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DOE OSTI2020

Determination of the Maturation Status of Dendritic Cells by Applying Pattern Recognition to High-Resolution Images

The maturation or activation status of dendritic cells (DCs) directly correlates with their behavior and immunofunction. A common means to determine the maturity of dendritic cells is from high-resolution images acquired via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or atomic force microscopy (AFM). While direct and visual, the determination has been made by directly looking at the images by researchers. Here we report a machine learning approach using pattern recognition in conjunction with cellular biophysical knowledge of dendritic cells to determine the maturation status of dendritic cells automatically. The determination from AFM images reaches 100% accuracy. The results from SEM images reaches 94.9%. The results demonstrate the accuracy of using machine learning for accelerating data analysis, extracting information, and drawing conclusions from high-resolution cellular images, paving the way for future applications requiring high-throughput and automation, such as cellular sorting and selection based on morphology, quantification of cellular structure, and DC-based immunotherapy.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

The status of the Japanese material properties handbook and the challenge to facilitate structural design criteria for DEMO in-vessel components

This work summarizes the current status of the material properties handbook for a structural design using Japanese reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel F82H. Specifically, the key structural parameters, e.g. time-independent/dependent design stresses and fatigue design curves, were determined by following the French structural design code RCC-MRx. Moreover, under the Japan–U.S. collaboration, tensile data were newly added to the benchmark heavy irradiation data up to 80 dpa, as critical input information in the intermediate check and review in Japan. Furthermore, the status of structural material data and the near-term and long-term issues were clarified by the evaluation using the attribute guides. In parallel, the structural design approaches, which were newly introduced and extended to cope with the structural design issues under the complex environmental conditions peculiar to the DEMO reactor, were noted with the initial R&D results. Of the many design issues, the multi-axial loading conditions due to the complexity of the DEMO reactor as well as the coolant compatibility and the irradiation effect are mentioned. For example, in the paper, multi-axial fatigue–creep testing and evaluation using the modified universal slope method and brittle/ductile fracture testing and evaluation using the local approach are explained toward DEMO.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

The rise of electric vehicles—2020 status and future expectations

Electric vehicles (EVs) are experiencing a rise in popularity over the past few years as the technology has matured and costs have declined, and support for clean transportation has promoted awareness, increased charging opportunities, and facilitated EV adoption. Suitably, a vast body of literature has been produced exploring various facets of EVs and their role in transportation and energy systems. This paper provides a timely and comprehensive review of scientific studies looking at various aspects of EVs, including: (a) an overview of the status of the light-duty-EV market and current projections for future adoption; (b) insights on market opportunities beyond light-duty EVs; (c) a review of cost and performance evolution for batteries, power electronics, and electric machines that are key components of EV success; (d) charging-infrastructure status with a focus on modeling and studies that are used to project charging-infrastructure requirements and the economics of public charging; (e) an overview of the impact of EV charging on power systems at multiple scales, ranging from bulk power systems to distribution networks; (f) insights into life-cycle cost and emissions studies focusing on EVs; and (g) future expectations and synergies between EVs and other emerging trends and technologies. The goal of this paper is to provide readers with a snapshot of the current state of the art and help navigate this vast literature by comparing studies critically and comprehensively and synthesizing general insights. This detailed review paints a positive picture for the future of EVs for on-road transportation, and the authors remain hopeful that remaining technology, regulatory, societal, behavioral, and business-model barriers can be addressed over time to support a transition toward cleaner, more efficient, and affordable transportation solutions for all.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Population-level incidence of human papillomavirus–positive oropharyngeal, cervical, and anal cancers, by smoking status

Abstract We estimated the population-level incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)–positive oropharyngeal, cervical, and anal cancers by smoking status. We combined HPV DNA genotyping data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Cancer Registry Sentinel Surveillance System with data from the Kentucky Cancer Registry and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System across smoking status. During 2004-2005 and 2014-2015 in Kentucky, most cases of oropharyngeal (63.3%), anal (59.7%), and cervical (54.9%) cancer were among individuals who ever smoked. The population-level incidence rate was higher among individuals who ever smoked than among those who never smoked for HPV-positive oropharyngeal (7.8 vs 2.1; adjusted incidence rate ratio = 2.6), cervical (13.7 vs 6.8; adjusted incidence rate ratio = 2.0), and anal (3.9 vs 1.6; adjusted incidence rate ratio = 2.5) cancers. These findings indicate that smoking is associated with increased risk of HPV-positive oropharyngeal, cervical, and anal cancers, and the population-level burden of these cancers is higher among individuals who ever smoked.

Oncology↗

DOE OSTI2023

Superiority of compensatory reserve measurement compared with the Shock index for early and accurate detection of reduced central blood volume status

Shock index (SI) equals the ratio of heart rate (HR) to systolic blood pressure (SBP) with clinical evidence that it is more sensitive for trauma patient status assessment and prediction of outcome compared with either HR or SBP alone. We used lower body negative pressure (LBNP) as a human model of central hypovolemia and compensatory reserve measurement (CRM) validated for accurate tracking of reduced central blood volume to test the hypotheses that SI: (1) presents a late signal of central blood volume status; (2) displays poor sensitivity and specificity for predicting the onset of hemodynamic decompensation; and (3) cannot identify individuals at greatest risk for the onset of circulatory shock. We measured HR, SBP, and CRM in 172 human subjects (19–55 years) during progressive LBNP designed to determine tolerance to central hypovolemia as a model of hemorrhage. Subjects were subsequently divided into those with high tolerance (HT) (n = 118) and low tolerance (LT) (n = 54) based on completion of 60 mm Hg LBNP. The time course relationship between SI and CRM was determined and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for sensitivity and specificity of CRM and SI to predict hemodynamic decompensation using clinically defined thresholds of 40% for CRM and 0.9 for SI. The time and level of LBNP required to reach a SI = 0.9 (~60 mm Hg LBNP) was significantly greater (p < 0.001) compared with CRM that reached 40% at ~40 mm Hg LBNP. Shock index did not differ between HT and LT subjects at 45 mm Hg LBNP levels. ROC AUC for CRM was 0.95 (95% CI = 0.94–0.97) compared with 0.91 (0.89–0.94) for SI (p = 0.0002). Despite high sensitivity and specificity, SI delays time to detect reductions in central blood volume with failure to distinguish individuals with varying tolerances to central hypovolemia.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

ECP SOLLVE: Validation and Verification Testsuite Status Update and Compiler Insight for OpenMP

The OpenMP language continues to evolve with every new specification release, as does the need to validate and verify the new features that have been implemented by the different vendors. With the release of OpenMP 5.0 and OpenMP 5.1, new target offload and host-based features have been introduced to the programming model. While OpenMP continues to grow in maturity, there is an observable growth in the number of compiler and hardware vendors that support OpenMP. In this manuscript, the main focus is on evaluating the conformity and OpenMP implementation progress of various compiler vendors such as Cray, IBM, GNU, Clang/LLVM, NVIDIA, and Intel. More specifically, the 4.5, 5.0, and 5.1 versions of the OpenMP specification are analyzed. For our experimental setup, the Crusher and Summit computing systems hosted by Oak Ridge National Lab’s Computing Facilities are utilized. The effort of vendor agnostic analysis of these implementations is especially valuable for application developers who are using new OpenMP features to accelerate their scientific codes. Insights are presented into the current implementation status of various vendors, the progression of specific compiler’s support for OpenMP overtime, the subset of OpenMP 4.5, 5.0, and 5.1 that is supported by all compilers, and examples of how our test suite has influenced discussion regarding the correct interpretation of the OpenMP specification. By evaluating OpenMP conformity of pre-Exascale computing systems, the aim is to detail progress and status of AMD + Cray ecosystem before the system and their OpenMP implementation is used for mission critical applications when the first Exascale Computer Frontier is made available to applications.

Huber, Thomas↗

DOE OSTI2020

Anaerobic guilds responsible for mercury methylation in boreal wetlands of varied trophic status serving as either a methylmercury source or sink

Wetlands are common sites of active Hg methylation by anaerobic microbes; however, the amount of methylmercury produced varies greatly, as Hg methylation is dependent upon both the availability of Hg and the composition and activity of the microbial community involved. In this study, we identified the major microbial guilds responsible for Hg methylation along a trophic gradient composed of two sites and three different types of wetlands: a bog–fen peatland gradient and a black alder swamp, serving as net sources and a sink for methylmercury respectively. Iron-reducing bacteria in the Geobacteraceae were important Hg methylators across all wetlands and seasons examined, as evidenced by abundant 16S rRNA and hgcA transcripts clustering with this family. Molybdate inhibited Hg methylation more efficiently in the peatlands than in the swamp, suggesting an increasing role of sulfate-reducing bacteria and/or related syntrophs in the methylation of Hg with decreasing trophic status. Further, sulfate addition failed to increase Hg methylation rates in the peatlands, suggesting that SRBs/syntrophs were instead likely metabolizing alternative substrates such as syntrophic fermentation of organic compounds with methanogens. These results highlight the interconnectivity of anaerobic metabolism and importance of community dynamics on the methylation of Hg in wetlands with different trophic status.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Status and Targets for Polymer-Based Solid-State Batteries for Electric Vehicle Applications

There is growing interest in the development of Li-metal-based solid state batteries, driven by their promise in improving the energy density to satisfy electric vehicle requirements. In this work, we examine the status of Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based solid state batteries for electric vehicle applications using a continuum scale mathematical model. We examine LiFePO4(LFP) cathode/lithium metal anode batteries containing three different electrolytes, namely (1) a liquid electrolyte, (2) the polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (SEO) block copolymer electrolyte, and (3) a single-ion conducting (SIC) block copolymer electrolyte, with the liquid electrolyte serving as the baseline for the comparison. By using an optimization procedure, we assemble "virtual" batteries to identify the optimal design that maximizes energy density while allowing the power requirements of electric vehicles (EVs) to be satisfied. Results show the present status of different SPEs are still below what is considered acceptable and further improvements are needed to achieve electric vehicle targets. The optimization studies conducted here show that for low transference number electrolytes (similar to 0.2) the conductivity target is 5 x 10(-3)S cm(-1), while for a unity transference number electrolyte this target decreases to 4 x 10(-4)S cm(-1). These targets provide guidance for polymer synthesis researchers to develop better polymers for use in EVs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2022

ALS Beam Status v3.1

The ALS Beam Status smartphone application (for both Android and iOS) displays information found on the ALS Beam Status website https://als.lbl.gov/beam-status/ The benefit of using the app is that it also sends notification that are useful to the app user.

Rim, Ed↗

DOE OSTI2024

Status of the INFN LASA in-kind contribution to PIP-II project

The status of INFN LASA in-kind contribution to the PIP-II project at Fermilab is reported in this paper. The effort for the series production of the 38 INFN LASA designed, 5-cell cavities with beta 0.61 for the LB650 section of the linac commenced and the status of ongoing activities and major procurements is here conveyed. At the same time, preliminary tests on INFN LB650 cavity prototypes are progressing in order to optimize the complete preparation and qualification cycle. All cavities will be produced, and surface treated in industry to reach the unprecedented performances required, qualified through vertical cold test at state-of-the art infrastructures and delivered as installation ready at the string assembly site.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2020

2017 Bioenergy Industry Status Report

This report provides a snapshot of the bioenergy industry status at the end of 2017. The report compliments other annual market reports from the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) offices and is supported by DOE's Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO). The 2017 Bioenergy Industry Status Report focuses on past year data covering multiple dimensions of the bioenergy industry and does not attempt to make future market projections. The report provides a balanced and unbiased assessment of the industry and associated markets. It is openly available to the public and is intended to compliment International Energy Agency and industry reports with a focus on DOE stakeholder needs.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2020

INTERFUEL / FedFleet: FAST Status Update [PowerPoint]

This presentation presents a brief overview of the current status of the Federal Automotive Statistical Tool (FAST), a web-based information system sponsored by GSA's Office of Government-wide Policy and DOE's Federal Energy Management Program to collect information about the US federal government's fleet of motor vehicles. The presentation covers current status and in-progress data collection activities.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2021

OWL and Waste Form Characteristics (Annual Status Update)

This report represents completion of milestone deliverable M2SF-21SN010309012 “Annual Status Update for OWL and Waste Form Characteristics” that provides an annual update on status of fiscal year (FY 2020) activities for the work package SF-20SN01030901 and is due on January 29, 2021. The Online Waste Library (OWL) has been designed to contain information regarding United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE)-managed (as) high-level waste (DHLW), spent nuclear fuel (SNF), and other wastes that are likely candidates for deep geologic disposal, with links to the current supporting documents for the data (when possible; note that no classified or official-use-only (OUO) data are planned to be included in OWL). There may be up to several hundred different DOE-managed wastes that are likely to require deep geologic disposal. This draft report contains versions of the OWL model architecture for vessel information (Appendix A) and an excerpt from the OWL User’s Guide (Appendix B and SNL 2020), which are for the current OWL Version 2.0 on the Sandia External Collaboration Network (ECN).

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2021

FEDFLEET: FY 2020 Fleet Data Submissions Status Update [Slides]

This presentation presents a brief overview of the current status of the collection of federal motor vehicle fleet data for fiscal year (FY) 2020 through the Federal Automotive Statistical Tool (FAST). FAST is a web-based information system sponsored by GSA's Office of Government-wide Policy and DOE's Federal Energy Management Program to collect information about the US federal government's fleet of motor vehicles. The presentation covers current status of data collection for FY 2020, the review and feedback process for those submissions, timeline of finalizing the information, and a preliminary high-level overview of the information.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2021

FY 2020 Federal Fleet Data Submissions: Status Update [PowerPoint]

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Annual Status Update for OWL

This report represents completion of milestone deliverable M2SF-22SN010309082 Annual Status Update for OWL, which is due on November 30, 2021 as part of the fiscal year 2022 (FY2022) work package SF-22SN01030908. This report provides an annual update on status of FY2021 activities for the work package “OWL - Inventory – SNL”. The Online Waste Library (OWL) has been designed to contain information regarding United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE)-managed (as) high-level waste (DHLW), DOE-managed spent nuclear fuel (DSNF), and other wastes that are likely candidates for deep geologic disposal. Links to the current supporting documents for the data are provided when possible; however, no classified or official-use-only (OUO) data are planned to be included in OWL. There may be up to several hundred different DOE-managed wastes that are likely to require deep geologic disposal. This report contains new information on sodium-bonded spent fuel waste types and wastes forms, which are included in the next release of OWL, Version 3.0, on the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) External Collaboration Network (ECN). The report also provides an update on the effort to include information regarding the types of vessels capable of disposing of DOE-managed waste.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2022

Flow Sensor Test Article (F-STAr) (Design and Fabrication Status Report)

The Flow Sensor Test Article (F-STAr) is a test article currently under construction for the Mechanisms Engineering Test Loop (METL). F-STAr was designed to provide high sodium flowrate capabilities for sensor calibration, component testing, and fluid studies. Figure 1 shows two solid model views of the new test article. F-STAr includes a high-capacity pump that can provide a nominal flowrate of 120 GPM; a test section support structure that can accommodate a wide array of sub-test articles and their instrumentation; and finally, a heating and cooling system to aid in controlling the testing environment. Initially, F-STAr will be configured to test liquid metal flow sensors, specifically field shift sensors like the Eddy Current Flow Sensors (ECFS) based on the RDT C4-7T standard. To test these sensors, two test sections were designed that attempt to model Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) outlet conditions. Figure 2 shows models of the “Full-Scaled Test Section” (FSTS) that represents a generic SFR fuel handling socket and a “Pseudo-Scaled Test Section” (PSTS) that represents a generic array of scaled fuel handling sockets. While F-STAr will be configured to test ECFS’s, it can also be outfitted to meet other experimental needs. For example, F-STAr could be setup with a test section that includes a fluidic diode or a component test investigating the performance of hydrodynamic bearings. Other test sections include studies of sodium thermal hydraulics like thermal striping. Overall, F-STAr is a flexible test article designed to accommodate many needs. This report will provide a status update on the design and construction of F-STAr. Manufacturing of all components has commenced, and several components have already been completed. These components include the pump and test section assembly stand. Other components, such as the heater, have been completed but were rejected due to the vendor not meeting the requirements of the purchase order. Lastly, the submersible flowmeter and main flange components are under construction, and their status will be reviewed in this report. Overall, most of the F-STAr components and parts will be completed by the end of September 2022.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Coupon synthesis status report

This letter report is in submission of completion of the Level 4 milestone number M4AT-23OR1101023 “Coupon synthesis status report” for the AT-23OR110102 “Beryllium Carbide as moderator for MSRs – ORNL” WBS number 2.04.11.01 within the larger Advanced Reactor Technologies program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This effort is an initial study of the viability of beryllium carbide as a future neutron moderator for molten salt reactors and other high temperature reactors. The research was awarded funding in September 2022 and this effort will be completed and reported on as a Level 2 milestone by the end of August 2023. This work is a collaboration between Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Michigan. This report will discuss the status of this effort and planed work before the final reporting.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗