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Results for “rational design”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Rational Designed Mixed-Conductive Sulfur Cathodes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries

All-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) hold great promise for safe and high-energy-density energy storage. However, developing high-performance sulfur cathodes has been proven difficult due to low electronic and ionic conductivities and large volume change of sulfur during charge and discharge. Here, we reported an approach to synthesize sulfur cathodes with a mixed electronic and ionic conductivity by infiltrating a solution consisting of Li 3 PS 4 (LPS) solid electrolyte and S active material into a mesoporous carbon (CMK-3). This approach leads to a uniform dispersion of amorphous Li 3 PS 7 (L 3 PS) catholyte in an electronically conductive carbon matrix, enabling high and balanced electronic/ionic conductivities in the cathode composite. The inherent porous structure of CMK-3 also helps to accommodate the strain/stress generated during the expansion and shrinkage of the active material. In sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries with Li metal as the anode, this cathode composite delivered a high capacity of 1025 mAh g –1 after 50 cycles at 60 °C at 1/8C. This work highlights the important role of high and balanced electronic and ionic conductivities in developing high-performance sulfur cathodes for ASSLSBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Random Copolymerization of Substituted Dioxolanes: Rational Design of High-Performance Polymer Electrolytes

Polymer electrolytes enhance the safety of lithium-ion battery systems, but current state-of-the-art poly­(ethylene oxide)-based polymer electrolytes fail to achieve the electrochemical properties necessary for practical applications. We probed the impact of substituent density on the electrolyte performance by introducing methyl substituents into the backbone of a series of poly­(1,3-dioxolane) (PDXL)-based copolymers. The polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane (DXL) and 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (MeDXL) yielded a series of random copolymers that were amorphous above 10% MeDXL incorporation. The copolymers with 10 and 20% MeDXL incorporation exhibited higher efficacies than those of either PDXL or poly­(ethylene oxide) (PEO), highlighting the use of methyl substituents to control the electrochemical properties of polymer electrolytes.

Rugh, Haley J↗
DOE OSTI2020

Rational Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Mn–N–C Nanoparticles with Atomically Dispersed MnNx Moieties for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Developing transition-metal excluding iron and cobalt–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is critical to substantially promote the development of precious-metal-free metal–air batteries and fuel cells. In the work, Mn–N–C nanoparticles with atomically dispersed MnNx moieties were synthesized by pyrolyzing Mn-ion–dual-pyridine coordinated complex, which was obtained via a simple condensation reaction between 2,6-diamino-pyridine and 2,6-diacetyl-pyridine with MnCl 2 as the Mn source. The precursor features with a characteristic structure of dual-pyridine ligand, which possesses a strong coordinating capability for Mn 2+ , facilitating the formation of highly dispersed nitrogen-coordinated Mn sites (MnN x ). Attributed to the highly active atomic MnN x sites, hierarchical pore structure, and high surface area of the Mn–N–C derived from the new precursor, it exhibits outstanding ORR performance in 0.1 M KOH with an almost direct four-electron reaction path and high selectivity of O 2 into H 2 O (low H2O2 production <3.5%). The half-wave potential of Mn–N–C is 0.88 V vs RHE, which is 20 mV higher than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst and reaches to the level of Fe–N–C catalyst obtained by the same method. Meanwhile, the feasibility of Mn–N–C for practical application is validated by its higher-performance power output in Zn–air battery with a maximum power density of 132 mW cm –2 compared to that of Pt/C (121 mW cm –2 ) using the same catalyst loading of 1.0 mg cm –2 . This work develops a convenient route to develop non-Fe or Co–N–C electrocatalyst for the ORR.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mechanistic Insights and Rational Design of Ca-Doped CeO 2 Catalyst for Acetic Acid Ketonization

Carboxylic acid ketonization has recently gained significant attention to produce biomass-derived hydrocarbon fuels as it not only removes the highly reactive carboxylic functional group but also increases the size of the carbon chain. In this work, Ca-doped CeO 2 -based catalysts were investigated for acetic acid ketonization using a combined experimental and computational approach. Acetic acid conversion was performed across a range of temperatures including higher temperatures relevant to catalytic hot gas filtration (450 °C). Ca addition slightly decreases overall acetic acid ketonization reactivity yet stabilizes the catalyst at the higher temperatures necessary for catalytic hot gas filtration. From density functional theory calculations of the ketonization reaction mechanism, the C–C coupling and water formation steps are identified as two of the most energy-consuming steps on a CeO 2 surface with a proximal oxygen vacancy and the presence of a Ca dopant stabilizes the key intermediates. Calculations predict an optimal structure comprising three Ca ensembles to minimize the reaction free energies for C–C coupling and water formation steps. These findings provide a priori information to guide future experiments for ketonization catalyst design and development.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mixed Enthalpy–Entropy Descriptor for the Rational Design of Synthesizable High-Entropy Materials Over Vast Chemical Spaces

The practically unlimited high-dimensional composition space of high-entropy materials (HEMs) has emerged as an exciting platform for functional material design and discovery. However, the identification of stable and synthesizable HEMs and robust design rules remains a daunting challenge. Here, we propose a mixed enthalpy–entropy descriptor (MEED) that enables highly efficient, robust, high-throughput prediction of synthesizable HEMs across vast chemical spaces from first-principles. The MEED is based on two parameters: the relative formation enthalpy with respect to the most stable competing compound and the spread of the point-defect formation energy spectrum. The former measures the relative synthesizability of an HEM to its most stable competing phase, going beyond the conventional thermodynamic understanding. Further, the latter gauges the relative entropy forming ability of an HEM, entailing no sampling over numerous alloy configurations. By applying the MEED to two structurally distinct representative material systems (i.e., 3D rocksalt carbides and 2D layered sulfides), we not only successfully identify all experimentally reported HEMs within these systems but also reveal a cutoff criterion for assessing their relative synthesizability within each system. By the MEED, tens of new high-entropy carbides and 2D high-entropy sulfides are also predicted, which have the potential for a wide variety of applications such as coating in aerospace devices, energy conversion and storage, and flexible electronics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Rational design of high-performance low-loading oxygen reduction catalysts for alkaline fuel cells

The lack of mechanistic understanding and catalyst design principles for alkaline electrolytes, especially for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction, has impeded the advancement of alkaline fuel cells. Here, in this study, we propose a modified volcano plot and apply this rationale to strategically design Pt nanosheets with PdH x nanosheets substrates. This catalyst exhibited high stability with a specific activity of 1.71 mA cm −2 at 0.95 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, surpassing the benchmark of Pt/C by 49-fold. Spectroscopic, electrochemical and electron microscopic characterizations revealed that such performance enhancement originated from tensile-strained Pt{111} facets, improving oxidative stability and suppressing carbon corrosion. In fuel cell testing, the catalyst enabled a peak power density of 1.67 W cm −2 with a loading of 10 µg PGM Cathode cm −2 . Further optimization delivered a peak power density of 21.7 W mg −1 PGM Cathode+Anode with a total specific catalyst cost US$\$$1.27 kW −1 , surpassing the US Department of Energy’s Pt group metal loading and cost targets. This study provides valuable insights into catalyst design for the alkaline oxygen reduction reaction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗