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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2025

ILLICIT TRANSIT INTERDICTION GLOBAL ANALYSIS

This study aims to enhance the security of radioactive materials during transport by analyzing commonalities in cargo thefts conducted by non-state groups such as thieves and terrorists. This research focuses on identifying patterns and trends in the methods used to steal high-value cargo, with the goal of applying these insights to improve transport security of radioactive materials. Key questions addressed include the frequency of specific tools, techniques, and insider involvement in thefts, as well as the use of weapons, electronic jamming equipment, and specialized tools. Findings will inform security design improvements and industry practices to mitigate vulnerabilities. The study involves a comprehensive review of literature and case studies, utilizing data sources from 2018 to 2023. Articles will be selected based on their relevance to thefts of valuable cargo in transit, with a focus on incidents involving non-state actors. The methodology will include statistical and inferential analysis to identify trends, with results visualized through pie charts, frequency analyses, and terrain maps. The discussion will highlight the implications of findings and provide actionable recommendations for strengthening security measures. Limitations such as data availability and reporting inconsistencies will be acknowledged. Suggestions for future improvements will be constructed using existing case studies and expert feedback. The study’s outcomes aim to raise awareness within the industry, inform policy decisions, and enhance security protocols for radioactive material transport. Metrics for impact include the potential publication of findings, presentations at conferences to raise awareness, and the subsequent actions taken by stakeholders based on the research. By identifying trends and vulnerabilities and suggesting improvements, this research contributes to preventing the illicit use of nuclear and radiological materials.

Zineddin, Dr. Z. [ORNL] (ORCID:0009000848740725)↗

DOE OSTI2019

Increasing the Security and Resilience of the Electric Power System

Through its Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program, NREL is investigating how the resilience of the electric power system can be measured, evaluated, and visualized - ultimately to provide utilities, government agencies, and communities with tools that can help them prepare for a variety of unpredictable scenarios.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2011

Wide-area, real-time monitoring and visualization system

A real-time performance monitoring system for monitoring an electric power grid. The electric power grid has a plurality of grid portions, each grid portion corresponding to one of a plurality of control areas. The real-time performance monitoring system includes a monitor computer for monitoring at least one of reliability metrics, generation metrics, transmission metrics, suppliers metrics, grid infrastructure security metrics, and markets metrics for the electric power grid. The data for metrics being monitored by the monitor computer are stored in a data base, and a visualization of the metrics is displayed on at least one display computer having a monitor. The at least one display computer in one said control area enables an operator to monitor the grid portion corresponding to a different said control area.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2013

Wide-area, real-time monitoring and visualization system

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Precoder Design for Physical-Layer Security and Authentication in Massive MIMO UAV Communications

Supporting reliable and seamless wireless connectivity for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has recently become a critical requirement to enable various different use cases of UAVs. Due to their widespread deployment footprint, cellular networks can support beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) communications for UAVs. In this paper, we consider cellular connected UAVs (C-UAVs) that are served by massive multiple input-multiple-output (MIMO) links to extend coverage range, while also improving physical layer security and authentication. Here, we consider Rician channel and propose a novel linear precoder design for transmitting data and artificial noise (AN). We derive the closed-form expression of the ergodic secrecy rate of CUAVs for both conventional and proposed precoder designs. In addition, we obtain the optimal power splitting factor that divides the power between data and AN by asymptotic analysis. Then, we apply the proposed precoder design in the fingerprint embedding authentication framework, where the goal is to minimize the probability of detection of the authentication tag at an eavesdropper. In simulation results, we show the superiority of the proposed precoder in both secrecy rate and the authentication probability considering moderate and large number of antenna massive MIMO scenarios.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Visual Analytic Platform for Interactive Validation of Human Mobility Simulations

Human mobility insights guide domain experts in an array of decisions, including critical infrastructure design, disaster response, epidemic modeling, national security, and policy making. Due to the inherent noise and privacy concerns in real-world individual-level mobility data, it is often preferred to leverage simulators that generate synthetic mobility data instead. However, it is critical to inspect and validate the output of such simulators to ensure the synthetic data is aligned with the characteristics of the population and the area of interest known to domain experts. While there exist many quantitative approaches for validating synthetic data, we argue it is also important to also validate such data qualitatively to capture aspects that are known to domain experts but difficult to quantify. In this work, we demonstrate a visual analytic platform that empowers domain experts to interact with their simulation outputs along spatial and temporal dimensions. By augmenting automated techniques and human skills, our visual analytic platform is a step towards interactive capabilities for model steering and quality control of mobility simulators.

Monadjemi, Shayan↗

DOE OSTI2020

CEEP (Cyber-Energy Emulation Platform) [SWR-20-102]

NREL's Cyber-Energy Emulation Platform (CEEP) provides the capability to realize cyber-energy security and resilience through automation and orchestration of virtualized systems and software defined networks for the electric grid. CEEP enables testing and validation of grid-security and -control methodologies as the grid evolves to include smart technologies/systems, such as virtualization and containerization of grid components, software defined networking, simulation and co-simulation frameworks, and hardware in the loop. CEEP is a modular system that can be distributed and deployed across different hardware infrastructure sizes and network architectures. For example, CEEP can visualize, emulate, and/or coordinate the Smart-Grid Network Visualization, Intrusion Detection, and Network Healing system. Using CEEP, intrusion-detection and network-self-healing solutions can be deployed at grid control centers, within secure private clouds, and in cyber-energy appliances.

Vaughan, Evan↗

DOE OSTI2022

Cyber Energy Emulation Platform (CEEP) [SWR-20-102]

Rivera, Joshua↗

DOE OSTI2019

A Section 110 Evaluation of the Project 57 Rad-Safe Area Personnel Decontamination Building, Nye County, Nevada

Project 57 was an open-air, plutonium-dispersal safety test conducted by the United States in 1957 on a portion of the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) (formerly the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range). The Project 57 test area, once known as Area 13, was a block of land abutting the northeastern boundary of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The NTS was renamed the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in 2010. In keeping with the historical Cold War period designation, NTS will be used when discussing historic period events, while NNSS will be applied for contemporary activities. During Project 57, the high explosives of a nuclear weapon were triggered asymmetrically to simulate an accidental detonation. The test was conducted to study the extent of plutonium contamination from a nonnuclear yield accident, as well as assess the biological and environmental hazards such an event could create. Following the conclusion of the experiment, the contaminated area surrounding the ground zero (GZ) was fenced off and some of the contaminated equipment was buried in place. The Project 57 Rad-Safe area was abandoned. In 1981, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) decontaminated and decommissioned the Project 57 site. This Section 110 documentation was prompted by recognition that more than five decades have passed since the abandonment of the Project 57 Rad-Safe area, particularly the personnel decontamination building, which leaves the temporary structure vulnerable to natural forces of weathering and decay. However, these temporary facilities remain partially standing, allowing for a condition assessment and recommendations regarding the Rad-Safe area’s historical significance. The National Nuclear Security Administration, Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) determined there was no area of potential effect (APE) (direct, indirect, or visual) because there is no planned undertaking and the Project 57 Rad-Safe area will continue to remain unused. Instead, a 4.5-acre study area was established to facilitate recording the Project 57 personnel decontamination building and the remaining accessory resources. The study area is bounded on the east by Valley Road and it extends to the east far enough to encompass the former Project 57 Rad-Safe area (Figure A-2). The Section 110 study area is located in the northwest quarter of Section 35, Township 07S Range 54E Mount Diablo Base and Meridian. It is on the 1962 Groom Mine SW USGS 7.5-minute series topographic quadrangle. Desert Research Institute (DRI) surveyed the Section 110 study area, resulting in the recording and evaluation of the Project 57 Rad-Safe area personnel decontamination building and four accessory resources (AR-1 through AR-4). Copies of the building form and report are on file at DRI and with the NNSA/NFO in Las Vegas, Nevada.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

NA-IM TGESC Mobile Device Secure Sled [Slides]

SafeCase provides essential controls such as: 1) Audio masking and 2) camera blocking capabilities if a mobile device has been compromised. This exoskeleton phone case provides a solution in secure spaces at a hardware level providing key attack surface reductions and potential exposures from an audio and visual standpoint.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Development of an end state vision to implement digital monitoring in nuclear plants

Transitioning from an onsite Maintenance & Diagnostics Center to cloud-based services offers many new opportunities with computing power and storage, but also new challenges in terms of networking and security. This report will cover everything required for that transition including data processing and uploading to cloud services, feature selection, model creation, and result visualization for decision making. Although there are several other cloud-based services (e.g. Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud), this report explores Microsoft Azure to simplify nomenclature and maintain a consistent focus. Many of the services offered by Microsoft Azure are also available in the other cloud-based services, and their differences have been recorded in other literature. The Azure services most important to a nuclear power plant including networking & security, storage & databases, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are reviewed here. Networking covers all aspects related to communication to Azure resources including security, privacy, and redundancy. Storage & databases includes data storage, upgrading, patching, backups, and monitoring. The AI services allows the user access to the machine learning (ML) techniques developed with Azure including automated ML, anomaly detection, computer vision, and natural language processing. This report summaries the features, capabilities, and challenges when using cloud-based services in a user-friendly manner.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2025

EnergyPlus Model Context Protocol Server (EnergyPlus-MCP) v0.1

EnergyPlus-MCP is the first open-source Model Context Protocol server specifically designed for EnergyPlus building energy simulation. This innovative software enables AI assistants and other applications to interact programmatically with EnergyPlus through a standardized, secure interface, eliminating traditional technical barriers in building energy modeling. The software provides specialized tools across five functional domains: server management, model configuration and loading, comprehensive building component inspection, systematic model modification, and simulation execution with results visualization. Key features include automated HVAC system discovery and topology mapping, advanced schedule analysis, intelligent model validation, and interactive visualization capabilities. EnergyPlus-MCP's layered architecture ensures robust separation between protocol communication and domain expertise, enabling scalable deployment across organizations, educational institutions, and research teams. Unlike direct LLM approaches that suffer from inconsistent results and security gaps, EnergyPlus-MCP provides validated, reliable interactions while maintaining scientific rigor. This democratizes sophisticated building energy analysis, making EnergyPlus accessible to broader audiences through conversational interfaces and streamlined workflows.

Li, Han [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LB↗

DOE OSTI2012

STUCCO

STUCCO will be a scalable visual analytics solution that identifies and collects endogenous and exogenous data from data sources not traditionally associated with cyber security to enable both the identification of relevant, non-security data with cyber security event data and the display of an overview of global security threats.

Goodall, John↗

DOE OSTI2014

Security Informatics Research Challenges for Mitigating Cyber Friendly Fire

This paper addresses cognitive implications and research needs surrounding the problem of cyber friendly re (FF). We dene cyber FF as intentional o*ensive or defensive cyber/electronic actions intended to protect cyber systems against enemy forces or to attack enemy cyber systems, which unintentionally harms the mission e*ectiveness of friendly or neutral forces. We describe examples of cyber FF and discuss how it ts within a general conceptual framework for cyber security failures. Because it involves human failure, cyber FF may be considered to belong to a sub-class of cyber security failures characterized as unintentional insider threats. Cyber FF is closely related to combat friendly re in that maintaining situation awareness (SA) is paramount to avoiding unintended consequences. Cyber SA concerns knowledge of a system's topology (connectedness and relationships of the nodes in a system), and critical knowledge elements such as the characteristics and vulnerabilities of the components that comprise the system and its nodes, the nature of the activities or work performed, and the available defensive and o*ensive countermeasures that may be applied to thwart network attacks. We describe a test bed designed to support empirical research on factors a*ecting cyber FF. Finally, we discuss mitigation strategies to combat cyber FF, including both training concepts and suggestions for decision aids and visualization approaches.

cyber friendly fire↗

DOE OSTI2026

Lightfall v0.0.1

Lightfall is a desktop application for synchrotron beamline instrument control, data acquisition, and live analysis at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). Built on Python and Qt, it provides a native graphical interface for operating beamline hardware, configuring and executing experimental scans, and visualizing results in real time. Key features include direct integration with EPICS control systems, a built-in electronic logbook, remote beamline access over secure tunnels, and an interprocess communication (IPC) architecture that coordinates with external analysis applications via ZMQ and EPICS process variables. This IPC approach allows Lightfall to orchestrate specialized analysis tools—including GPU-accelerated streaming correlators—without embedding them, avoiding the dependency conflicts common in monolithic scientific software platforms. Compared to prior approaches such as Xi-CAM's plugin-based architecture, Lightfall's design cleanly separates instrument control from domain-specific analysis, enabling feedback-driven acquisition where live analysis results can adjust scan parameters during an experiment. Its native Qt interface provides responsive performance for real-time data visualization that web-based alternatives struggle to match. Lightfall is designed for use by beamline scientists and staff operating synchrotron instruments at national user facilities.

Pandolfi, Ronald [Lawrence Berkeley National Labor↗

DOE OSTI2022

Efficient Clustering of Software Vulnerabilities using Self Organizing Map (SOM)

The common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE) database was created with a mission to ``identify, define, and catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities''. This rich body of information can be used to enable rapid and efficient response to secure and defend cyber operations and protect critical cyber infrastructure. The main goal of this paper is to develop a visual analytics tool to enable deep analysis of CVEs using unsupervised clustering techniques. We enhance our analysis by first mapping CVEs to hierarchical-classes in Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) using information in the National Vulnerability Database (NVD). Both the mapping and the numerical representation of CVEs are enabled by V2W-BERT, which uses natural language processing of the extensive information in NVD to generate a large tabular database of 137,226 CVE entries from 1999 to 2020, where each CVE is represented by a vector of 768 numerical features. The vectorized data is processed by Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), which is an unsupervised machine learning technique for dimensionality reduction, visual representation and clustering. Using a Torus map of 6417 units, we achieve ~10-fold data compression of ~140k CVEs using SOM. The trained map is further clustered using standard K-means clustering into 138 clusters of CVEs. We conducted a brief investigation of the rich mapping of CVEs to best-matching-units to K-means clusters, as well as CVEs to CWEs. For example, this novel mapping provided insight into the role of CWE-59 and CWE-264 in several CVEs that is otherwise hard to explore in the original data. We conclude that our this novel approach will not only enable deep analysis of the complex relationships between CVEs and CWEs, but also a mechanism to quickly respond to and design mitigation actions for rapidly evolving vulnerabilities that have not been mapped to existing CWEs.

Panchal, Khyati↗

DOE OSTI2026

The LCLStream Ecosystem for Multi-Institutional Dataset Exploration

We describe a new end-to-end experimental data streaming framework designed from the ground up to support new types of applications – AI training, extremely high-rate X-ray time-of-flight analysis, crystal structure determination with distributed processing, and custom data science applications and visualizers yet to be created. Throughout, we use design choices merging cloud microservices with traditional HPC batch execution models for security and flexibility. This project makes a unique contribution to the DOE Integrated Research Infrastructure (IRI) landscape. By creating a flexible, API-driven data request service, we address a significant need for high-speed data streaming sources for the X-ray science data analysis community. With the combination of data request API, mutual authentication web security framework, job queue system, high-rate data buffer, and complementary nature to facility infrastructure, the LCLStreamer framework has prototyped and implemented several new paradigms critical for future generation experiments.

Rogers, David [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000251871768)↗

DOE OSTI2013

Cyber Friendly Fire: Research Challenges for Security Informatics

This paper addresses cognitive implications and research needs surrounding the problem of cyber friendly fire (FF). We define cyber FF as intentional offensive or defensive cyber/electronic actions intended to protect cyber systems against enemy forces or to attack enemy cyber systems, which unintention-ally harms the mission effectiveness of friendly or neutral forces. Just as with combat friendly fire, maintaining situation awareness (SA) is paramount to avoiding cyber FF incidents. Cyber SA concerns knowledge of a system’s topology (connectedness and relationships of the nodes in a system), and critical knowledge elements such as the characteristics and vulnerabilities of the components that comprise the system and its nodes, the nature of the activities or work performed, and the available defensive and offensive countermeasures that may be applied to thwart network attacks. Mitigation strategies to combat cyber FF— including both training concepts and suggestions for decision aids and visualization approaches—are discussed.

cyber friendly fire↗