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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Framework for Assessing Impact of Wave-Powered Desalination on Resilience of Coastal Communities

Coastal communities face unique challenges in maintaining continuous service from critical infrastructure. This research advances capabilities for evaluating the impact of using wave energy to desalinate water on the resilience of coastal communities. The study focuses on the feasibility of using wave energy conversion to provide drinking water to communities in need and applying resilience metrics to quantify its impact on the community. To assess the feasibility of wave-powered desalination, this research couples the open-source software Wave Energy Converter SIMulator (WEC-Sim) and Water Network Tool for Resilience (WNTR). This research explores variations in both the wave resource (location, seasonality, and duration) and the ability to maintain drinking water service during a disruption scenario by applying the simulation framework to three case studies, which are based on communities in Puerto Rico. The simulation framework provides a contextualized assessment of the ability of wave-powered desalination to improve the resilience of coastal communities, which can serve as a methodology for future studies seeking the integration of wave-powered desalination with water distribution systems.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2025

Slender-body approach for computing second-order wave loads in the frequency domain

This work presents a slender-body approach to evaluate the second-order wave loads acting on a floating structure in the frequency domain. The approach is in the same spirit as the common use of Morison’s equation to approximate the wave loads without solving the radiation/diffraction problem. To do so, we employ Rainey’s equation, which can be seen as an extension of the inertial part of Morison’s equation to include nonlinear effects. We introduce modifications to Rainey’s formulation in order to evaluate wave kinematics at the mean body position instead of the original approach of considering instantaneous displacements. We also propose a simple approximation to partially account for wave scattering effects on the second-order loads based on the analytical solution of a surface-piercing bottom-mounted vertical circular cylinder. Though limited to structures composed of cylinders, this slender-body approach is orders of magnitude faster than computing second-order wave coefficients with a radiation/diffraction code. We implemented this approach for difference-frequency (slow drift) loads in an open-source frequency-domain floating wind turbine model. We present comparisons against results obtained with radiation/diffraction theory for three reference floating wind turbine designs: the OC3-Hywind spar, the OC4-DeepCwind semisubmersible, and the VolturnUS-S semisubmersible. In general, the results show that the proposed slender-body approach with the correction to approximate wave scattering effects provides useful estimations of the difference-frequency wave loads and the resulting motions of the floater.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Detonation Waves in High Explosives

A material at high temperature can react or decompose. For an energetic material, the reaction is exothermic and releases chemical energy that would further increase the temperature. Under some circumstances, when a reaction is triggered, such a reaction can propagate and the material rapidly releases a large amount of energy giving rise to an explosion. Examples of such materials are aerosols, suspensions of solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas; such as coal dust, grain dust and fuel-air explosions. Frequently, explosions are due to accidents. A spectacularly destructive example is the recent explosion of a large quantity of ammonium nitrate (thousands of tons) in Beirut, Lebanon (August 2020); see for example Beirut explosion. Ammonium nitrate is used as a fertilizer. It and the aerosols are not considered to be explosives due to the limited conditions for which an explosion can occur. An aerosol gets the oxidizer from the surrounding air. Burning requires diffusion of the oxidizer to the particle surface where the reaction occurs. A large density of small particles is required for a fast enough reaction to support an explosion. In contrast, an explosive is an energetic material with both fuel and oxidizer mixed on a molecular scale (either premixed gases or within molecules of a solid). This allows fast enough reactions over a wide range of conditions to support a self-propagating reactive wave known as a detonation wave. A detonation wave can be controlled and an explosive used for useful purposes such as in mining, construction, demolition, explosive welding, argon flash lamp, pulsed power using a magnetic flux generator [see also Goforth et al., 2015], jet cutter with shaped charge, explosive art, and generating conditions to study the response of materials at high strain rates and high pressures [see for example, Marsh, 1980]. Explosives are also used in conventional munitions and nuclear weapons. The focus of this book is on the theory and phenomenology of solid high explosives (HEs); in particular, plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs). Some aspects of detonation wave theory are needed to interpret explosive data. Hence, the theory is presented before the detonation wave phenomenology. A familiarity with fluid flow, specifically the notion of shock waves and the shock loci are assumed. In the remainder of this chapter we give a brief overview on the basic properties of detonation waves and PBXs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Using Fiducial Markers for Pose Estimation of an OSWEC in a Wave Tank: Preprint

In this study, we consider a novel method of sensing the motion of a wave energy converter during testing in a wave flume under the influence of incoming waves. The wave energy converter considered in our research is an oscillating surge wave energy converter, which is a hinged paddle that responds to incoming waves. Motion sensing is normally done with inertial sensors, which can hinder the motion due to suspended cables that carry power and transmit signals. Our proposed method is contactless and can be implemented economically. A camera is used to record different marker patterns affixed to the moving paddle and the motion deduced by pose estimation algorithms. Fiducial markers are commonly used for robot localization and in augmented reality. There are many types of fiducial markers, including ArUco-type markers which are accurate, fast and robust. The system consists of markers attached to the paddle element and recorded using a machine vision camera. A pose estimation algorithm is then applied to the detected markers to estimate the tilt of the paddle. In this work, we examine the challenges of image acquisition and calibration for underwater targets, compare the motion obtained by this new system with a calibrated tilt sensor and identify areas where the new system may be superior.

computer vision↗
DOE OSTI2026

Nematic cell alignment directs calcium waves in an epithelial monolayer

Tissues rely on supracellular signals to coordinate their cells over a long range. Two such tissuescale cues are calcium waves and patterns of cell-cell alignment or nematic order. During wound healing, for example, calcium waves propagate across a tissue to guide directed cell migration and reepithelialization. Defects in long-range cell-cell alignment, or nematic orientation, can act to localize morphogenetic events in a tissue. Although these two cues have been considered in isolation, we demonstrate a relationship in epithelial tissue between long-range calcium signaling and the cell’s nematic order: The speed of a wound-induced calcium wave depends monotonically on the angle between the wave vector and cell axis, with maximal wave speed occurring perpendicular to the tissue’s orientation. Including anisotropic di↵usive coupling between cells in a canonical reactiondi↵usion model recapitulates our measured calcium wave dynamics. Our model demonstrates how orientation defects can desynchronize information propagation across a tissue. A calcium wave front is bent around nematic defects, therefore cells the same distance from a wound can receive the calcium signal at di↵erent times. Our work elucidates how spatial patterns in global cell alignment can control collective communication via calcium signaling during development, wound healing, and disease.

Winterstrain, Annemarie C. [Brandeis University, W↗
DOE OSTI2024

An integrated approach to optimizing concentration shock wave electrodialysis using 2D multicell simulation and response surface models

Shock wave electrodialysis (SWED) is a highly promising technique for energy-efficient ion separation in the context of a circular economy. This paper presents a approach way of modeling and improving SWED using a two-dimensional multicell model combined with the COMSOL program and response surface methodology. The model integrates the Nernst-Planck equation, Darcy's law, and first-order electroosmosis to examine the local concentration, flux of ionic species, distribution of current, and velocity of flow in SWED cells under various operating conditions. We first illustrate the clear depiction of concentration, velocity, and electric potential distribution through contours which aids in identifying optimal operating conditions and designing scalable SWED systems. The results emphasize the significance of surface charge density and voltage in influencing the features of shock waves for obtaining effective ion separation while optimizing energy consumption and improving current efficiency by controlling the retention time of feed flow. Here, this study defines two crucial characteristics of shock waves, namely the length of the flat depletion zone of a fully developed shock wave (shock wave height) and the distance of shock wave propagation (shock wave length). These properties significantly impact separation performance, as determined by the simulation results. Additionally, the response surface methodology is incorporated with the COMSOL models to develop predictive models and graph responses, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between parameters and performance indicators, such as removal ratio, energy consumption, and water recovery. Finally, this work suggests design tactics for expanding SWED processes and outlines potential areas for further research. This research provides valuable insights into the prospective applications, design optimization, and scalability of SWED in the field of electrokinetic separation technologies for green chemistry and a circular economy.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

First Observation of Harmonics of Magnetosonic Waves in Martian Magnetosheath Region

Abstract The present study provides an evidence for the generation of harmonics of magnetosonic waves in the Martian magnetosheath region. The wave signatures are manifested in the magnetic field measurements recorded by the fluxgate magnetometer instrument onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution missioN (MAVEN) spacecraft in the dawn sector around 5–10 LT at an altitude of 4,000–6,000 kms. The wave that is observed continuously from 19.1 to 20.7 UT below the proton cyclotron frequency (f ci ≈ 46 mHz) is identified as fundamental mode of the magnetosonic wave. Whereas harmonics of the magnetosonic wave are observed during 19.7–20.3 UT at frequencies that are multiple off ci . The ambient solar wind proton density and plasma flow velocity are found to vary with a fundamental mode frequency of 46 mHz. It is noticed that the fundamental mode is mainly associated with the left‐hand (LH), and higher frequency harmonics are associated with the right‐hand (RH) circular polarizations. A clear difference in the polarization and ellipticity is noticed during the time of occurrence of harmonics. The magnetosonic wave harmonics are found to propagate in the quasi‐perpendicular directions to the ambient magnetic field. The results of linear theory and Particle‐In‐Cell simulation performed here are in agreement with the observations. The present study provides a conclusive evidence for the occurrence of harmonics of magnetosonic wave in the close vicinity of the magnetosheath region of the unmagnetized planet Mars.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2026

Onset of High-Harmonic Fast Wave Propagation in Annulus Geometry

Previous experiments on NSTX have reported high-harmonic fast wave (HHFW) power losses in the scrape-off layer (SOL), with dependencies on the wave parallel wavenumber, plasma density, and magnetic field. This study presents an analysis of HHFW propagation in the SOL plasma, focusing on parasitic coupling to the waveguide mode bounded by the steep gradient pedestal and the outer wall boundary. The analytic and finite element wave models are discussed using a 2D annulus geometry, which serves as a simplified representation of the NSTX-U plasma. The model shows that a minimum radial gap width is required to support wave propagation, analogous to the higher-order modes in coaxial geometries. The impact of several factors, including gap width, wave parallel phasing, and magnetic field strength, on parasitic wave coupling is examined, highlighting the role of the geometric dimension in relation to the wave perpendicular wavelength. The findings suggest that controlling the edge/SOL density profile (gap control) is crucial for mitigating parasitic coupling when the density in front of the antenna exceeds the density cutoff.

Baek, Seung-Gyou [Massachusetts Inst. of Technolog↗
DOE OSTI2025

Observations and seismoacoustic simulations of earthquake-generated infrasound waves in non-epicentral regions

We analysed infrasound waves associated with the Gyeongju earthquake (ML 5.8) that occurred on 2016 September 12, in the southeastern Korean Peninsula. For infrasound wave detection, the Progressive Multichannel Correlation method was applied to the infrasound data set recorded at seven arrays operating in South Korea at epicentral distances ranging from 178 to 472 km. Based on the back-projection method constrained by array-dependent celerity and azimuth deviation models, the source regions were identified in both the epicentral and non-epicentral regions. Remarkably, the non-epicentral secondary sources of this earthquake were located in regions with shallow water depths: (i) the western coastal area in the Yellow Sea and (ii) the shallow ocean basin and bank in the East Sea. The location results obtained from the earthquake could be corroborated through its foreshock (ML 5.1), yielding location results consistent with those of the main shock. The generation of infrasound waves over shallow water depths was fortuitously validated by direct recordings of dominant single-frequency (~0.3 Hz) infrasound waves at close range via temporary sensors near the ocean basin and bank. We interpreted that low-frequency infrasound signals could be generated from interactions among the ocean floor, shallow seawater and atmosphere. We performed numerical simulations of seismoacoustic fields to predict ground motions on the seafloor and acoustic transmission efficiency between the water and air interface. The simulations quantified the energy transfer through different media and clarified our observational results. We found that because this solid Earth‒water‒atmosphere coupled air wave has a relatively low frequency (~0.3 Hz), it can survive propagation over long distances compared with high-frequency infrasound waves generated in inland and mountain regions. In this study, we extend our understanding of water‒atmosphere coupling and the monitoring framework for earthquake-associated non-epicentral infrasound waves, encompassing not only inland ground shaking but also shallow sea regions located far from the epicentre.

Earthquake monitoring and test-ban treaty verifica↗
DOE OSTI2024

Phase-resolving spin-wave microscopy using infrared strobe light

The need for sensitively and reliably probing magnetization dynamics has been increasing in various contexts such as studying novel hybrid magnonic systems, in which the spin dynamics strongly and coherently couple to other excitations, including microwave photons, light photons, or phonons. Recent advances in quantum magnonics also highlight the need for employing the magnon phase as quantum state variable, which is to be detected and mapped out with high precision in on-chip micro- and nanoscale magnonic devices. Here, in this study, we demonstrate a facile optical technique that can directly perform concurrent spectroscopic and imaging functionalities with spatial and phase resolutions, using infrared strobe light operating at 1550-nm wavelength. To showcase the methodology, we spectroscopically studied the phaseresolved spin dynamics in a bilayer of Permalloy and yttrium iron garnet Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 (YIG), and spatially imaged the backward-volume spin-wave modes of YIG in the dipolar spin-wave regime. Using the strobe light probe, the detected precessional phase contrast can be directly used to construct the map of the spin wave's wave front, in the continuous-wave regime of spin-wave propagation and in the stationary state, without needing any optical reference path. By selecting the applied field, frequency, and detection phase, the spin-wave images can be made sensitive to the precession amplitude and phase. Our results demonstrate that infrared optical strobe light can serve as a versatile platform for magneto-optical probing of magnetization dynamics, with potential implications in investigating hybrid magnonic systems.

Xiong, Yuzan [University of North Carolina, Chapel↗
DOE OSTI2026

Snow-eater heat waves of the western United States

Abrupt snowmelt, triggered by rain-on-snow events or "snow-eater heat waves," can cause flooding, initiate or accelerate snow drought, and affect water availability. However, the characteristics (e.g., area, duration, and frequency), impacts, and trends of snow-eater heat waves have received little attention. To address this gap, we developed a method to identify snow-eater heat waves and estimate their melt potential using 20th Century Reanalysis version 3 air temperature data, the TempestExtremes algorithm, and an operational snowmelt model (SNOW-17) across 1850-2015. Melt season snow-eater heat waves typically last 3 to 5 days, with three to five events, doubling snowmelt rates. Seven of 11 spring superfloods are shown to coincide with snow-eater heat waves. Since the 1850s, snow-eater heat waves have increased in area and frequency, decreased in duration, and shifted earlier in the melt season. Incorporating snow-eater heat-wave impacts into SNOW-17 enhances extreme melt estimates, improving water management support tools.

Rhoades, Alan M↗
DOE OSTI2025

Analysis of runaway electron driven whistler wave instability experiments

Data acquired on the DIII-D tokamak were analyzed. The data are from experiments that were conducted to study an instability that is driven unstable by intense populations of electrons with MeV energies that are known as runaway electrons. The instability is a type of plasma wave called a whistler wave that occurs at frequencies above the ion cyclotron frequency but well below the electron cyclotron frequency. The waves were measured by magnetic fluctuation coils that are embedded in the DIII-D vacuum vessel wall. After upgrades to this diagnostic were completed, new experiments were conducted on July 13, 2020 in order to measure the toroidal mode number of the whistler waves and to extend the frequency of the detected waves. Through the use of mixers, instability between 600-700 MHz was detected. (The initial experiments only measured up to 200 MHz.) Analysis of the data was led by Hari Choudhury, a PhD student at Columbia University. Mr. Choudhury has submitted two papers for publication that include contributions by UC Irvine (UCI) Professor Heidbrink and his graduated PhD student Genevieve DeGrandchamp: “Detailed Characterization of Runaway Electron Driven Whistler Waves in Low-Density DIII-D Discharges” and “First Demonstration of Resonant Pitch-Angle Scattering of Relativistic Electrons by Externally-Launched Helicon Waves.” The first paper, which has been submitted to Physics of Plasmas, has significant contributions to both the data and the interpretation by UCI scientists. In contrast, UCI contributions to the second paper, which has been submitted to Physical Review Letters, are relatively minor.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Scattering wave packets of hadrons in gauge theories: Preparation on a quantum computer

Quantum simulation holds promise of enabling a complete description of high-energy scattering processes rooted in gauge theories of the Standard Model. A first step in such simulations is preparation of interacting hadronic wave packets. To create the wave packets, one typically resorts to adiabatic evolution to bridge between wave packets in the free theory and those in the interacting theory, rendering the simulation resource intensive. In this work, we construct a wave-packet creation operator directly in the interacting theory to circumvent adiabatic evolution, taking advantage of resource-efficient schemes for ground-state preparation, such as variational quantum eigensolvers. By means of an ansatz for bound mesonic excitations in confining gauge theories, which is subsequently optimized using classical or quantum methods, we show that interacting mesonic wave packets can be created efficiently and accurately using digital quantum algorithms that we develop. Specifically, we obtain high-fidelity mesonic wave packets in the Z 2 and U(1) lattice gauge theories coupled to fermionic matter in 1+1 dimensions. Our method is applicable to both perturbative and non-perturbative regimes of couplings. The wave-packet creation circuit for the case of the Z 2 lattice gauge theory is built and implemented on the Quantinuum H1-1 trapped-ion quantum computer using 13 qubits and up to 308 entangling gates. The fidelities agree well with classical benchmark calculations after employing a simple symmetry-based noise-mitigation technique. This work serves as a step toward quantum computing scattering processes in quantum chromodynamics.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Exploring Resonance Structures in the Partial-Wave Analysis of ¿p0 Photoproduction at GlueX

This thesis studies what happens when a photon (¿) collides with a proton (p) and produces a neutral omega (¿) and pion (p0) pair, with a recoiling proton (p'), expressed as ¿p ¿ ¿p0p'. We study this and other reactions to better understand the strong nuclear force; one of the four fundamental forces that govern all the physics of the universe. This force is specifically responsible for the binding and decay of subatomic particles, such as the ones here. While we understand the ¿ and p0, what we are actually interested in is a short-lived unknown particle X that decays via X ¿ ¿p0. There are a multitude of possible particles X can be, and so our focus in this work is to find out what X is by determining its properties from the particles we measure. We do this via an intricate analysis procedure known as “partial-wave analysis”. By analogy, one can think of our particle detector as a buoy, and the particles we want to analyze (X) as pebbles hitting a pond. The waves created by the pebble will move our buoy, giving us information about the pebble that produced the wave. However, when multiple pebbles hit our pond, the waves overlap and interfere with each other. Our buoy only can measure the complicated interfering result of all the waves. To disentangle this, our partial-wave analysis works by modeling this interference pattern so that we may infer the properties of the pebbles (particles) we produced. In this thesis, we review the relevant experimental history in photoproduction and related production mechanisms, as well as the theoretical foundations that motivate our measurement. We describe the methods used to collect our data at the GlueX experiment stationed at the Jefferson Lab accelerator facility in Newport News, Virginia. We then detail the selections we apply to ensure our events are almost exclusively ¿p ¿ ¿p0p'. We cover the intensity model, how we verify its capabilities, and finally present our results together with systematic studies. Our primary result is the detection of a b1(1235) meson interfering with a wide JPC = 1-- vector state, measured via a mass-independent partial-wave analysis. It provides precise experimental results that can be used as input for theoretical models of the reaction, yielding conclusions about the procedures responsible for how our universe behaves at its most basic level.

Scheuer, Kevin [College of William and Mary, Willi↗
DOE OSTI2025

An implementation of a high-order generalized finite difference method for solving the time-harmonic cold plasma wave equation in toroidal geometry

A high-order physics-informed meshless finite difference numerical technique is introduced for solving the time-harmonic cold plasma wave equation in toroidal geometries, presenting a novel application of the generalized finite difference (GFD) method to plasma wave simulations. The algorithm employs an irregular distribution of computational points, with local point density informed by the shortest wavelength derived from the cold plasma dispersion relation. Numerical stability and robustness are addressed using regularization techniques. The algorithm, implemented for two spatial dimensions, solves for the wave electric field and is demonstrated to achieve convergence rates of $\mathcal{O}$($\mathcal{h}$ $\mathcal{P}$ )⁠. Verification tests reproduce plane wave solutions, and example simulations of ion cyclotron resonance heating and electron cyclotron resonance heating demonstrate its capability, approaching realistic tokamak plasma scenarios. This work contributes to laying a foundation for the GFD method to be used in more sophisticated, optimized, and physically realistic full-wave simulations in time-harmonic plasma wave research.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

First Demonstration of Resonant Pitch-Angle Scattering of Relativistic Electrons by Externally Launched Helicon Waves

Helicon waves (a.k.a whistler waves) satisfying the normal wave-particle cyclotron resonance are observed to limit the growth and maximum energy of relativistic electrons (REs) in low-density Ohmic DIII-D tokamak plasmas. Following the application of helicon waves, pitch-angle scattering of high-energy REs causes an increase in both synchrotron and electron-cyclotron emissions. The hard x-ray emission, a proxy for the RE population, ceases to grow. Energy-resolved hard x-ray measurements also show a striking decrease in the number of high-energy REs (above the resonance at approximately 8MeV) to below the noise floor and an increase in low-energy (∼ 4 MeV) REs. This occurs despite the toroidal electric field remaining high enough to drive exponential RE growth in the absence of helicon waves. Furthermore, these results open new directions for limiting the maximum energy of RE populations in laboratory and fusion plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Solution of the Schrödinger equation for quasi-one-dimensional materials using helical waves

We formulate and implement a spectral method for solving the Schrödinger equation, as it applies to quasi-one-dimensional materials and structures. This allows for computation of the electronic structure of important technological materials such as nanotubes (of arbitrary chirality), nanowires, nanoribbons, chiral nanoassemblies, nanosprings and nanocoils, in an accurate, efficient and systematic manner. Our work is motivated by the observation that one of the most successful methods for carrying out electronic structure calculations of bulk/crystalline systems — the plane-wave method — is a spectral method based on eigenfunction expansion. Our scheme avoids computationally onerous approximations involving periodic supercells often employed in conventional plane-wave calculations of quasi-one-dimensional materials, and also overcomes several limitations of other discretization strategies, e.g., those based on finite differences and atomic orbitals. The basis functions in our method — called helical waves (or twisted waves) — are eigenfunctions of the Laplacian with symmetry adapted boundary conditions, and are expressible in terms of plane waves and Bessel functions in helical coordinates. We describe the setup of fast transforms to carry out discretization of the governing equations using our basis set, and the use of matrix-free iterative diagonalization to obtain the electronic eigenstates. Miscellaneous computational details, including the choice of eigensolvers, use of a preconditioning scheme, evaluation of oscillatory radial integrals and the imposition of a kinetic energy cutoff are discussed. We have implemented these strategies into a computational package called HelicES (Helical Electronic Structure). We demonstrate the utility of our method in carrying out systematic electronic structure calculations of various quasi-one-dimensional materials through numerous examples involving nanotubes, nanoribbons and nanowires. We also explore the convergence properties of our method, and assess its accuracy and computational efficiency by comparison against reference finite difference, transfer matrix method and plane-wave results. We anticipate that our method will find applications in computational nanomechanics and multiscale modeling, for carrying out transport calculations of interest to the field of semiconductor devices, and for the discovery of novel chiral phases of matter that are of relevance to the burgeoning quantum hardware industry.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Second-order wave excitation forces in WEC-Sim/MOST: Implementation, experimental validation, and code-to-code comparison

Accurate prediction of second-order hydrodynamic loads is essential for floating bodies, including floating offshore wind turbines, wave energy converters, and hybrid wind–wave platforms. These nonlinear effects, arising from both sum- and difference-frequency forcing, are critical for capturing key response characteristics but remain challenging to model efficiently. In this work, we extend the open-source Wave Energy Converter Simulator / MATLAB for Offshore Simulation Tool by implementing second-order wave excitation forces, supporting both the full Quadratic Transfer Function formulation and the Newman approximation. The full Quadratic Transfer Function method is used for all code-to-code comparisons and experimental validation, while the Newman approximation is provided as a computationally lighter alternative. To benchmark the new capability, we perform a code-to-code comparison with OpenFAST and OrcaFlex. We then validate the enhanced model using wave-tank measurements of a 1:96 scale DeepCwind semi-submersible, showing that second-order effects are required to reproduce platform motions. The implementation employs a computationally efficient pre-computation strategy for second-order wave excitation forces, reducing simulation cost while maintaining engineering accuracy. Overall, this work advances the tool as an open-source and versatile tool for modelling floating offshore renewable-energy systems requiring second-order hydrodynamic fidelity.

17 WIND ENERGY↗