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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 901 records · Page 50

DC Modeling of 4H-SiC JFET Gate Length Reduction at 500°C

The development of robust, high-performance integrated circuits (ICs) will enable numerous potential NASA missions of current interest, including long-duration robotic missions exploring the 460 °C surface of Venus. Currently, NASA is looking towards SiC-based devices to provide such a solution. However, the current NASA silicon carbide (SiC) JFET device with a channel length of 6μm (for recently fabricated Gen. 11 ICs) limits on mission relevant circuit capabilities [1]. In this study, we combined experiments with simulations to explore two straightforward fabrication strategies to reduce the SiC JFET channel length while maintaining turn-off behavior (Fig. 1a) needed to realize 500 °C circuit operation. The first fabrication strategy uses a shallow self-align nitrogen implant (Figure 1b) along the device's top surface but not below the gate combined with a high-dose phosphorous implant directly below the source and drain contacts. For the second fabrication strategy (Figure 1c), the high-dose phosphorous implants extended from below the contacts all the way up to the gate edges. Simulations guided gate length reductions without significant degradation in the turn-off performance. In total 12 SiC JFET variants implementing using the different fabrication strategies, gate lengths, and n-channel epilayer thickness were implemented in our simulation framework implemented in COMSOL. Since the COMSOL database does not have the material properties for 4H-SiC, these parameters were taken from the literature and implemented in COMSOL. The empirical models [2] for incomplete ionization, Auger recombination, low field mobility, and Shockley-Read-Hall recombination were implemented to account for material-specific device behavior.

4H-SiC JFET↗

Neural interface methods and apparatus to provide artificial sensory capabilities to a subject

Embodiments of neural interfaces according to the present invention comprise sensor modules for sensing environmental attributes beyond the natural sensory capability of a subject, and communicating the attributes wirelessly to an external (ex-vivo) portable module attached to the subject. The ex-vivo module encodes and communicates the attributes via a transcutaneous inductively coupled link to an internal (in-vivo) module implanted within the subject. The in-vivo module converts the attribute information into electrical neural stimuli that are delivered to a peripheral nerve bundle within the subject, via an implanted electrode. Methods and apparatus according to the invention incorporate implantable batteries to power the in-vivo module allowing for transcutaneous bidirectional communication of low voltage (e.g. on the order of 5 volts) encoded signals as stimuli commands and neural responses, in a robust, low-error rate, communication channel with minimal effects to the subjects' skin.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Integrated Avalanche Photodiode arrays

The present disclosure includes devices for detecting photons, including avalanche photon detectors, arrays of such detectors, and circuits including such arrays. In some aspects, the detectors and arrays include a virtual beveled edge mesa structure surrounded by resistive material damaged by ion implantation and having side wall profiles that taper inwardly towards the top of the mesa structures, or towards the direction from which the ion implantation occurred. Other aspects are directed to masking and multiple implantation and/or annealing steps. Furthermore, methods for fabricating and using such devices, circuits and arrays are disclosed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Virtual electrodes for high-density electrode arrays

The present embodiments are directed to implantable electrode arrays having virtual electrodes. The virtual electrodes may improve the resolution of the implantable electrode array without the burden of corresponding complexity of electronic circuitry and wiring. In a particular embodiment, a virtual electrode may include one or more passive elements to help steer current to a specific location between the active electrodes. For example, a passive element may be a metalized layer on a substrate that is adjacent to, but not directly connected to an active electrode. In certain embodiments, an active electrode may be directly coupled to a power source via a conductive connection. Beneficially, the passive elements may help to increase the overall resolution of the implantable array by providing additional stimulation points without requiring additional wiring or driver circuitry for the passive elements.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Local thermal actuation of material surfaces via micro- and nanowire heating for the prevention of cellular attachment and biological fouling

The invention relates in various embodiments to a composite useful as e.g. a medical implant device, and a method of treating fouling, including biofouling as may occur on an implant. The composite comprises a matrix phase and a patterned phase that comprises an energetically activatable wire intermixed with the matrix phase, the wire when energetically activated, which includes thermal activation, causes modification of at least a portion of the matrix phase to treat fouling that might otherwise occur. The method of treating biofouling may be practiced on a patent while the medical implant of the invention is in situ.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Neural interface methods and apparatus to provide artificial sensory capabilities to a subject

Embodiments of neural interfaces according to the present invention comprise sensor modules for sensing environmental attributes beyond the natural sensory capability of a subject, and communicating the attributes wirelessly to an external (ex-vivo) portable module attached to the subject. The ex-vivo module encodes and communicates the attributes via a transcutaneous inductively coupled link to an internal (in-vivo) module implanted within the subject. The in-vivo module converts the attribute information into electrical neural stimuli that are delivered to a peripheral nerve bundle within the subject, via an implanted electrode. Methods and apparatus according to the invention incorporate implantable batteries to power the in-vivo module allowing for transcutaneous bidirectional communication of low voltage (e.g. on the order of 5 volts) encoded signals as stimuli commands and neural responses, in a robust, low-error rate, communication channel with minimal effects to the subjects' skin.

Buerger, Stephen P.↗

Wireless optofluidic systems for programmable in vivo pharmacology and optogenetics

Provided are implantable, injectable and/or surface mounted biomedical devices and related methods for interfacing with a target tissue. The devices have a substrate, one or more microfluidic channels embedded in or supported by the substrate and a fluid actuator in operational communication with one or more reservoirs and responsive to a wireless control signal. The components of the device are specially configured and packaged to be ultra-thin and mechanically compliant. In some embodiments, the devices are self-powered and fully implantable. The devices can be shaped to provide injection in a minimally invasive manner, thereby avoiding unnecessary tissue damage and providing a platform for long-term implantation for interfacing with biological tissue.

Rogers, John A.↗

Spatially Enhanced Electrostatic Doping in Graphene Realized via Heterointerfacial Precipitated Metals

Forming heavily-doped regions in 2D materials, like graphene, is a steppingstone to the design of emergent devices and heterostructures. Here, a selective-area approach is presented to tune the work-function and carrier density in monolayer graphene by spatially synthesizing sub-monolayer gallium beneath the 2D-solid. The localized metallic gallium is formed via precipitation from an underlying diamond-like carbon (DLC) film that is spatially implanted with gallium-ions. By controlling the interfacial precipitation process with annealing temperature, spatially precise ambipolar tuning of the graphene work-function is achieved, and the tunning effect preserved upon cooling to ambient conditions. Consequently, charge carrier densities from ≈1.8 × 10 10 cm -2 (hole-doped) to ≈7 × 10 13 cm -2 (electron-doped) are realized, confirmed by in situ and ex situ measurements. The theoretical studies corroborated the role of gallium at the heterointerface on charge transfer and electrostatic doping of the graphene overlayer. Specifically, sub-monolayer gallium facilitates heavy n-doping in graphene. Extending this doping strategy to other implantable elements in DLC provides a new means of exploring the physics and chemistry of highly-doped 2D materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Evaluation of a Bioabsorbable Self-Expandable Vein Stent-Base Made of Poly(l-lactide) In Vitro and In Vivo

PurposeThis study was designed to evaluate performance and tissue response to a self-expandable bioabsorbable vein stent-base cut from a tube with enhanced stiffness and strength in vitro and in vivo.MethodsA diamond-shaped stent-base was cut from a sequential biaxially strained poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) tube for optimized performance. The performance of the stent-base was evaluated in a finite element analysis model, and validation was attempted in vitro through a cyclic flat-plate compression and radial force measurement. The performance of the stent-base was tested in vivo using 3 sheep with 2 implants each for 2 and 3½ weeks, respectively.ResultsIn vitro the stent-base showed an elliptical deformation but no fractures. In vivo the stent-base showed adequate radial force and no migration. All implanted stent-bases showed multiple fractures not only at the predicted stress zones but at all connecting points. Fragments of the caudal stent-base stayed in the vein wall indicating sufficient tissue coverage to avoid embolization of the fractured stent pieces, whereas fragments from the cranial device remaining were few. Neointima formation was confirmed histologically at 2 and 3½ weeks.ConclusionA bioabsorbable self-expandable stent-base made from PLLA for large veins seems feasible, but over time, the PLLA used in this study appears too stiff and lacks the sufficient flexibility to move with the vena cava, causing multiple fractures.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

Simulation of Endovascular Aortic Repair Using 3D Printed Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model and Fluid Pump

Background: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) models can be manufactured with 3D printing technology. This study describes detailed methodology and validation of endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) simulation using 3D printed AAA model connected to hemodynamic pump. Method: The AAA model was printed with Objet500 Connex3 (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN) and connected to BDC PD-0500 fluid pump (BDC Laboratories, Wheat Ridge, CO). EVAR procedure metrics were benchmarked in two expert implanters and compared to 20 vascular surgical trainees with different levels of EVAR experience (< 20 or ≥ 20 cases). All simulations were performed using commercially available stent grafts, guidewires, catheters, fluoroscopic guidance and digital subtraction angiography. Studied outcomes included ability to complete the procedure independently, time to deploy aortic component, ability to cannulate contralateral gate and complete the repair, and total fluoroscopy and procedure times. Results: A total of 22 EVAR simulation procedures were performed with mean procedure time of 37 ± 12 min. Experienced trainees had significantly lower total procedural time (32 ± 9 vs. 44 ± 6 min, P = 0.003) and fluoroscopic time (13 ± 5 vs. 23 ± 8 min, P = 0.005). All experienced trainees completed the procedure independently in < 45 min, compared to six (46%) of those with less EVAR experience (P = 0.016). Among less experienced trainees, only two (15%) completed the entire procedure independently (P < 0.001). Benchmark implanters performed significantly better than both trainee groups in nearly all EVAR metrics. Conclusion: EVAR simulation was feasible and simulated all procedural steps with high fidelity. This model may be applicable for assessment of technical competencies and standard endovascular skill acquisition within vascular surgery training curricula.

3D PRINTING↗

Simulation Analysis and Performance Study of CoCrMo Porous Structure Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting

To fabricate porous implants with improved biocompatibility and mechanical properties that are matched to their application using selective laser melting (SLM), flow within the mold and compressive properties and performance of the porous structures must be comprehensively studied. Parametric modeling was used to build 3D models of octahedron and hexahedron structures. Finite element analysis was used to evaluate the mold flow and compressive properties of the parametric porous structures. A DiMetal-100 SLM molding apparatus was used to manufacture the porous structures and the results evaluated by light microscopy. The results showed that parametric modeling can produce robust models. Square structures caused higher blood cell adhesion than cylindrical structures. “Vortex” flow in square structures resulted in chaotic distribution of blood elements, whereas they were mostly distributed around the connecting parts in the cylindrical structures. No significant difference in elastic moduli or compressive strength was observed in square and cylindrical porous structures of identical characteristics. Hexahedron, square and cylindrical porous structures had the same stress–strain properties. For octahedron porous structures, cylindrical structures had higher stress–strain properties. Using these modeling and molding results, an important basis for designing and the direct manufacture of fixed biological implants is provided.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Development of xeno-free epithelial differentiation media for adherent, non-expanded adipose stromal vascular cell cultures

Reconstruction of respiratory epithelium is critical for the fabrication of bioengineered airway implants. Epithelial differentiation is typically achieved using bovine pituitary extract (BPE). Due to the xenogenic nature and undefined composition of BPE, an alternative for human clinical applications, devoid of BPE, must be developed. The goal of this study was to develop two different BPE-free media, with and without select pituitary hormone (PH), which could initiate epithelial differentiation for use in human implantation.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Mechanical and degradation property improvement in a biocompatible Mg-Ca-Sr alloy by thermomechanical processing

Magnesium-based alloys have attracted interest as a potential material to comprise biomedical implants that are simultaneously high-strength and temporary, able to provide stabilization before degrading safely and able to be excreted by the human body. Many alloy systems have been evaluated, but this work reports on improved properties through hot extrusion of one promising alloy: Mg-1.0 wt% Ca-0.5 wt%Sr. This alloy has previously demonstrated promising toxicity and degradation properties in the as-cast and rolled conditions. In the current study extrusion causes a dramatic improvement in the mechanical properties in tension and compression, as well as a low in vitro degradation rate. Microstructure (texture, second phase distribution, and grain size), bulk mechanical properties, flow behavior, degradation in simulated body fluid, and effect on osteoblast cyctotoxicity are evaluated and correlated to extrusion temperature. In conclusion, maximum yield strength of 300 MPa (above that of annealed 316 stainless steel) with 10% elongation is observed, making this alloy competitive with existing implant materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Direct hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite/alumina nanocomposite

Hydrothermal synthesis offers numerous advantages such as: control over product homogeneity, nucleation, growth and aging. This leads to the control of particle aggregation, size uniformity and morphology over conventional and non-conventional ceramic synthesis methods. In the present work, a novel procedure for the direct synthesis of Hydroxyapatite (HAp)/alumina nanocomposite in a hydrothermal vessel with continuous stirring was investigated, where the effects of different concentration of aluminium nitrate were also studied. The optimized concentration of starting material for the characteristic formation of HAp/alumina composite (hexagonal HAp and monoclinic alumina phases) was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. The size distribution of HAp/alumina composite was found as 100 nm by electron microscopy and EDAX revealed that the concentration of alumina in the HA4 was ~ 10%, which is more suitable for biomedical implant. Further, the cytotoxicity study against MG 63 cells showed that HA4 was biocompatible even at higher concentration (200 μg/ml). Hence, the direct synthesis of HAp/alumina composite without the formation of any intermediate like calcium aluminate could be used as a novel approach to prepare HAp based biomedical implants.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Evolution of brachytherapy treatment planning to deterministic radiation transport for calculation of cardiac dose

Brachytherapy was among the first methods of radiotherapy and has steadily continued to evolve. Here we present a brief review of the progression of dose calculation methods in brachytherapy to the current state-of-the art computerized methods for heterogeneity correction. We further review the origin and development of the BrachyVision (Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA) treatment planning system and evaluate dosimetric results from 12 patients implanted with the strut-assisted volumetric implant (SAVI) applicator (Cianna Medical, Aliso Viejo, CA) for accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). Dosimetric results from plans calculated using homogenous and heterogeneous algorithms have been compared to investigate the impact of heterogeneity corrections. Our study showed large percent difference between mean cardiac doses 11.8 ± 6.2% (p = 0.0007) calculated with and without heterogeneity corrections. Our findings are consistent with those of others, indicating an overestimation of the distal dose to organs-at-risk by traditional methods, especially at interfaces between air and tissue.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

Characterization of Complex Interactions at the Gas–Solid Interface with in Situ Spectroscopy: The Case of Nitrogen-Functionalized Carbon

Interactions at the gas-solid interface drive physicochemical processes in many energy and environmental applications; yet, the challenges associated with characterization and development of these dynamic interactions in complex systems limit progress in developing effective materials. Thus, structure-property-performance correlations greatly depend on the development of advanced techniques and analysis methods for the investigation of gas-solid interactions. In this work, adsorption behavior of O 2 and humidified O 2 on nitrogen-functionalized carbon (N-C) materials was investigated to provide a better understanding of the role of nitrogen species in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). N-C materials were produced by solvothermal synthesis and N-ion implantation, resulting in a set of materials with varied nitrogen amount and speciation in carbon matrices with different morphologies. Adsorption behavior of the N-C samples was characterized by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) experiments. A novel analysis approach for the interpretation of AP-XPS data was developed, allowing both the determination of overall adsorption behavior of each N-C material and identification of which nitrogen species were responsible for adsorption. The complementary information provided by in situ DRIFTS and AP-XPS suggests that O 2 adsorption primarily takes place on either electron-rich nitrogen species like pyridine, hydrogenated nitrogen species, or graphitic nitrogen. Adsorption of O 2 and H 2 O occurs competitively on solvothermally prepared N-Cs, whereas adsorption of H 2 O and O 2 occurs at different sites on N-ion implanted N-Cs, highlighting the importance of tuning the composition of N-C materials to promote the most efficient ORR pathway.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Emergent Magnetism with Continuous Control in the Ultrahigh-Conductivity Layered Oxide PdCoO 2

The current challenge to realizing continuously tunable magnetism lies in our inability to systematically change properties, such as valence, spin, and orbital degrees of freedom, as well as crystallographic geometry. Here, we demonstrate that ferromagnetism can be externally turned on with the application of low-energy helium implantation and can be subsequently erased and returned to the pristine state via annealing. We find that this high level of continuous control is made possible by targeting magnetic metastability in the ultrahigh-conductivity, nonmagnetic layered oxide PdCoO 2 where local lattice distortions generated by helium implantation induce the emergence of a net moment on the surrounding transition metal octahedral sites. These highly localized moments communicate through the itinerant metal states, which trigger the onset of percolated long-range ferromagnetism. The ability to continuously tune competing interactions enables tailoring precise magnetic and magnetotransport responses in an ultrahigh-conductivity film and will be critical to applications across spintronics.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Non-dilute helium-related defect interactions in the near-surface region of plasma-exposed tungsten

We report a systematic energetic analysis of helium-related defect interactions that mediate helium (He) segregation on surfaces of plasma-exposed tungsten at different levels of He ion implantation. We focus on high He fluences that increase the He content in the plasma-exposed material well beyond the dilute limit of He concentration and employ atomic configurations generated by large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of He-implanted tungsten. We perform systematic molecular statics computations of cluster– defect interaction energetics in the highly defect-rich near-surface region of plasma-exposed tungsten for small mobile helium clusters as a function of the cluster distance from the surface. In this region, mobile clusters are also subjected to the stress fields generated by defects such as helium bubbles and other clusters, which govern cluster–defect interactions in addition to the cluster–surface interaction. Based on systematic investigation of individual cluster–defect interactions, we develop a mathematical framework to describe the interaction energy landscapes consisting of elastic interaction potential perturbations to finite-width square-well potentials, where the potential well accounts for cluster trapping by the defect at close range and subsequent coalescence and the perturbation potential is parameterized according to elastic inclusion theory. Superposition of all the relevant interaction potentials provides a comprehensive description of the interaction energy landscape that would be experienced by a small mobile cluster along its migration path toward the plasma-exposed surface at high He fluence. Such descriptions are particularly important for developing atomistically-informed, hierarchical multi-scale models of helium cluster dynamics in plasma-facing materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗