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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Progress in the design of the future circular collider FCC-ee interaction region

In this paper we discuss the latest developments for the FCC-ee interaction region layout, which represents one of the key ingredients to establish the feasibility of the FCC-ee. The collider has to achieve extremely high luminosities over a wide range of center-of-mass energies with two or four interaction points. The complex final focus hosted in the detector region has to be carefully designed, and the impact of beam losses and of any type of synchrotron radiation generated in the interaction region, including beamstrahlung, have to be evaluated in detail with simulations. We give an overview of the progress of the whole machine-detector-interface-related studies, among which are the updated mechanical model of the interaction region, the plans for a novel R&D activity of a IR mockup which is just starting, the collimation scheme and evaluation of beam induced backgrounds in the detectors, evaluation of radiation dose in the experimental area, and MDI integration with the detector.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Selected advances in the accelerator design of the Future Circular Electron-Positron Collider (FCC-ee)

In autumn 2023, the FCC Feasibility Study underwent a crucial “mid-term review”. We describe some accelerator performance risks for the proposed future circular electron-positron collider, FCC-ee, identified for, and during, the mid-term review. For the collider rings, these are the collective effects when running on the Z resonance – especially resistive wall, beam-beam, and electron cloud –, the beam lifetime, dynamic aperture, alignment tolerances, and beam-based alignment. For the booster, the primary concern is the vacuum system, with regard to impedance and effects of the residual gas. For the injector, the layout and the linac repetition rate are primary considerations. We discuss the various issues and report the planned mitigations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

FFA BEAM TRANSPORT DEMONSTRATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CEBAF 22 GeV UPGRADE

Jefferson Lab is planning an upgrade of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) to deliver highly polarized electron beams up to 22 GeV using Fixed- Field Alternating-gradient (FFA) magnets. As the application of FFA technology in the 10–22 GeV energy range is unprecedented, experimental validation is required prior to full-scale implementation. To support this effort, a dedicated FFA test insert is proposed within the existing CEBAF infrastructure, with candidate locations in the Beam Switchyard (BSY) dump line or the Hall C beamline. The testbed will consist of a half or full FFA cell using combined-function permanent magnets and will enable systematic studies of beam transport, field quality, alignment, and magnet performance under realistic conditions. Operation with polarized beams in the 5–11 GeV range will closely replicate the energy scaling of the full upgrade. This paper presents the current design status and layout options for the proposed FFA beam transport test line.

Ogur, S. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Fa↗
DOE OSTI2026

Extraction and Injection in the Electron Injector for the Electron-Ion Collider

The electron injector for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) consists of a linear accelerator, a beam accumulation ring, and the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) before the electrons are injected into the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) and collided. Extraction out of the RCS is complicated by limited space and the nominal beam pipe aperture, while injection into the ESR is complicated due to the limitation of kicker strength, so that the kickers will not impact the proton beam in the adjacent Hadron Storage Ring (HSR); additionally, the ESR kickers must also provide enough kick to the stored bunch for the swap-out scheme. This paper covers the injection into and extraction out of the RCS, as well as injection into the ESR, detailing layout, optics, and anticipated parameters of the septa and different kickers.

Deitrick, K. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerato↗
DOE OSTI2026

Linac to BAR/RCS transfer line design for EIC electron injection system

A transfer line has been designed for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) to transport electron bunches from the linac to the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS). In its initial operational stage, the line accommodates 1 nC electron bunches directly from the linac. To support a future upgrade involving a Beam Accumulator Ring (BAR), which will stack individual bunches to form high-charge 28 nC bunches, the design incorporates two switching dipoles enabling injection into and extraction from the BAR. Additionally, a beam dump has been included for operational flexibility and safety. The final segment of the line interfaces with the RCS through a modified Penner bend, preserving beam quality while satisfying geometric constraints. This layout ensures compatibility with both current and future operational modes of the EIC injection system.

Accelerator Physics↗
DOE OSTI2019

Experience With LCLS-II Cryomodule Testing at Fermilab

The Cryomodule Test Stand (CMTS1) at Fermilab has been engaged with testing 8-cavity 1.3 GHz cryomodules designed and assembled for the LCLS-II project at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory since 2016. Over these three years twenty cryomodules have been cooled to 2K and power tested in continuous wave mode on a roughly once per month cycle. Test stand layout and testing procedures are presented together with results from the cryomodules tested to date. Lessons learned and future plans will also be shared.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Improvements to LCLS-II Cryomodule Transportation

The Linear Coherent Light Source (LCLS-II) is currently being constructed at the SLAC National Laboratory. A total of 35 cryomodules will be fabricated at Jefferson Lab (JLab) in Virginia and Fermi National Laboratory (FNAL) in Illinois and transported via road to SLAC. A shipping frame with an inner bed isolated by springs was designed to protect the CMs from shocks and vibrations during shipments. Successful road testing of the JLab prototype paved the way for production CM shipments. The initial production shipments lead to several catastrophic failures in beamline vacuum in the cryomodules. The failures were determined to be due to fatigue in Fundamental Power Coupler (FPC) bellows due to excessive motion during shipment. A series of instrumented CM shipping tests and component tests were undertaken to develop a solution. A modified spring layout was tested and implemented, which reduced shocks on the CMs. FPC coupler bellows restraints were tested on a shaker table and on a CM during shipping; they were able to reduce bellows motion by a factor of three. The updated shipping system is currently in use and has successfully delivered six cryomodules to SLAC from JLab and FNAL.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

PDF Entity Annotation Tool (PEAT)

While different text mining approaches – including the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and other machine based methods - continue to expand at a rapid pace, the tools used by researchers to create the labeled datasets required for training, modeling, and evaluation remain rudimentary. Labeled datasets contain the target attributes the machine is going to learn; for example, training an algorithm to delineate between images of a car or truck would generally require a set of images with a quantitative description of the underlying features of each vehicle type. Development of labeled textual data that can be used to build natural language machine learning models for scientific literature is not currently integrated into existing manual workflows used by domain experts. Published literature is rich with important information, such as different types of embedded text, plots, and tables that can all be used as inputs to train ML/natural language processing (NLP) models, when extracted and prepared in machine readable formats. Currently, both normalized data extraction of use to domain experts and extraction to support development of ML/NLP models are labor intensive and cumbersome manual processes. Automatic extraction of data and information from formats such as PDFs that are optimized for layout and human readability, not machine readability. The PDF (Portable Document Format) Entity Annotation Tool (PEAT) was developed with the goal of allowing users to annotate publications within their current print format, while also allowing those annotations to be captured in a machine-readable format. One of the main issues with traditional annotation tools is that they require transforming the PDF into plain text to facilitate the annotation process. While doing so lessens the technical challenges of annotating data, the user loses all structure and provenance that was inherent in the underlying PDF. Also, textual data extraction from PDFs can be an error prone process. Challenges include identifying sequential blocks of text and a multitude of document formats (multiple columns, font encodings, etc.). As a result of these challenges, using existing tools for development of NLP/ML models directly from PDFs is difficult because the generated outputs are not interoperable. We created a system that allows annotations to be completed on the original PDF document structure, with no plain text extraction. The result is an application that allows for easier and more accurate annotations. In addition, by including a feature that grants the user the ability to easily create a schema, we have developed a system that can be used to annotate text for different domain-centric schemas of relevance to subject matter experts. Different knowledge domains require distinct schemas and annotation tags to support machine learning.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2013

CREST Cost of Renewable Energy Spreadsheet Tool: A Model for Developing Cost-Based Incentives in the United States; User Manual Version 4, August 2009 - March 2011 (Updated July 2013)

The objective of this document is to help model users understand how to use the CREST model to support renewable energy incentives, FITs, and other renewable energy rate-setting processes. This user manual will walk the reader through the spreadsheet tool, including its layout and conventions, offering context on how and why it was created. This user manual will also provide instructions on howto populate the model with inputs that are appropriate for a specific jurisdiction's policymaking objectives and context. Finally, the user manual will describe the results and outline how these results may inform decisions about long-term renewable energy support programs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2013

Disposal Systems Evaluation Framework DSEF User Manual (V.3.0)

The Disposal Systems Evaluation Framework (DSEF) has been developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to formalize and facilitate the development and documentation of repository conceptual design options for a range of waste forms, geologic environments, repository design concepts, and repository operating modes. DSEF is one component of the Engineered Barrier System (EBS) family of work packages at several national laboratories led by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), in support of the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy, specifically of the Used Fuel Disposition (UFD) Campaign within the Office of Used Nuclear Fuel Disposition Research and Development (NE-53). DSEF is a knowledge management system that allows the user to intelligently access and draw data from a case library of hundreds of completed thermal analyses (currently 721 cases in the library), and draw input from databases of material properties and repository development cost data (currently the data in these databases are drawn from more than 100 references). The core functionality of DSEF is provided by a Microsoft Office Excel 2010 workbook with macros and form controls that create a structured environment and walk the user through the steps of creating the input data required to perform disposal system evaluations internally and by interfacing with external programs. The user can choose to work with built-in data from the case library of previous analysis cases, from the material property databases, or can define their own input descriptions and data. DSEF uses the Excel worksheet protection (implemented on a sheet by sheet basis) to prevent inadvertent over-writing of formulas with data. When worksheet protection is enabled, the user can see all underlying formulas, and enter data in unprotected cells (the unprotected cells generally correspond to the yellow highlighted cells). Worksheet protection also prevents restructuring the files (adding or deleting rows or columns) and changing the formatting, as well as preventing access to the Visual Basic Editor to prevent modification of the macros. If the user needs to modify the worksheet structure, formulas, or macros, they can contact LLNL to get the password to unprotect the worksheets. However, care should be taken in making any modifications, since the macros and formulas are dependent in some cases on the current structure, range names, and macro subroutines DSEF is set up to retrieve the results of external thermal analysis program runs, summarize them graphically, and provide a template for adding the new results to the Case Library. The Case Library worksheet in DSEF is set up to create a Case Library data record for each new analysis case, at the top of the list of prior cases. Therefore, a separate DSEF file (with unique name) should be saved for each run that is to be archived. Users should submit a copy of their DSEF files to LLNL so that their results can be added to the overall Case Library and made available to other laboratories and stakeholders. LLNL will maintain the DSEF Case Library and make the most current files available on the SNL SharePoint site. The Revision History sheet documents the file evolution. One of the key objectives of DSEF is to allow the user to compare the results of thermal analyses to the thermal constraints of the design components. These comparisons can then be used to consider design, layout, and operating mode modifications to find combinations that can meet the thermal constraints for a given combination of waste form, geologic medium, surface storage time, and system concept of operation.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2013

L-325 Sagebrush Habitat Mitigation Project: Final Compensation Area Monitoring Report

This document provides a review and status of activities conducted in support of the Fluor Daniel Hanford Company (Fluor), now Mission Support Alliance (MSA), Mitigation Action Plan (MAP) for Project L-325, Electrical Utility Upgrades (2007). Three plantings have been installed on a 4.5-hectare mitigation area to date. This review provides a description and chronology of events, monitoring results, and mitigative actions through fiscal year (FY) 2012. Also provided is a review of the monitoring methods, transect layout, and FY 2012 monitoring activities and results for all planting years. Planting densities and performance criteria stipulated in the MAP were aimed at a desired future condition (DFC) of 10 percent mature sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp wyomingensis) cover. Current recommendations for yielding this DFC are based upon a conceptual model planting of 1000 plants/ha (400/ac) exhibiting a 60-percent survival rate after 5 monitoring years (DOE 2003). Accordingly, a DFC after 5 monitoring years would not be less than 600 plants/ha (240/ac). To date, about 8700 sagebrush plants have been grown and transplanted onto the mitigation site. Harsh site conditions and low seedling survival have resulted in an estimated 489 transplants/ha on the mitigation site, which is 111 plants/ha short of the target DFC. Despite this apparent shortcoming, 71, 91, and 24 percent of the surviving seedlings planted in FY 2007 and FY 2008 and FY 2010, respectively, showed signs of blooming in FY 2012. Blooming status may be a positive indication of future sagebrush recruitment, and is therefore a potential source for reaching the target DFC of 600 plants/ha on this mitigation site over time. Because of the difficulty establishing small transplants on this site, we propose that no additional plantings be considered for this mitigation area and to rely upon the potential recruitment by established seedlings to achieve the mitigation commitment set forth in the MAP of 600 plants/ha.

Habitat↗
DOE OSTI2013

Safeguards Approaches for Black Box Processes or Facilities

The objective of this study is to determine whether a safeguards approach can be developed for “black box” processes or facilities. These are facilities where a State or operator may limit IAEA access to specific processes or portions of a facility; in other cases, the IAEA may be prohibited access to the entire facility. The determination of whether a black box process or facility is safeguardable is dependent upon the details of the process type, design, and layout; the specific limitations on inspector access; and the restrictions placed upon the design information that can be provided to the IAEA. This analysis identified the necessary conditions for safeguardability of black box processes and facilities.

black box↗
DOE OSTI2014

Shallow Water Offshore Wind Optimization for the Great Lakes (DE-FOA-0000415) Final Report: A Conceptual Design for Wind Energy in the Great Lakes

The primary objective of the project was to develop a innovative Gravity Base Foundation (GBF) concepts, including fabrication yards, launching systems and installation equipment, for a 500MW utility scale project in the Great Lakes (Lake Erie). The goal was to lower the LCOE by 25%. The project was the first to investigate an offshore wind project in the Great Lakes and it has furthered the body of knowledge for foundations and installation methods within Lake Erie. The project collected historical geotechnical information for Lake Erie and also used recently obtained data from the LEEDCo Icebreaker Project (FOA DE-EE0005989) geotechnical program to develop the conceptual designs. Using these data-sets, the project developed design wind and wave conditions from actual buoy data in order to develop a concept that would de-risk a project using a GBF. These wind and wave conditions were then utilized to create reference designs for various foundations specific to installation in Lake Erie. A project partner on the project (Weeks Marine) provided input for construction and costing the GBF fabrication and installation. By having a marine contractor with experience with large marine projects as part of the team provides credibility to the LCOE developed by NREL. NREL then utilized the design and construction costing information as part of the LCOE model. The report summarizes the findings of the project; Developed a cost model and “baseline” LCOE; Documented Site Conditions within Lake Erie; Developed Fabrication, Installation and Foundations Innovative Concept Designs; Evaluated LCOE Impact of Innovations; Developed Assembly line “Rail System” for GBF Construction and Staging; Developed Transit-Inspired Foundation Designs which incorporated: Semi-Floating Transit with Supplemental Pontoons Barge mounted Winch System; Developed GBF with “Penetration Skirt”; Developed Integrated GBF with Turbine Tower; Developed Turbine, Plant Layout and O&M Strategies. The report details lowering LCOE by 22.3% and identified additional strategies that could further lower LCOE when building an utility scale wind farm in the Great Lakes.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

A Computuerized Operator Support System Prototype

A report was published by the Idaho National Laboratory in September of 2012, entitled Design to Achieve Fault Tolerance and Resilience, which described the benefits of automating operator actions for transients. The report identified situations in which providing additional automation in lieu of operator actions would be advantageous. It recognized that managing certain plant upsets is sometimes limited by the operator’s ability to quickly diagnose the fault and to take the needed actions in the time available. Undoubtedly, technology is underutilized in the nuclear power industry for operator assistance during plant faults and operating transients. In contrast, other industry sectors have amply demonstrated that various forms of operator advisory systems can enhance operator performance while maintaining the role and responsibility of the operator as the independent and ultimate decision-maker. A computerized operator support system (COSS) is proposed for use in nuclear power plants to assist control room operators in addressing time-critical plant upsets. A COSS is a collection of technologies to assist operators in monitoring overall plant performance and making timely, informed decisions on appropriate control actions for the projected plant condition. The COSS does not supplant the role of the operator, but rather provides rapid assessments, computations, and recommendations to reduce workload and augment operator judgment and decision-making during fast-moving, complex events. This project proposes a general model for a control room COSS that addresses a sequence of general tasks required to manage any plant upset: detection, validation, diagnosis, recommendation, monitoring, and recovery. The model serves as a framework for assembling a set of technologies that can be interrelated to assist with each of these tasks. A prototype COSS has been developed in order to demonstrate the concept and provide a test bed for further research. The prototype is based on four underlying elements consisting of a digital alarm system, computer-based procedures, PI&D system representations, and a recommender module for mitigation actions. At this point, the prototype simulates an interface to a sensor validation module and a fault diagnosis module. These two modules will be fully integrated in the next version of the prototype. The initial version of the prototype is now operational at the Idaho National Laboratory using the U.S. Department of Energy’s Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Human Systems Simulation Laboratory (HSSL). The HSSL is a full-scope, full-scale glass top simulator capable of simulating existing and future nuclear power plant main control rooms. The COSS is interfaced to the Generic Pressurized Water Reactor (gPWR) simulator with industry-typical control board layouts. The glass top panels display realistic images of the control boards that can be operated by touch gestures. A section of the simulated control board was dedicated to the COSS human-system interface (HSI), which resulted in a seamless integration of the COSS into the normal control room environment.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2013

A Computuerized Operator Support System Prototype

A report was published by the Idaho National Laboratory in September of 2012, entitled Design to Achieve Fault Tolerance and Resilience, which described the benefits of automating operator actions for transients. The report identified situations in which providing additional automation in lieu of operator actions would be advantageous. It recognized that managing certain plant upsets is sometimes limited by the operator’s ability to quickly diagnose the fault and to take the needed actions in the time available. Undoubtedly, technology is underutilized in the nuclear power industry for operator assistance during plant faults and operating transients. In contrast, other industry sectors have amply demonstrated that various forms of operator advisory systems can enhance operator performance while maintaining the role and responsibility of the operator as the independent and ultimate decision-maker. A computerized operator support system (COSS) is proposed for use in nuclear power plants to assist control room operators in addressing time-critical plant upsets. A COSS is a collection of technologies to assist operators in monitoring overall plant performance and making timely, informed decisions on appropriate control actions for the projected plant condition. The COSS does not supplant the role of the operator, but rather provides rapid assessments, computations, and recommendations to reduce workload and augment operator judgment and decision-making during fast-moving, complex events. This project proposes a general model for a control room COSS that addresses a sequence of general tasks required to manage any plant upset: detection, validation, diagnosis, recommendation, monitoring, and recovery. The model serves as a framework for assembling a set of technologies that can be interrelated to assist with each of these tasks. A prototype COSS has been developed in order to demonstrate the concept and provide a test bed for further research. The prototype is based on four underlying elements consisting of a digital alarm system, computer-based procedures, PI&D system representations, and a recommender module for mitigation actions. At this point, the prototype simulates an interface to a sensor validation module and a fault diagnosis module. These two modules will be fully integrated in the next version of the prototype. The initial version of the prototype is now operational at the Idaho National Laboratory using the U.S. Department of Energy’s Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Human Systems Simulation Laboratory (HSSL). The HSSL is a full-scope, full-scale glass top simulator capable of simulating existing and future nuclear power plant main control rooms. The COSS is interfaced to the Generic Pressurized Water Reactor (gPWR) simulator with industry-typical control board layouts. The glass top panels display realistic images of the control boards that can be operated by touch gestures. A section of the simulated control board was dedicated to the COSS human-system interface (HSI), which resulted in a seamless integration of the COSS into the normal control room environment.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2014

DARHT Axis II Magnet Models

There are known errors in the magnetic fields used to model the Axis II accelerator in the optics codes, XTR and LAMDA. These are due to the changes in the cell geometry and the proximity of the Metglas cores to the magnet coils. These were initially investigated by Houck [1] prior to the design change which resulted in adding 1.0 inch to the length of the accelerator cells. The interaction with the Metglas results in a shift and asymmetry in the magnetic field in addition to some field enhancement. Magnet models for the DARHT Axis II accelerator magnets were developed prior to modifications of the cells to improve the voltage standoff. New models have been developed representing the present cell configuration. The original and extended intercell magnets have also been modeled in the presence of nearby cells. Prior models did not consider the effect of the Metglas in the nearby cells for the extended intercell magnets. The resulting magnet models differ slightly from the original models. All magnet models were made on the basis of the nominal accelerator cell layout. The actual positions of each cell will vary from this nominal position. In addition, there is evidence that every time maintenance (cell cleaning and/or replacement) is performed on the accelerator, the location and alignment of the accelerator solenoids will shift.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Damsel: A Data Model Storage Library for Exascale Science

Computational science applications have been described as having one of seven motifs (the “seven dwarfs”), each having a particular pattern of computation and communication. From a storage and I/O perspective, these applications can also be grouped into a number of data model motifs describing the way data is organized and accessed during simulation, analysis, and visualization. Major storage data models developed in the 1990s, such as Network Common Data Format (netCDF) and Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) projects, created support for more complex data models. Development of both netCDF and HDF5 was influenced by multi-dimensional dataset storage requirements, but their access models and formats were designed with sequential storage in mind (e.g., a POSIX I/O model). Although these and other high-level I/O libraries have had a beneficial impact on large parallel applications, they do not always attain a high percentage of peak I/O performance due to fundamental design limitations, and they do not address the full range of current and future computational science data models. The goal of this project is to enable exascale computational science applications to interact conveniently and efficiently with storage through abstractions that match their data models. The project consists of three major activities: (1) identifying major data model motifs in computational science applications and developing representative benchmarks; (2) developing a data model storage library, called Damsel, that supports these motifs, provides efficient storage data layouts, incorporates optimizations to enable exascale operation, and is tolerant to failures; and (3) productizing Damsel and working with computational scientists to encourage adoption of this library by the scientific community. The product of this project, Damsel library, is openly available for download from http://cucis.ece.northwestern.edu/projects/DAMSEL. Several case studies and application programming interface reference are also available to assist new users to learn to use the library.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Damsel - A Data Model Storage Library for Exascale Science

The goal of this project is to enable exascale computational science applications to interact conveniently and efficiently with storage through abstractions that match their data models. We will accomplish this through three major activities: (1) identifying major data model motifs in computational science applications and developing representative benchmarks; (2) developing a data model storage library, called Damsel, that supports these motifs, provides efficient storage data layouts, incorporates optimizations to enable exascale operation, and is tolerant to failures; and (3) productizing Damsel and working with computational scientists to encourage adoption of this library by the scientific community.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗