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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

Polyimides formulated from a partially fluorinated diamine for aerospace tribological applications

Preliminary pribological studies on polyimides formulated from the diamine 2,2-bis 4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl hexafluoropane (4-BDAF) indicate that polyimides formulated from this diamine have excellent potential for high temperature tribological applications. The dianhydrides used to make the polyimides were pyromellitic (PMDA) and benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid (BTDA). Friction and wear studies at 25 and 200 C indicate that polyimides formulated using 50 mole percent of the PMDA dianhydride and 50 mole percent of the BTDA dianhydride perform better than polyimides formulated solely with the BTDA dianhydride. Graphite fiber reinforced polyimide composites were formulated with the polyimide made from the BTDA dianhydride and both graphitic and non-graphitic fibers were evaluated. Graphitic fibers produced better tribological results, since thin, flowing, 'layer-like' transfer films were produced which did not build up with long sliding durations. Non-graphitic fibers did not produce this type of transfer. Previously announced in STAR as N83-22423

Fusaro, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Synthesis of Metal Phthalocyanine Sheet Polymers

New method for synthesizing metal phthalocyanine tetracarboxylic acids (MPTCA's) yields high purity end product. In addition, high-purity metal phthalocyanine sheet polymers synthesized from compounds. Monomer formed into sheet polymer by heating. Units of polymer linked in manner similar to phenyl-group linkages in biphenyl: Conjugation extends throughout macromolecule, thereby increasing delocalization of TT-electrons. Increases conductivity and thermal stability of polymer.

Achar, B. N.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Spectroscopic analysis of radiation-generated changes in tensile properties of a polyetherimide film

The effects of electron radiation on Ultem, a polyetherimide were studied for doses from 2 x 10 to the 9th power to 6 x 10 to the 9th power rad. Specimens were studied for tensile property testing and for electron paramagnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic measurements of molecular structure. A Faraday cup design and a method for remote temperature measurement were developed. The spectroscopic data show that radiation caused dehydrogenation of methyl groups, rupture of main-chain ether linkage, and opening of imide rings, all to form radicals and indicate that the so-formed atomic hydrogen attached to phenyl radicals, but not to phenoxyl radicals, which would have formed hydroxyls. The observed decays of the radiation-generated phenoxyl, gem-dimethyl, and carbonyl radicals were interpreted as a combining of the radicals to form crosslinking. This crosslinking is the probable cause of the major reduction in the elongation of the tensile specimens after irradiation. Subsequent classical solubility tests indicate that the irradiation caused massive crosslinking.

Long, E. R., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Fire-resistant phosphorus containing polyimides and copolyimides

Phosphorus-containing polyimides and copolyimides are synthesized in a two-step polycondensation reaction from 1- (diorganooxyphosphonl)methly 2,4- and 2,6-diaminobenzenes and tetracarboxylic anhydride. The diorgano position of the diorganooxyphosphonyl group includes alkyl, such as ethyl, substituted alkyl, such as 2-chloroethyl, and aryl such as phenyl. The tetracarboxylic anhydries include compounds such as pyrometallitic dianhydride and benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyimides is reduced by incorporation of the (dialkoxyphosphonyl)methyl groups. The phosphorus-containing copolyimides show a considerably higher degree of fire-resistance as compared to that of the corresponding common polyimides.

Mikroyannidis, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Ethynyl-terminated polyarylates - Synthesis and characterization

Hydroxy-terminated polyarylates (HTPA) with number-average molecular weights of approximately 2500, 5000, 7500, and 10,000 were synthesized and converted to corresponding 4-ethynylbenzoyloxy-terminated polyarylates (ETPA) by reaction with 4-ethynylbenzoyl chloride. The terminal ethynyl groups were thermally reacted to provide chain extension and crosslinking. The cured ETPA exhibited higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) and better solvent resistance than a high molecular weight linear polyarylate. Solvent resistance was further improved by curing 2,2-bis(4-ethynylbenzoyloxy-4-prime-phenyl) propane, a coreactant, with ETPA at concentrations of approximately 10 percent (w/w).

Havens, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

PMR polyimides from solutions containing mixed endcaps

Previous studies have shown that partial substitution of p-aminostyrene (PAS) for the monomethylester of endo-5-norbornene-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid (NE) lowered the cure temperature of PMR polyimides from 316 to 260 C, but the modified PMR polyimides required higher compression-molding pressures than state-of-the-art PMR-15. In this study PMR polyimides are prepared employing three encaps: NE, PAS, and endo-N-phenyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide (PN). The effect of PN addition on the processing characteristics and glass transition temperatures of graphite fiber-reinforced PMR composites is studied. The room temperature and short-time 316 C mechanical properties of the composites are determined. The weight loss and mechanical property retention characteristics of the composites after exposure in air at 316 C are also determined.

Delvigs, P.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Replacement of MDA with more oxidatively stable diamines in PMR-polyimides

Studies are performed to investigate the effect of substituting 4,4'-oxydianiline and 1,1-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1-phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethane for the 4,4'-methylenedianiline in PMR polyimide matrix resin. Graphite fiber reinforced composites are fabricated from unsized Celion 6000 and PMR-polyimide matrix resins having formulated molecular weights in the range of 1500 to 2400. The composite processing characteristics are investigated and the initial room temperature and 316 C (600 F) composite mechanical properties are determined. Comparative 316 C composite weight losses and 316 C mechanical properties retention after prolonged 316 C air exposure are also determined.

Alston, W. B.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The 371 deg C mechanical properties of graphite/polyimide composites

A series of condensation polyimides based on pyromellitic dianhydride is synthesized and evaluated for potential application at 371 C. Several three-and four-ring benzenoid diamine systems containing oxygen bridging groups are investigated. Thermomechanical analysis of neat resin specimens indicate that the polyimide prepared from the dimethyl ester of pyrometallitic acid (PMDE) and 2,2-bis4-(4'-aminophenoxy) phenyl]-1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoropropane (BDAF) is the only resin system which has a glass transition temperature (Tg) above 371 C. The Tg of the PMDE/BDAF polyimide is found to be 390 C after a postcure air at 371 C for 24 hr. Unidirectional composites are fabricated from the PMDE/BDAF system and unsized Celion 6000 graphite fibers. Final cure temperatures in the range of 371 to 427 C with an applied pressure of 10.34 to 13.78 MPa are investigated. The void content of the composites ranges from 4.6 to 8.6 percent. Composites cured at 399 C under a pressure of 10.34 MPa and postcured in air at 371 C for 24 hr exhibit the highest 371 C interlaminar shear strength (ILSS, 40.7 MPa) and flexural strength (758 MPa). The thermo-oxidative stability of the composites is determined by subjecting specimens to isothermal exposure at 371 C in air at atmospheric pressure, as well as a pressure of 0.52 MPa. Specimens exposed at atmospheric pressure exhibit a weight loss of 12 percent after 200 hr of exposure and 88 percent retention of its original 371 C ILSS. In contrast, the specimens exposed at 0.52 MPa pressure exhibit a comparable weight loss after only 72 hr, and a 71 percent retention of its original 371 C ILSS.

Delvigs, P.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Organosiloxane working fluids for the liquid droplet radiator

Siloxane-based working fluids for advanced space radiators requiring direct fluid exposure to the space environment are evaluated. Isolation of five candidate fluids by vacuum distillation from existing siloxane polymers is discussed. The five fluids recovered include a polydimethylsiloxane, three phenyl-containing siloxanes, and a methylhexylsiloxane. Vapor pressures and viscosities for the five fluids are reported over the temperature range of 250 to 400 K. Use of thermal-gravimetric analysis to reliably estimate vapor pressures of 10 to the -8 power Pascals is described. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethylphenylsiloxane (PMPS) are selected from the five candidate fluids based on favorable vapor pressure and viscosity, as well as perceived stability in low-Earth orbit environments. Characterization of these fluids by infrared spectroscopy, Si-29 NMR, gel-permeation chromatography, and liquid chromatography is presented. Both fluids consist of narrow molecular weight distributions, with average molecular weights of about 2500 for PDMS and 1300 for PMPS.

Buch, R. R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Spectroscopic comparison of effects of electron radiation on mechanical properties of two polyimides

The differences in the radiation durabilities of two polyimide materials, Du Pont Kapton and General Electric Ultem, are compared. An explanation of the basic mechanisms which occur during exposure to electron radiation from analyses of infrared (IR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic data for each material is provided. The molecular model for Kapton was, in part, established from earlier modeling for Ultem (pp. 1293-1298 of IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, December 1984). Techniques for understanding the durability of one complex polymer based on the understanding of a different and equally complex polymer are demonstrated. The spectroscopic data showed that the primary radiation-generated change in the tensile properties of Ultem (a large reduction in tensile elongation) was due to crosslinking, which followed the capture by phenyl radicals of hydrogen atoms removed from gem-dimethyl groups. In contrast, the tensile properties of Kapton remained unchanged because radical-radical recombination, a self-mending process, took place.

Long, Edward R., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Fire and heat resistant laminating resins based on malemeido and citraconimido substituted 1 -2,4- and -2,6- diaminobenzenes

A novel class of fire and heat resistant bisimide resins prepared by thermal polymerization of maleimido or citraconimido substituted 1-(dialkox phosphonyl) methyl-2-4 and -2,6-diamino benzenes was presented. The polymer precursors are prepared by reacting 1-(diorgano oxyphosphonyl) methyl-2-4- and -2,6-diamino benzenes with maliec anhydride or citraconic anhydride in a mole ratio 1:2. Chain extension of the monomers is achieved by reacting the mono-N-maleimido derivaties of 1 (diorgano oxyphosphonyl) methyl -2,4- and -2,6-diamino benzenes with aryl tetracarboxylic dianhydrides, such as benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, or aryl diisocyanates, such as methylene bis(4-phenyl isocyanate), in a mole ratio 2:1. The polymerization of the monomers is studied by diferential scanning calorimetry and the thermal stability of the polymers is ascertained by thermogravimetric analysis.

Mikroyannidis, John A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Silsesquioxanes as precursors to ceramic composites

Silsesquioxanes having the general structure RSiO sub 1.5, where R = methyl, propyl, or phenyl, melt flow at 70 to 100 C. Above 100 C, free -OH groups condense. At 225 C further crosslinking occurs, and the materials form thermosets. Pyrolysis, with accompanying loss of volatiles, takes place at nominally 525 C. At higher temperatures, the R group serves as an internal carbon soruce for carbo-thermal reduction to SiC accompanied by the evolution of CO. By blending silsesquioxanes with varying R groups, both the melt rheology and composition of the fired ceramic can be controlled. Fibers can be spun from the melt which are stable in argon in 1400 C. The silsesquioxanes also were used as matrix precursors for Nicalon and alpha-SiC platelet reinforced composites.

Hurwitz, Frances I.↗
NASA NTRS1988

PMR Composites Of Increased Toughness

Toughness increased without sacrificing processability or hot strength. Resin composition provides best overall balance of composite toughness and retention of mechanical properties at 600 degree F (316 degree C) with processability obtained by substituting 20 mole percent of diamine used in PMR-15 resins with diamine containing twice number of flexible phenyl connecting groups.

Vannucci, Raymond D.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on modified oxide surfaces

A first step which frequently occurs in the reduction of dioxygen, e.g., at the cathode of the alkaline fuel cell, is the two-electron reduction to the peroxyl ion, HO bar 2. For the efficiency of the fuel cell, this ion must be further reduced, or decomposed, to OH(-). Rate constants for HO bar 2 decomposition have been determined in 31 percent KOH at 25 C for the following catalysts in the form of suspended powders and Teflon-bonded electrodes: Pt, Au, cobalt tetrametoxyl phenyl porphyrin (CoTMPP), and La sub 0.5Pb sub 0.5MnO3. Rates were normalized to unit surface area measured by several methods as suitable. Where possible, four methods were used to measure rate constants: gasometric, oxygen probe, rotating disk electrode, and open-circuit potential decay. Steady-state polarization was also tried but was not as satisfactory. Comparisons are given for the methods in regard to reliability, applicability to the material, and convenience.

Chaffins, Scott A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Silsesquioxanes as precursors to ceramic composites

Silsesquioxanes having the general structure RSiO(1.5), where R = methyl, propyl, or phenyl, melt flow at 70 to 100 C. Above 100 C, free OH groups condense. At 225 C further crosslinking occurs, and the materials form thermosets. Pyrolysis, with accompanying loss of volatiles, takes place at nominally 525 C. At higher temperatures, the R group serves as an internal carbon source for carbo-thermal reduction to SiC accompanied by the evolution of CO. By blending silsesquioxanes with varying R groups, both the melt rheology and composition of the fired ceramic can be controlled. Fibers can be spun from the melt which are stable in argon in 1400 C. The silsesquioxanes also were used as matrix precursors for Nicalon and alpha-SiC platelet reinforced composites.

Hurwitz, F. I.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Electrochemical studies of thin films of conducting polymers and conducting polymer composites deposited on metal and semiconductor electrodes

Electrochemical studies indicate that poly(Isothianaphthene) or PITN, can be p-doped only. Electrochemical properties of PITN and Nafion-PITN in acetonitrile solutions containing tetra-phenyl Phosphonium chloride as supporting electrolyte are compared. In both cases, the electrochemical behavior of thin films are different from that of thick films. In addition, Nafion does not seem to alter the electrochemical properties of PITN. Cyclic voltammetric and chronocoulometric measurements were made to compute the diffusion coefficient of the counter ions. Electrochemical behavior of both PITN and Nafion-PITN in acetonitrile solution containing different counter ions are described. PITN, when electrochemically deposited, apparently neither passivates surface states present nor forms ohmic contacts with p-Si or p(+)Si single-crystal electrodes.

Nagasubramanian, G.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Improved high-temperature resistant matrix resins

A study was performed with the objective of developing matrix resins that exhibit improved thermo-oxidative stability over state-of-the-art high temperature resins for use at temperatures up to 644 K (700 F) and air pressures up to 0.7 MPa (100 psia). The work was based upon a TRW discovered family of polyimides currently licensed to and marketed by Ethyl Corporation as EYMYD(R) resins. The approach investigated to provide improved thermo-oxidative properties was to use halogenated derivatives of the diamine, 2, 2-bis (4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl) hexafluoropropane (4-BDAF). Polyimide neat resins and Celion(R) 12,000 composites prepared from fluorine substituted 4-BDAF demonstrated unexpectedly lower glass transition temperatures (Tg) and thermo-oxidative stabilities than the baseline 4-BDAF/PMDA polymer.

Green, H. E.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Nicalon/siliconoxycarbide ceramic composites

A series of silsesquioxane copolymers was synthesized by acid hydrolysis and condensation of trimethoxysilanes of the form RSi(OCH3)3, where R = methyl or phenyl. By varying pH, water/methoxy and methyl/phenyl ratios, the molecular structure, polymer rheology and ceramic composition can be controlled. The polymers form an amorphous siliconoxycarbide on pyrolysis. Composites of Nicalon/siliconoxycarbide were fractured in four-point flexure and in tension to evaluate the influence of matrix composition, final fabrication temperature and use of filler on composite mode of failure, modulus, strain capability and strength. Incorporation of filler was found to increase matrix compressive strength. Employment of processing temperatures of 1375 to 1400 C enhanced strain to failure and reduced the tendency toward brittle fracture. Mixed mode (compression/shear and tension/shear) failures were observed in flexural samples processed to the higher temperatures, giving rise to nonlinear stress-strain curves. Tensile samples pyrolyzed to 1400 C showed linear-elastic behavior and failed by fracture of fiber bundles. Matrix material was found to be adherent to the fiber surface after failure. These results demonstrate the need for tensile testing to establish composite behavior.

Hurwitz, Frances I.↗