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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 901 records · Page 50
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DOE OSTI2012

X-ray imaging crystal spectroscopy for use in plasma transport research

This research describes advancements in the spectral analysis and error propagation techniques associated with x-ray imaging crystal spectroscopy (XICS) that have enabled this diagnostic to be used to accurately constrain particle, momentum, and heat transport studies in a tokamak for the first time. Doppler tomography techniques have been extended to include propagation of statistical uncertainty due to photon noise, the effect of non-uniform instrumental broadening as well as flux surface variations in impurity density. These methods have been deployed as a suite of modeling and analysis tools, written in interactive data language (IDL) and designed for general use on tokamaks. Its application to the Alcator C-Mod XICS is discussed, along with novel spectral and spatial calibration techniques. Example ion temperature and radial electric field profiles from recent I-mode plasmas are shown, and the impact of poloidally asymmetric impurity density and natural line broadening is discussed in the context of the planned ITER x-ray crystal spectrometer.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Potential Impact of Cladding Wettability on LWR Transient Progression

The US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) Advanced Fuels Campaign (AFC) is working closely with the nuclear industry to develop fuel and cladding candidates with potentially enhanced accident tolerance. This type of fuel is also known as accident tolerant fuel (ATF). Two promising cladding material candidates with potentially enhanced accident tolerance are silicon carbide (SiC) and an iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloy. The FeCrAl alloy features significantly enhanced oxidation resistance versus the Zr-based alloys currently used in state-of-the-art light water reactors (LWRs). Thermal-fluid characteristics are a vital element of a holistic engineering evaluation of ATF concepts. One characteristic related to boiling heat transfer is the critical heat flux (CHF). At CHF, the efficacy of heat transfer rapidly degrades and components can heat up rapidly. CHF is the heat flux at which the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) occurs in PWRs. DNB is directly relevant to the departure from nuclear boiling ratio (DNBR), which is the ratio between the critical heat flux and the actual heat flux. Surface wettability is an important factor that influences CHF. CHF plays a significant role in determining safety margins during normal operation and also in the progression of potential transient or accident scenarios. Significant changes in CHF properties and boiling heat transfer characteristics will impact the progression of transient and accident events and reactor safety characteristics. Additionally, the behavior of the candidate cladding materials post-CHF impacts reactor safety. A brief description of the relationship between cladding material properties and CHF is provided, followed by an analysis of two hypothetical transient scenarios: a super-prompt reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) and an anticipated transient without scram with instability (ATWS-I). The analysis illustrates the potential impact of cladding material properties on safety margins via direct alteration of calculated CHF values. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of bulk and (1 1 1)-surfaces of CoMnZnSi quaternary Heusler alloy

The structural stability, electronic structure, and magnetic and optical properties of CoMnZnSi quaternary Heusler alloy (QHA) in the bulk and (1 1 1)-slab forms have been investigated by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Formation and cohesive energies, and elastic constants confirm that the bulk CoMnZnSi is chemically and mechanically stable at an equilibrium lattice parameter of 5.81 Å. The calculated elastic constants also indicate that this QHA has ductile and anisotropic features. We investigate and discuss the bonding behavior from charge density distribution and density of states. Furthermore, these calculations in the bulk phase show a perfect half-metallic behavior with an integer value of magnetic moment (4 µB) and a large spin-flip gap of 0.39 eV. On the other hand, the Co (1 1 1) and Si (1 1 1)-slabs exhibit semi-metallic nature at the Fermi level. These results indicate that CoMnZnSi qualifies for spintronic applications. In the bulk and Co (1 1 1), Zn (1 1 1), and Si (1 1 1)-surfaces, the magnetic moment of Co and Mn atoms are ferromagnetically aligned, while the ferrimagnetic alignment of Co with Mn has been found in Mn (1 1 1)-surface. We also investigate the optimal conductivity, dielectric functions, reflectivity, absorption coefficient, refractive index, and loss function to understand the underlying optical properties of this alloy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

On the toroidal plasma rotations induced by lower hybrid waves

A theoretical model is developed to explain the plasma rotations induced by lower hybrid waves in Alcator C-Mod. In this model, torodial rotations are driven by the Lorentz force on the bulk-electron flow across flux surfaces, which is a response of the plasma to the resonant-electron flow across flux surfaces induced by the lower hybrid waves. The flow across flux surfaces of the resonant electrons and the bulk electrons are coupled through the radial electric field initiated by the resonant electrons, and the friction between ions and electrons transfers the toroidal momentum to ions from electrons. An improved quasilinear theory with gyrophase dependent distribution function is developed to calculate the perpendicular resonant-electron flow. Toroidal rotations are determined using a set of fluid equations for bulk electrons and ions, which are solved numerically by a finite-difference method. Numerical results agree well with the experimental observations in terms of flow profile and amplitude. The model explains the strong correlation between torodial flow and internal inductance observed experimentally, and predicts both counter-current and co-current flows, depending on the perpendicular wave vectors of the lower hybrid waves.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Hydrogen transport diagnostics by atomic and molecular emission line profiles simultaneously measured for large helical device

We observe the Balmer-{alpha}, -{beta}, and -{gamma} lines of hydrogen atoms and Q branches of the Fulcher-{alpha} band of hydrogen molecules simultaneously with their polarization resolved for large helical device. From the fit including the line splits and the polarization dependences by the Zeeman effect, the emission locations, intensities, and the temperatures of the atoms and molecules are determined. The emission locations of the hydrogen atoms are determined outside but close to the last closed flux surface (LCFS). The results are consistent with a previous work (Phys. Plasmas 12, 042501 (2005)). On the other hand, the emission locations of the molecules are determined to be in the divertor legs, which is farer from those of the atoms. The kinetic energy of the atoms is 1 {approx} 20 eV, while the rotational temperature of molecules is {approx}0.04 eV. Additionally, substantial wings, which originate from high velocity atoms and are not reproduced by the conventional spectral analysis, are observed in the Balmer line profiles. We develop a one-dimensional model to simulate the transport of the atoms and molecules. The model reproduces the differences of the emission locations of the atoms and molecules when their initial temperatures are assumed to be 3 eV and 0.04 eV, respectively. From the model, the wings of the Balmer-{alpha} line is attributed to the high velocity atoms exist deep inside the LCFS, which are generated by the charge exchange collisions with hot protons there.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Heat flux and plasma flow in the far scrape-off layer of the inboard poloidal field null configuration in QUEST

Heat flux and plasma flow in the scrape-off layer (SOL) are examined for the inboard poloidal field null (IPN) configuration of the spherical tokamak QUEST. In the plasma current (I{sub p}) ramp-up phase, high heat flux (>1 MW/m{sup 2}) and supersonic flow (Mach number M > 1) are found to be present simultaneously in the far-SOL. The heat flux is generated by energetic electrons excursed from the last closed flux surface. Supersonic flows in the poloidal and toroidal directions are correlated with each other. In the quasi-steady state, sawtooth-like oscillation of I{sub p} at 20 Hz is observed. Heat flux and subsonic plasma flow in the far-SOL are modified corresponding to the I{sub p}-oscillation. The heat flow caused by motion of energetic electrons and the bulk-particle transport to the far-SOL is enhanced during the low-I{sub p} phase. Modification of plasma flow in the far SOL occurs earlier than the I{sub p} crash. The M–I{sub p} curve has a limit-cycle characteristic with sawtooth-like oscillation. Such a core–SOL relationship indicates that the far-SOL flow plays an important role in sustaining the oscillation of I{sub p} in the IPN configuration.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Hydrogen emission from the ionized gaseous halos of low-redshift galaxies

Using a sample of nearly half a million galaxies, intersected by over 7 million lines of sight from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12, we trace Hα + [N ii] emission from a galactocentric projected radius, r {sub p}, of 5 kpc to more than 100 kpc. The emission flux surface brightness is ∝r{sub p}{sup −1.9±0.4}. We obtain consistent results using only the Hα or [N ii] flux. We measure a stronger signal for the bluer half of the target sample than for the redder half on small scales, r {sub p} < 20 kpc. We obtain a 3σ detection of Hα + [N ii] emission in the 50–100 kpc r {sub p} bin. The mean emission flux within this bin is (1.10 ± 0.35) × 10{sup −20} erg cm{sup −2} s{sup −1} Å{sup −1}, which corresponds to 1.87 × 10{sup −20} erg cm{sup −2} s{sup −1} arcsec{sup −2} or 0.0033 Rayleigh. This detection is 34 times fainter than a previous strict limit obtained using deep narrow-band imaging. The faintness of the signal demonstrates why it has been so difficult to trace recombination radiation out to large radii around galaxies. This signal, combined with published estimates of n {sub H}, leads us to estimate the temperature of the gas to be 12,000 K, consistent with independent empirical estimates based on metal ion absorption lines and expectations from numerical simulations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Modeling the effect of lithium-induced pedestal profiles on scrape-off-layer turbulence and the heat flux width

The effect of lithium (Li) wall coatings on scrape-off-layer (SOL) turbulence in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is modeled with the Lodestar SOLT (SOL Turbulence) code. Specifically, the implications for the SOL heat flux width of experimentally observed, Li-induced changes in the pedestal profiles are considered. The SOLT code used in the modeling has been expanded recently to include ion temperature evolution and ion diamagnetic drift effects. This work focuses on two NSTX discharges occurring pre- and with-Li deposition. The simulation density and temperature profiles are constrained, inside the last closed flux surface only, to match those measured in the two experiments, and the resulting drift-interchange-driven turbulence is explored. The effect of Li enters the simulation only through the pedestal profile constraint: Li modifies the experimental density and temperature profiles in the pedestal, and these profiles affect the simulated SOL turbulence. The power entering the SOL measured in the experiments is matched in the simulations by adjusting “free” dissipation parameters (e.g., diffusion coefficients) that are not measured directly in the experiments. With power-matching, (a) the heat flux SOL width is smaller, as observed experimentally by infrared thermography and (b) the simulated density fluctuation amplitudes are reduced with Li, as inferred for the experiments as well from reflectometry analysis. The instabilities and saturation mechanisms that underlie the SOLT model equilibria are also discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Communication: Global flux surface hopping in Liouville space

Recent years have witnessed substantial progress in the surface hopping (SH) formulation of non-adiabatic molecular dynamics. A generalization of the traditional fewest switches SH (FSSH), global flux SH (GFSH) utilizes the gross population flow between states to derive SH probabilities. The Liouville space formulation of FSSH puts state populations and coherences on equal footing, by shifting the hopping dynamics from Hilbert to Liouville space. Both ideas have shown superior results relative to the standard FSSH in Hilbert space, which has been the most popular approach over the past two and a half decades. By merging the two ideas, we develop GFSH in Liouville space. The new method is nearly as straightforward as the standard FSSH, and carries comparable computational expense. Tested with a representative super-exchange model, it gives the best performance among all existing techniques in the FSSH series. The obtained numerical results match almost perfectly the exact quantum mechanical solutions. Moreover, the results are nearly invariant under the choice of a basis state representation for SH, in contrast to the earlier techniques which exhibit notable basis set dependence. Unique to the developed approach, this property is particularly encouraging, because exact quantum dynamics is representation independent. GFSH in Liouville space significantly improves accuracy and applicability of SH for a broad range of chemical and physical processes.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Parallel transport studies of high-Z impurities in the core of Alcator C-Mod plasmas

Measurements of poloidal variation, ñ{sub z}/ , in high-Z impurity density have been made using photodiode arrays sensitive to vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray emission in Alcator C-Mod plasmas. In/out asymmetries in the range of −0.2 <0.3 are observed for r/a<0.8, and accumulation on both the high-field side, n{sub z,cos}<0, and low-field side, n{sub z,cos}>0, of a flux surface is found to be well described by a combination of centrifugal, poloidal electric field, and ion-impurity friction effects. Up/down asymmetries, −0.05 <0.10, are observed over 0.5 0 corresponding to accumulation opposite the ion ∇B drift direction. Measurements of the up/down asymmetry of molybdenum are found to disagree with predictions from recent neoclassical theory in the trace limit, n{sub z}Z{sup 2}/n{sub i}≪1. Non-trace levels of impurities are expected to modify the main-ion poloidal flow and thus change friction-driven impurity density asymmetries and impurity poloidal rotation, v{sub θ,z}. Artificially modifying main-ion flow in parallel transport simulations is shown to impact both ñ{sub z}/ and v{sub θ,z}, but simultaneous agreement between measured and predicted up/down and in/out asymmetry as well as impurity poloidal rotation is not possible for these C-Mod data. This link between poloidal flow and poloidal impurity density variation outlines a more stringent test for parallel neoclassical transport theory than has previously been performed. Measurement and computational techniques specific to the study of poloidal impurity asymmetry physics are discussed as well.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Edge transport studies in the edge and scrape-off layer of the National Spherical Torus Experiment with Langmuir probes

Transport and turbulence profiles were directly evaluated using probes for the first time in the edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) of NSTX [Ono et al., Nucl. Fusion 40, 557 (2000)] in low (L) and high (H) confinement, low power (P{sub in}∼ 1.3 MW), beam-heated, lower single-null discharges. Radial turbulent particle fluxes peak near the last closed flux surface (LCFS) at ≈4×10{sup 21} s{sup −1} in L-mode and are suppressed to ≈0.2×10{sup 21} s{sup −1} in H mode (80%–90% lower) mostly due to a reduction in density fluctuation amplitude and of the phase between density and radial velocity fluctuations. The radial particle fluxes are consistent with particle inventory based on SOLPS fluid modeling. A strong intermittent component is identified. Hot, dense plasma filaments 4–10 cm in diameter, appear first ∼2 cm inside the LCFS at a rate of ∼1×10{sup 21} s{sup −1} and leave that region with radial speeds of ∼3–5 km/s, decaying as they travel through the SOL, while voids travel inward toward the core. Profiles of normalized fluctuations feature levels of 10% inside LCFS to ∼150% at the LCFS and SOL. Once properly normalized, the intermittency in NSTX falls in similar electrostatic instability regimes as seen in other devices. The L-H transition causes a drop in the intermittent filaments velocity, amplitude and number in the SOL, resulting in reduced outward transport away from the edge and a less dense SOL.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy Studies of Surfaces and Thin Films

The technique of X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) is reviewed as a method for studying the relatively slow dynamics of materials on time scales ranging from microseconds to thousands of seconds and length scales ranging from microns down to nanometers. We focus on the application of this technique to study dynamical fluctuations of surfaces, interfaces and thin films. We first discuss instrumental issues such as the effects of partial coherence (or alternatively finite instrumental resolution) and optimization of signal-to-noise ratios in the experiments. We then review what has been learned from recent XPCS studies of capillary wave fluctuations on liquid surfaces and polymer films, of nanoparticles used as probes to study the interior dynamics of polymer films, of liquid crystals and multilamellar surfactant films, and of metal surfaces, and magnetic domain wall fluctuations in antiferromagnets. We then discuss studies of non-equilibrium dynamics described by 2-time correlation functions. Finally, we briefly speculate on possible future XPCS experiments at new synchrotron sources currently under development including studies of dynamics on time scales down to femtoseconds.

Sinha, Sunil K.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Scrape-off layer plasma and neutral characteristics and their interactions with walls for FNSF

Simulations of the heat flux on plasma facing components from exhausting core plasma are reported for two possible Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) divertor configurations. One configuration utilizes divertor plates strongly inclined with respect to the poloidal magnetic flux surfaces like that planned for ITER and results in a partially detached divertor-plasma. The second configuration has divertor plates orthogonal to the flux surfaces, which leads to a fully detached divertor-plasma if the width of the divertor region is sufficient. Both configurations use scrape-off layer impurity seeding to yield an acceptable peak heat flux of ~10 MW/m 2 or smaller on the divertor plates and chamber walls. The roles of recycled hydrogenic atoms and molecules are investigated and distribution of sputtering tungsten throughout the edge region modeled. Furthermore, the simulations are performed with the UEDGE 2D transport code to model both plasma and neutral components with supplementary neutral modeling performed with the DEGAS 2 Monte Carlo code.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Magnetically separable core–shell ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO nanoparticles for visible light photodegradation of methyl orange

Highlights: • Phase pure, magnetic ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO nanoparticles synthesized with excellent yield. • ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO displayed higher UV photocatalytic efficiency than ZnO nanoparticles. • First report on visible light photodegradation of methyl orange by ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO. • Excellent reusability of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO nanoparticles observed for azo dye removal. - Abstract: Visible light photodegradation of aqueous methyl orange using magnetically separable core–shell ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO nanoparticles is reported. A combination of low temperature (190 °C) microwave synthesis and hydrothermal method were used to prepare phase pure material with excellent yield (95%). The magnetic separability, surface area of 41 m{sup 2}/g and visible light absorption make ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO nanoparticles a good solar photocatalyst. ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO displayed greater UV photocatalytic efficiency than ZnO owing to the generation of large number of electron-hole pairs. Visible light photodegradation of MO using ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO nanoparticles is reported for the first time. Higher first order rate constants under both UV and visible light for core-shell nanoparticles suggested their superiority over its individual oxides. The ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}@ZnO showed excellent reusability with high photocatalytic efficiencies suggesting its suitability for solar photocatalytic applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Foreword for the special issue on the Tenth International Workshop on Low Energy Electron Microscopy and Photoemission Electron Microscopy

The Tenth International Workshop on Low Energy Electron Microscopy and Photoemission Electron Microscopy (LEEM/PEEM-10) was hosted in Monterey, California on September 11–15, 2016. This Workshop marked the 18th anniversary of the LEEM/PEEM series. The inaugural LEEM Workshop was organized by Ernst Bauer, the inventor of LEEM, and was held 1998 in Tempe, Arizona, USA. Since then this biennial series of meetings was held in locations rotating between America, Asia and Europe. The workshop series is designed to review the status of LEEM, PEEM, SPLEEM, XPEEM and related techniques, and to promote and disseminate applications of cathode lens microscopy to a broad audience of interested scientists. Highlighting the most recent scientific advances and instrumental developments, the LEEM/PEEM-10 meeting was attended by 114 researchers from 17 countries and featured sessions discussing new results on properties of surfaces, thin films, organic films, as well as surface chemistry, magnetism, time resolved methods and instrumental advances and novel applications of LEEM and PEEM to other subject areas.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Thermal ion kinetic effects and Landau damping in fishbone modes

We report the kinetic–magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) hybrid simulation approach for macroscopic instabilities in plasmas can be extended to include the kinetic effects of both thermal ions and energetic ions. The new coupling scheme includes synchronization of the density and parallel velocity between thermal ions and MHD, in addition to pressure coupling, to ensure the quasineutrality condition and avoid numerical errors. The new approach has been implemented in the kinetic-MHD code M3D-C1-K, and was used to study the thermal ion kinetic effects and Landau damping in fishbone modes in both DIII-D and NSTX. It is found that the thermal ion kinetic effects can cause an increase of the frequencies of the non-resonant n = 1 fishbone modes driven by energetic particles for q min >1, and Landau damping can provide additional stabilization effects. A nonlinear simulation for n = 1 fishbone mode in NSTX is also performed, and the perturbation on magnetic flux surfaces and the transport of energetic particles are calculated.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗