design the wavelength bandwidth and the observation plan of exoplanet direct-imaging experiments in the future.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reactivity of Shale to Supercritical CO 2 : Insights from Microstructural Characterization and Mineral Phase Evolution in Caney Shales for CCUS Applications

Understanding mineral–fluid interactions in shale under supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) conditions is relevant for assessing long-term geochemical containment. This study characterizes mineralogical transformations and elemental redistribution in five Caney Shale samples serving as proxies for reservoir (R1, R2, R3) and caprock (D1, D2) facies, subjected to 30-day static exposure to pure scCO 2 at 60 °C and 17.23 MPa (2500 psi), with no brine or impurities introduced. SEM-EDS analyses were conducted before and after exposure, with mineral phases classified into silicates, carbonates, sulfides, and organic matter. Initial compositions were dominated by quartz (38–47 wt.%), illite (16–23 wt.%), carbonates (12–18 wt.%), and organic matter (8–11 wt.%). Post-exposure, carbonate loss ranged from 15 to 40% in reservoir samples and up to 20% in caprock samples. Illite and K-feldspar showed depletion of Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , and K + at grain edges and cleavages, while pyrite underwent oxidation with Fe redistribution. Organic matter exhibited scCO 2 -induced surface alteration and apparent sorption effects, most pronounced in R2 and R3. Elemental mapping revealed Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Si 4+ mobilization near reactive interfaces, though no secondary mineral precipitates formed. Reservoir samples developed localized porosity, whereas caprock samples retained more structural clay integrity. The results advance understanding of mineral reactivity and elemental fluxes in shale-based CO 2 sequestration.

geochemical CO2 sequestration↗
DOE OSTI2021

Location and characterization of heterogeneous phases within Mary Rose wood

Preserving the Mary Rose oak hull for future generations is a major challenge due to the highly heterogeneous nature of waterlogged wooden artifacts, which contain polycrystalline, amorphous, and nanostructured materials that test traditional characterization methods. Effective conservation requires detailed knowledge of the distribution and chemical nature of these species to develop strategies for preventing multiple chemo-mechanical degradation pathways. Here, we apply synchrotron-based computed tomography total scattering methods to the Mary Rose keelson wood that provides valuable position-resolved structural information on multiple embedded species of different length and concentration scales. We identify 5 nm zinc sulfide nanoparticles in the wood, presumably deposits from bacteria operating on the sulfur energy cycle under the anaerobic conditions on the seabed. These are identified as precursors to acid attack on the wood upon removal to an aerobic environment. These insights inform not only next-generation conservation strategies, but also the efficacy and unforeseen issues of previous treatments.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Rare Earth Carbide (Nd-C and Ce-C) Synthesis and Characterization to Inform Phase Equilibrium in Advanced Nuclear Fuels

As advances are being made regarding the performance of nuclear fuels, uranium carbides, and composites, such as (U,Zr)C and UO2 + UCx, have recently gained significant interest for deployment in nuclear space propulsion and high temperature gas-cooled reactors, respectively. However, the phase equilibria of several fission products in carbide systems remain unknown and may impact the overall fuel performance, specifically for particle nuclear fuels that are designed for commercial nuclear energy. Furthermore, comprehensive thermodynamic data on Rare Earth (RE) carbides, such as the Nd-C and Ce-C binary systems, remain limited. Presented in this study are the synthesis methods and characterizations of several Nd-C and Ce-C compositions. The findings from this research provide insights on the stability of RE-C binaries that form in irradiated nuclear fuels and address a critical knowledge gap in the current state of thermodynamics for two key RE-C systems.

Cavazos, Steven J. (ORCID:0009000130329363)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Creep Behavior and Phase Equilibria in Model Precipitate Strengthened Alumina-Forming Austenitic Alloys

Abstract Creep-rupture behavior and microstructural response in alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) alloys with two different precipitation strengthening mechanisms, “Laves-phase + M 23 C 6 carbide” and “coherent L1 2 γ′-Ni 3 (Al,Ti),” were explored as “model” cases of multi-phase, multi-scale heat-resistant AFA alloys for 650–750°C use. These alloys will be used to guide and verify computational alloy design and life-prediction modeling under an on-going eXtremeMAT project through the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, US Department of Energy. Computational thermodynamics were used to design and predict the amounts of strengthening and deteriorating secondary phases at 750°C. Creep-rupture lives of the alloys tested at 750°C and 100 MPa were in a range of 4000–9000 h, and the microstructure at the gage/grip after creep-rupture testing was compared with isothermally aged alloys for 1500 h, as well as the calculated phases. Detailed microstructure characterization includes phase identification, volume fraction measurement, and compositional analysis, which were correlated with the creep-rupture properties. High-temperature oxidation resistance was also screened and compared with commercial, chromia-forming heat-resistant steels. These model alloys also provide the basis for further design and optimization of next generation AFA alloys with improved creep resistance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Integrated three-dimensional characterization of reactive phase formation and coarsening during isothermal annealing of metastable Zn–3Mg–4Al eutectic

Microstructural instabilities associated with a metastable lamellar eutectic when exposed to an elevated temperature were analyzed in a Zn-3Mg-4Al alloy as a model system. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy showed that annealing at a temperature 43 K below the equilibrium eutectic temperature converted the metastable ternary MgZn 2 /η-Zn/β-ZnAl eutectic to a stable mixture of Mg 2 Zn 11 /η-Zn/α-Al. 3D EBSD suggested that supersaturation of η-Zn with Mg and Al eased difficulties in nucleation of Mg 2 Zn 11 and α-Al at the MgZn 2 /η-Zn phase interfaces. Quasi-in-situ X-ray nanotomography revealed that a reactive diffusion process prevailed in an early stage of annealing leading to rapid consumption of MgZn 2 for growth of Mg 2 Zn 11 and concomitant thinning and pinch-off of η-Zn lamellae. The reactive diffusion process also brought about significant and quantifiable changes in the topological characteristics of the η-Zn phase at remarkably shorter time scales compared to Rayleigh instability and Ostwald ripening mechanisms. Overall, the present results provide fresh insights on the short-term annealing effects on metastable eutectics, with relevance to structural evolution in additive manufacturing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗