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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 901 records · Page 50
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Tungsten-encapsulated gadolinium nanoislands with enhanced magnetocaloric response

Here, we report a method for growing chemically pure, oxide-free, air-stable Gd nanoislands with enhanced magnetic properties. These nanoislands are grown by solid-state dewetting and are fully encapsulated in tungsten such that they remain stable in ambient environments. They display good crystalline properties with hexagonally close-packed crystal structure and strong preferential orientation. We show that the choice of substrate strongly affects their shape, crystal orientation, and magnetic properties. The temperature-dependent magnetic coercivity and remanence of the Gd islands can vary by as much as a factor of three depending on the substrate used. The magneto- caloric properties of Gd islands grown on a sapphire substrate exceed those of high-quality Gd thin films.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Synthesis and characterizations of (In{sub 0.90}Sn{sub 0.05}Ni{sub 0.05}){sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoparticles using solid state reaction method

ITO (In{sub 0.95}Sn{sub 0.05}){sub 2}O{sub 3} and Ni doped ITO (In{sub 0.90}Sn{sub 0.05}Ni{sub 0.05}){sub 2}O{sub 3} nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by solid state reaction method and subjected to study their structural, optical and magnetic properties. The NPs had a size distribution in the range of 40 nm and were identified as the bcc cubic In{sub 2}O{sub 3} by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Optical properties of the samples were studies using UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. Magnetic measurements were carried out at room temperature and at 100 K using vibrating sample magnetometer and found that the ITO nanoparticles were ferromagnetic in nature at room temperature. The strength of the magnetization decreased in ITO nanoparticles when the magnetic measurements carried out at 100 K.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Strain-Dependent Electronic and Magnetic of Mg-Doped Monolayer of WS{sub 2}

Magnetic properties of Mg-doped WS{sub 2} monolayer under strain are investigated by ab initio methods. Without strain, the Mg-doped WS{sub 2} monolayer is a magnetic nano material and the total magnetic moment is about 1.68 μ{sub B}. We applied strain to Mg-doped WS{sub 2} monolayer from −10 to 10%. The system changes from semiconductor to half-metallic material from 3 to 10% strain. The magnetic moment gets a maximum value of 2.07 μ{sub B} at −3% compressive strain. However, the magnetic moment of system decreases to zero sharply when compressive strain arrived at −5%. The coupling among the 3s states of Mg, 5d states of W, and 3p states of S is responsible for the strong strain effect on the magnetic properties. Our studies predict Mg-doped WS{sub 2} monolayer under strain to be candidates for application in spintronics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Magnetoelectric Composites: Applications, Coupling Mechanisms, and Future Directions

Multiferroic (MF)-magnetoelectric (ME) composites, which integrate magnetic and ferroelectric materials, exhibit a higher operational temperature (above room temperature) and superior (several orders of magnitude) ME coupling when compared to single-phase multiferroic materials. Room temperature control and the switching of magnetic properties via an electric field and electrical properties by a magnetic field has motivated research towards the goal of realizing ultralow power and multifunctional nano (micro) electronic devices. Here, some of the leading applications for magnetoelectric composites are reviewed, and the mechanisms and nature of ME coupling in artificial composite systems are discussed. Ways to enhance the ME coupling and other physical properties are also demonstrated. Finally, emphasis is given to the important open questions and future directions in this field, where new breakthroughs could have a significant impact in transforming scientific discoveries to practical device applications, which can be well-controlled both magnetically and electrically.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

A combined first principles study of the structural, magnetic, and phonon properties of monolayer CrI3

The first magnetic 2D material discovered, monolayer (ML) CrI3, is particularly fascinating due to its ground state ferromagnetism. However, because ML materials are difficult to probe experimentally, much remains unresolved about ML CrI3’s structural, electronic, and magnetic properties. Here, we leverage Density Functional Theory (DFT) and high-accuracy Diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) simulations to predict lattice parameters, magnetic moments, and spin–phonon and spin–lattice coupling of ML CrI3. We exploit a recently developed surrogate Hessian DMC line search technique to determine CrI3’s ML geometry with DMC accuracy, yielding lattice parameters in good agreement with recently published STM measurements—an accomplishment given the ~10% variability in previous DFT-derived estimates depending upon the functional. Strikingly, we find that previous DFT predictions of ML CrI3’s magnetic spin moments are correct on average across a unit cell but miss critical local spatial fluctuations in the spin density revealed by more accurate DMC. DMC predicts that magnetic moments in ML CrI3 are 3.62 μB per chromium and -0.145 μB per iodine, both larger than previous DFT predictions. The large disparate moments together with the large spin–orbit coupling of CrI3’s I-p orbital suggest a ligand superexchange-dominated magnetic anisotropy in ML CrI3, corroborating recent observations of magnons in its 2D limit. We also find that ML CrI3 exhibits a substantial spin–phonon coupling of ~3.32 cm-1. Our work, thus, establishes many of ML CrI3’s key properties, while also continuing to demonstrate the pivotal role that DMC can assume in the study of magnetic and other 2D materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Significance of the structural configuration of B2 disorder in Co and Ti based Heusler alloys

We investigate here structural (at local and global levels) and transport properties for 𝑋 2 ⁢MnAl (𝑋= Co and Ti). Additionally, the magnetic properties were also studied for Ti 2 ⁢MnAl. Our x-ray diffraction results show that both the compounds stabilize in B2 disordered phase with cubic structure of 𝑃⁢𝑚⁢$\overline{3}$⁢𝑚 space group. Further, the structural configuration of the above disordered phase for both the compounds was identified using combined studies of x-ray absorption spectroscopy and multiple scattering calculations at the transition metal 𝐾 edges. Upon such identification, in the case of Co 2 ⁢Mn 1−𝑦⁢ Cr 𝑦 ⁢Al (𝑦= 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2) with change in 𝑦, we are able to establish a better connection quantitatively between the inverse of Mn-Co bonds and peak in the temperature-dependent resistivity. This highlights the crucial importance of a detailed understanding of the nature of B2 disorder. In the case of 𝑦=0, in the temperature range of study, the resistivity is driven by the functional form associated with (a) three-dimensional enhanced electron-electron Coulomb interaction scattering mechanism and (b) an unconventional one-magnon process. For Ti 2 ⁢MnAl, the transport shows metallic glasslike behavior at high temperature, while at low temperature it follows both the Cote-Meisel's model and quantum correction model. In this compound, the magnetic studies suggest the formation of superparamagnetic clusters in the paramagnetic matrix at low temperatures. Our density functional theory results are in line with the transport and magnetic properties. In literature, the spin polarization percentage (𝑃) for 𝑋= Co in B2 disordered phase is 76%. However, the present results emphasize the fact that in B2 disordered phase, the value of 𝑃 can range from 90% to 71% depending on the structural configuration introduced by swapping of the atomic positions of Mn and Al. For the compound under study, the value of percentage spin polarization obtained ranges between 82% to 85%. In addition, we also identify the origin of the difference in the shape of the Mn 3⁢𝑑 density of states for both the alloys. In conclusion, our results for 𝑋= Co alloy highlights the importance of identifying the specific structural configuration associated with a particular disorder category especially in the estimation of 𝑇 𝑐 and 𝑃 and for 𝑋= Ti, the physical properties can be tuned by varying the position of 𝐸 𝐹 and thereby its utilization in device applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Structural and Electronic Effects on the Properties of Fe 2 (dobdc) upon Oxidation with N 2 O

Here, we report electronic, vibrational, and magnetic properties, together with their structural dependences, for the metal–organic framework Fe 2 (dobdc) (dobdc 4 – = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) and its derivatives, Fe 2 (O) 2 (dobdc) and Fe 2 (OH) 2 (dobdc)—species arising in the previously proposed mechanism for the oxidation of ethane to ethanol using N 2 O as an oxidant. Magnetic susceptibility measurements reported for Fe 2 (dobdc) in an earlier study and reported in the current study for Fe II 0.26 [Fe III (OH)] 1.74 (dobdc)(DMF) 0.15 (THF) 0.22 , which is more simply referred to as Fe 2 (OH) 2 (dobdc), were used to confirm the computational results. Theory was also compared to experiment for infrared spectra and X-ray powder diffraction structures. Structural and magnetic properties were computed by using Kohn-Sham density functional theory both with periodic boundary conditions and with cluster models. In addition, we studied the effects of different treatments of the exchange interactions on the magnetic coupling parameters by comparing several approaches to the exchange-correlation functional: generalized gradient approximation (GGA), GGA with empirical Coulomb and exchange integrals for 3d electrons (the GGA+U method), nonseparable gradient approximation with empirical Coulomb and exchange integrals for 3d electrons (GAM+U), hybrid GGA, meta-GGA, and hybrid meta- GGA. We found the coupling between the metal centers to be ferromagnetic in the case of Fe 2 (dobdc) and antiferromagnetic in the cases of Fe 2 (O) 2 (dobdc) and Fe 2 (OH) 2 (dobdc). The shift in magnetic coupling behavior correlates with the changing electronic structure of the framework, which derives from both structural and electronic changes that occur upon metal oxidation and addition of the charge-balancing oxo and hydroxo ligands.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

The role of nonmagnetic d{sup 0} vs. d{sup 10}B-type cations on the magnetic exchange interactions in osmium double perovskites

Polycrystalline samples of double perovskites Ba{sub 2}BOsO{sub 6} (B=Sc, Y, In) were synthesized by solid state reactions. They adopt the cubic double perovskite structures (space group, Fm-3m) with ordered B and Os arrangements. Ba{sub 2}BOsO{sub 6} (B=Sc, Y, In) show antiferromagnetic transitions at 93 K, 69 K, and 28 K, respectively. The Weiss-temperatures are −590 K for Ba{sub 2}ScOsO{sub 6}, −571 K for Ba{sub 2}YOsO{sub 6}, and −155 K for Ba{sub 2}InOsO{sub 6}. Sc{sup 3+} and Y{sup 3+} have the open-shell d{sup 0} electronic configuration, while In{sup 3+} has the closed-shell d{sup 10}. This indicates that a d{sup 0} B-type cation induces stronger overall magnetic exchange interactions in comparison to a d{sup 10}. Comparison of Ba{sub 2}BOsO{sub 6} (B=Sc, Y, In) to their Sr and Ca analogues shows that the structural distortions weaken the overall magnetic exchange interactions. - Graphical abstract: Magnetic properties of osmium double perovskites Ba{sub 2}BOsO{sub 6} (B=Sc, Y, In) were studied. Comparison of Ba{sub 2}BOsO{sub 6}indicates that a d{sup 0} B-type cation induces stronger overall magnetic exchange interactions in comparison to a d{sup 10}. - Highlights: • Magnetic properties of double perovskites Ba{sub 2}BOsO{sub 6} (B=Sc, Y, In) were studied. • A d{sup 0}B-type cation induces stronger magnetic interactions than a d{sup 10}. • Structural distortions weaken the overall Os{sup 5+}-Os{sup 5+} magnetic interactions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

The impact of chemical doping on the magnetic state of the Sr{sub 2}YRuO{sub 6} double perovskite

The impact of chemical doping of the type Sr{sub 2−x}A{sub x}YRuO{sub 6} (A=Ca, Ba) on the low temperature magnetic properties of Sr{sub 2}YRuO{sub 6}, probed using variable temperature magnetic susceptibility, neutron diffraction and heat capacity measurements, are described. Specific-heat measurements of un-doped Sr{sub 2}YRuO{sub 6} reveal two features at ∼26 and ∼30 K. Neutron scattering measurements at these temperatures are consistent with a change from a 2D ordered state to the 3D type 1 AFM state. Magnetic and structural studies of a number of doped oxides are described that highlight the unique low temperature behavior of Sr{sub 2}YRuO{sub 6} and demonstrate that doping destabilizes the intermediate 2D ordered state. - Graphical abstract: Neutron diffraction measurements of the ordered double perovskite Sr{sub 2}YRuO{sub 6}reveal a with a change from a 2D ordered state to the 3D type 1 AFM state upon cooling. The impact of chemical doping Sr{sub 2−x}A{sub x}YRuO{sub 6} (A=Ca, Ba) on the low temperature magnetic properties have also been investigated and these highlight the unique low temperature behavior of Sr{sub 2}YRuO{sub 6} with doping destabilizing the intermediate 2D ordered state. - Highlights: • Crystal and Magnetic Structure of Sr{sub 2}YRuO{sub 3} was studied using Neutron Diffraction. • Effect of doping on the magnetic ground state established. • Origin of two low temperature transitions discussed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Magnetic Features of Boron Doping on Hf{sub 2}Co{sub 11} Thin Films

The effect of boron (B) doping on the structural and magnetic properties is studied systematically in the Hf{sub 2}Co{sub 11} thin films. The modified crystal microstructure and annealing process enhanced the coercive field up to 1754 Oe. In order to obtain superior magnetic properties, the optimum doping ratios should be properly controlled attentively. To identify the structure, B-doped Hf{sub 2}Co{sub 11} thin films were investigated by temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction analysis for the first time. The hard magnetic phase of Hf{sub 2}Co{sub 11}B{sub x} thin films was formed to orthorhombic phase with some Co impurities and had a crystallization temperature around 823 K.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Relevance of 4f-3d exchange to finite-temperature magnetism of rare-earth permanent magnets: An ab-initio-based spin model approach for NdFe{sub 12}N

A classical spin model derived ab initio for rare-earth-based permanent magnet compounds is presented. Our target compound, NdFe{sub 12}N, is a material that goes beyond today's champion magnet compound Nd{sub 2}Fe{sub 14}B in its intrinsic magnetic properties with a simpler crystal structure. Calculated temperature dependence of the magnetization and the anisotropy field agrees with the latest experimental results in the leading order. Having put the realistic observables under our numerical control, we propose that engineering 5d-electron-mediated indirect exchange coupling between 4f-electrons in Nd and 3d-electrons from Fe would most critically help enhance the material's utility over the operation-temperature range.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Surface passivation of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles with Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} via atomic layer deposition in a rotating fluidized bed reactor

Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}) nanoparticles have shown great promise in many magnetic-related applications such as magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia treatment, and targeted drug delivery. Nevertheless, these nanoparticles are vulnerable to oxidation and magnetization loss under ambient conditions, and passivation is usually required for practical applications. In this work, a home-built rotating fluidized bed (RFB) atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactor was employed to form dense and uniform nanoscale Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} passivation layers on Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles. The RFB reactor facilitated the precursor diffusion in the particle bed and intensified the dynamic dismantling of soft agglomerates, exposing every surface reactive site to precursor gases. With the aid of in situ mass spectroscopy, it was found that a thicker fluidization bed formed by larger amount of particles increased the residence time of precursors. The prolonged residence time allowed more thorough interactions between the particle surfaces and the precursor gas, resulting in an improvement of the precursor utilization from 78% to nearly 100%, even under a high precursor feeding rate. Uniform passivation layers around the magnetic cores were demonstrated by both transmission electron microscopy and the statistical analysis of Al mass concentrations. Individual particles were coated instead of the soft agglomerates, as was validated by the specific surface area analysis and particle size distribution. The results of thermogravimetric analysis suggested that 5 nm-thick ultrathin Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} coatings could effectively protect the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles from oxidation. The x-ray diffraction patterns also showed that the magnetic core crystallinity of such passivated nanoparticles could be well preserved under accelerated oxidation conditions. The precise thickness control via ALD maintained the saturation magnetization at 66.7 emu/g with a 5 nm-thick Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} passivation layer. This good preservation of the magnetic properties with superior oxidation resistance will be beneficial for practical magnetic-based applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Electric machine stator lamination with dual phase magnetic material

A stator lamination for an electric machine has a circular lamination with an annular bore therethrough; winding slots therethrough; and, slot closures disposed adjacent to the winding slots. The stator lamination is formed of a dual magnetic phase material, such that the magnetic property of the lamination can have a first state and a magnetic property in a second state, wherein the second state is different than the first state. The slot closures regions are treated so as to transition to the second state. A method of manufacturing an electric machine component is also disclosed.

Galioto, Steven Joseph↗
DOE OSTI2024

Coercive Fields Exceeding 30 T in the Mixed-Valence Single-Molecule Magnet (Cp iPr5 ) 2 Ho 2 I 3

Mixed-valence dilanthanide complexes of the type (Cp iPr5 ) 2 Ln 2 I 3 (Cp iPr5 = pentaisopropylcyclopentadienyl; Ln = Gd, Tb, Dy) featuring a direct Ln–Ln σ-bonding interaction have been shown to exhibit well-isolated high-spin ground states and, in the case of the Tb and Dy variants, a strong axial magnetic anisotropy that gives rise to a large magnetic coercivity. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of two new mixed-valence dilanthanide compounds in this series, (Cp iPr5 ) 2 Ln 2 I 3 (1-Ln; Ln = Ho, Er). Both compounds feature a Ln–Ln bonding interaction, the first such interaction in any molecular compounds of Ho or Er. Like the Tb and Dy congeners, both complexes exhibit high-spin ground states arising from strong spin–spin coupling between the lanthanide 4f electrons and a single σ-type lanthanide–lanthanide bonding electron. Beyond these similarities, however, the magnetic properties of the two compounds diverge. In particular, 1-Er does not exhibit observable magnetic blocking or slow magnetic relaxation, while 1-Ho exhibits magnetic blocking below 28 K, which is the highest temperature among Ho-based single-molecule magnets, and a spin reversal barrier of 556(4) cm –1 . Additionally, variable-field magnetization data collected for 1-Ho reveal a coercive field of greater than 32 T below 8 K, more than 6-fold higher than observed for the bulk magnets SmCo 5 and Nd 2 Fe 14 B, and the highest coercive field reported to date for any single-molecule magnet or molecule-based magnetic material. Multiconfigurational calculations, supported by far-infrared magnetospectroscopy data, reveal that the stark differences in magnetic properties of 1-Ho and 1-Er arise from differences in the local magnetic anisotropy of the lanthanide centers.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Atomic-scale Imaging of Magnetic and Electronic Orders in Complex Oxides (Final Technical Report)

This research project aimed to expand spin‐polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP‐STM) imaging to complex quantum materials, initially focusing on uncovering the magnetic structure of doped Iridium‐based oxides (iridates) with subatomic precision. Chemical doping of complex oxides has led to exciting discoveries over the past few decades, such as high-temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. However, the process of chemical doping is often accompanied by spatial inhomogeneity, characterized by nanometer-scale variations in electronic and/or magnetic properties of the material. SP-STM can in principle be used to image magnetic properties, but SP-STM has historically been applied primarily to relatively simple magnetic materials and nanostructures. The main objectives of this project included: (1) visualizing the evolution of magnetism in iridates, as a function of charge carrier doping, temperature and energy, (2) elucidating the relationship between the inhomogeneous electronic structure and magnetism at the nanoscale, and (3) searching for signatures of new magnetic phases in iridates and other quantum materials. Advanced STM and SP-STM imaging was also applied to select kagome metals and superconductors. The comprehensive experimental approach developed in this project provided a foundation to study quantum materials in which spin, charge and orbital degrees of freedom intertwine to create new states of matter.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

The role of faceting and elongation on the magnetic anisotropy of magnetite Fe3O4 nanocrystals

Abstract Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles are one of the most promising candidates for biomedical applications such as magnetic hyperthermia and theranostics due to their bio-compatibility, structural stability and good magnetic properties. However, much is unknown about the nanoscale origins of the observed magnetic properties of particles due to the dominance of surface and finite size effects. Here we have developed an atomistic spin model of elongated magnetite nanocrystals to specifically address the role of faceting and elongation on the magnetic shape anisotropy. We find that for faceted particles simple analytical formulae overestimate the magnetic shape anisotropy and that the underlying cubic anisotropy makes a significant contribution to the energy barrier for moderately elongated particles. Our results enable a better estimation of the effective magnetic anisotropy of highly crystalline magnetite nanoparticles and is a step towards quantitative prediction of the heating effects of magnetic nanoparticles.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Crystal Growth of Quaternary Rare Earth Selenosilicates by Using the Flux-Assisted Boron Chalcogen Mixture Method: Investigation of Their Magnetic and Optical Properties

A series of rare earth magnesium selenosilicates, RE3Mg 0.5 SiSe 7 (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy) were obtained as single crystal using the flux assisted boron chalcogen mixture (BCM) method. The structures of the crystals were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The RE3Mg 0.5 SiSe 7 series crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system in the space group P6 3 . Polycrystalline powders were synthesized to perform physical property measurements. Magnetic measurements over the 2–300 K temperature range reveal that Ce 3 Mg 0.5 SiSe 7 and Gd 3 Mg 0.5 SiSe 7 exhibit paramagnetic behavior with negative Weiss constants (θ W = −14.50, θ W = −6.13 K, respectively). The optical properties of RE 3 Mg 0.5 SiSe 7 (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) were measured by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) diffuse reflectance. Density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure calculations were performed. Furthermore, a second harmonic generation measurement was performed on a polycrystalline powder of Ce 3 Mg 0.5 SiSe 7 and was found to be SHG active with an efficiency of 0.11 times the standard potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Room-temperature in-plane ferromagnetism in Co-substituted Fe 5 GeTe 2 investigated by magnetic x-ray spectroscopy and microscopy

The exploration of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals ferromagnets has revealed intriguing magnetic properties with significant potential for spintronics applications. In this study, we examine the magnetic properties of Co-doped Fe 5 GeTe 2 using x-ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), complemented by density functional theory calculations. Our XPEEM measurements reveal that the Curie temperature (T c ) of a bilayer of (Co x Fe 1-x ) 5-δ GeTe 2 (with x = 0.28) reaches ∼300 K—a notable enhancement over most 2D ferromagnets in the ultrathin limit. Interestingly, the T c shows only a small dependence on film thickness (bulk T c ≈ 340 K), in line with the observed in-plane (IP) magnetic anisotropy and robust IP exchange coupling. XMCD measurements indicate that the spin moments for both Fe and Co are significantly reduced compared to the theoretical values. These insights highlight the potential of Co-doped Fe 5 GeTe 2 for stable, high-temperature ferromagnetic applications in 2D materials.

(Co0.28Fe0.72)5GeTe2↗