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Constitutive model validation for underground chemical explosions in partially saturated porous rock
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Molecular simulations of hydrogen diffusion in underground porous media: Implications for storage under varying pressure, confinement, and surface chemistry conditions
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Measurement of correlated charge noise in superconducting qubits at an underground facility
The charge environment of superconducting qubits may be studied through the introduction of controlled, quantified amounts of ionizing radiation. We measure space- and time-correlated charge jumps on a four-qubit device, operating 107 meters below the Earth’s surface in a low-radiation, cryogenic facility designed for the characterization of low-threshold particle detectors. The rock overburden of this facility reduces the cosmic ray muon flux by over 99% compared to laboratories at sea level. Combined with 4π coverage of a movable lead shield, this facility enables quantifiable control over the flux of ionizing radiation on the qubit device. Long-time-series charge tomography measurements on these weakly charge-sensitive qubits capture discontinuous jumps in the induced charge on the qubit islands, corresponding to the interaction of ionizing radiation with the qubit substrate. The rate of these charge jumps scales with the flux of ionizing radiation on the qubit package, as characterized by a series of independent measurements on another energy-resolving detector operating simultaneously in the same cryostat with the qubits. Using lead shielding, we achieve a minimum charge jump rate of $0.19^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$ mHz, almost an order of magnitude lower than that measured in surface tests, but a factor of roughly seven higher than expected based on reduction of ambient gammas alone. We operate four qubits for over 22 consecutive hours with zero correlated charge jumps at length scales above three millimeters.
Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k
DarkSide-20k (DS-20k) is a dark matter detection experimentunder construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS)in Italy. It utilises ∼ 100 t of low radioactivity argon from anunderground source (UAr) in its inner detector, with half serving astarget in a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC). The UArcryogenics system must maintain stable thermodynamic conditionsthroughout the experiment's lifetime of over10 years. Continuous removal ofimpurities and radon from the UAr is essential for maximising signalyield and mitigating background. We are developing an efficient andpowerful cryogenics system with a gas purification loop with atarget circulation rate of1000 slpm. Central to itsdesign is a condenser operated with liquid nitrogen which is pairedwith a gas heat exchanger cascade, delivering a combined coolingpower of more than 8 kW. Here wepresent the design choices in view of the DS-20k requirements, inparticular the condenser's working principle and the coolingcontrol, and we show test results obtained with a dedicatedbenchmarking platform at CERN and LNGS. We find that the thermalefficiency of the recirculation loop, defined in terms of nitrogenconsumption per argon flow rate, is95 % and the pressure in the testcryostat can be maintained within±(0.1–0.2) mbar. Wefurther detail a 5-day cool-down procedure of the test cryostat,maintaining a cooling rate typically within-2 K/h, as required for theDS-20k inner detector. Additionally, we assess the circuit's flowresistance, and the heat transfer capabilities of two heat exchangergeometries for argon phase change, used to provide gas forrecirculation. We conclude by discussing how our findings influencethe finalisation of the system design, including necessarymodifications to meet requirements and ongoing testing activities.
Lifetime study of the ColdADC for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
ColdADC is a custom ASIC digitizer implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology using specialized techniques for long-term reliability in cryogenic environments. ColdADC was developed for use in the DUNE Far Detector complex, which will consist of four liquid argon time projection chambers. Each contains 17 kilotons liquid argon as the target material in order to measure neutrino oscillations. Approximately 40,000 ColdADC ASICs will be installed for DUNE in the first two large detectors and will be operated at cryogenic temperatures during the experiment without replacement. The lifetime of the ColdADC is a critical parameter affecting the data quality and physics sensitivity of the experiment. A measurement of the lifetime of the ColdADC was carried out, and the results shown in this paper assure orders of magnitude longer lifetime of the ColdADC than the planned operation time of the detectors.
Field Test Plan for Underground Hydrogen Storage Demonstration in a Porous Reservoir
Climate and sea level change is causing numerous challenges across the globe to human societies and the cultural and infrastructure investments they have made over hundreds of years based on previous modalities in climate and sea level. Decarbonizing our global economy is therefore essential to stopping additional emissions of CO 2 to the atmosphere. One proposed decarbonization technology that has been advanced as a replacement for the “hydrocarbon economy” that exists today is the “hydrogen economy.” In the hydrogen economy, hydrogen is both an energy carrier and an industrial feedstock that can replace hydrocarbons’ traditional roles in these systems. While most hydrogen is produced from conventional, fossil-based feedstocks, hydrogen comes with the added benefits of being able to be made from water and electricity providing a promising way to store renewable energy from wind and solar developments.
Sampling and Analysis Plan for LSL2 Underground Storage Tank Evaluation of PFAS in Soil: Protection of Groundwater
This SAP gathers all pertinent information relevant to the sampling and analysis of soil at the removal site for a former 10,000-gallon UST and reference sites in the vicinity of the excavation site. Data Quality Objectives establishes the process and steps for the acquisition of data. Data Flow Diagram establishes the decisions and next steps. Quality Assurance Project Plan establishes the quality requirements for data collection, including planning, implementation, and assessment of sampling, field measurements, and laboratory analysis. The work is being completed for DOE-SC Pacific Northwest Site Office.
Calendar Year 2023 Underground Test Area Annual Sampling Letter Report Nevada National Security Site
The calendar year 2023 annual sampling letter report presents Plan implementation and a summary of field activities, sampling methods, well completion diagrams, and analytical laboratory results from sampling of wells associated with the Pahute Mesa CAUs. The CY 2023 letter report also presents data from samples collected from Well ER-EC-11_p3 as part of a sampling investigation. This well was resampled because of anomalously low standard tritium (3H) results from bailer sampling that occurred in July 2021.
Finite Element Modeling of Infrasound resonance in underground tunnel structures
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A Novel Generator for Novel Underground Environments: Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)
The Participant is developing a high temperature, high pressure generator to power downhole instrumentation. The generator harvests vibrational energy from the drill string and converts it to stored electrical potential energy. NREL has two principle obligations 1) is modeling for the overall potential downhole effectiveness of the potential drill. Second is the packaging for downhole extreme environments based on prior NREL IP this was discussed with the PI at length but the generator was never provided so direct packaging experiments were not conducted.
Increasing Efficiency of Underground Geologic Mapping by Integrating Mine Vision System FaceCapture™ Data Collection with Datamine 3D Modeling Software
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Planning for an Underground Hydrogen Storage Demonstration in a Porous Reservoir
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Planning for an Underground Hydrogen Storage Demonstration in a Porous Reservoir
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Physical Large Centrifuge Modeling of Underground Chemical Explosions
Poster on LYNM research for presentation at AGU 2024
Underground Hydrogen Storage: Geochemical Considerations
Invited presentation.