Lidar - NOAA High Resolution Doppler Lidar (HRDL) - Raw Data
Raw data from NOAA High Resolution Doppler Lidar (HRDL)
17 WIND ENERGY↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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A description of a general use automated data reduction system
A data system developed for use in tests in arc jet facilities has the flexibility to accommodate various types of data, time resolution, and number of data signals. Data are tape-recorded, because a direct link to the IBM 360/67 computer is prohibited for safety reasons. The system is analogous to manual data reduction to promote user understanding and acceptance. Data computations may be performed in an interactive ('conversational') mode, for minimum delay in data reduction, or by card input. Reduced data are listed and also stored for plotting of further computational use. Operational costs of the system are reasonable, and both large and small data reduction tasks are handled readily.
Wakefield, R. M.↗
Morphology of buried craters: Lava thickness estimates by simulated flooding
Partially and completely buried craters on planetary surfaces are used as probes to determine the thickness and extent of the overlying material as well as the composition of underlying terrain units. Rims of craters protruding through mare basalts on the Moon have been used extensively by DeHon (1977, 1979) to develop isopach maps of both the circular and irregular maria. Such estimates are possible because of Apollo topographic data and the extensive coverage by Lunar Orbiter photographs at various sun angles. On planetary surfaces without such data, however, shadow measurements can only be made by pixel listings with appropriate assumptions concerning support data. In addition, high resolution geochemical data is not available to determine whether the exposed crater rim is composed of material dissimilar from the lavas. Because of the need for lava thickness data, flooding of lunar mare and highland craters was simulated in order to determine empirical relationships between dimensions observed in orbital images and the thickness of the lava.
Maxwell, T. A.↗
Optimum retrieval of precipitable water fields from VAS and surface data
The use of VAS radiances and conventional surface data to determine the optimum resolution and accuracy of low-level precipitable water fields retrieved from geosynchronous satellite observations is examined. VAS retrievals of precipitated water (PW) are compared with various channel selections in the regression algorithm and with the split window algorithm. The split window algorithm and the linear regression algorithm are described. Consideration is given to the sounding-field-of-view (SFOV) resolution; the data reveal that the optimum resolution for the split window algorithm is at 15-60 km resolution, and 30-60 km SFOV resolution is optimal for the regression method. Statistics and images from PW retrieval experiments conducted on July 13, 1981 are presented and utilized to determine optimum channel selection. A fast contouring method for VAS sounding images is proposed.
Chesters, Dennis↗
The plasma and magnetic field properties of coronal loops observed at high spatial resolution
Two data sets are analyzed in order to improve understanding of the plasma and magnetic field properties of active region coronal loops. Each set consists of coaligned, high spatial resolution soft X-ray, microwave, and magnetogram images that are used to compare observations of coronal loops and their feet in the photosphere and to constrain possible microwave emission mechanisms. The loops are found to have plasma parameters typical of quiescent active region loops. Each loop has a compact microwave source with peak brightness temperature T(b) = 1-2.5 x 10 to the 6th K cospatial with or near the loop apex. No complete loops are imaged in microwaves. The loop emission observed at 4.9 GHz is best described by fourth harmonic gyroresonance emission from a dipole loop model, but with less field variation along the loop than in the models of Holman and Kundu (1985).
Webb, D. F.↗
Planning/scheduling techniques for VQ-based image compression
The enormous size of the data holding and the complexity of the information system resulting from the EOS system pose several challenges to computer scientists, one of which is data archival and dissemination. More than ninety percent of the data holdings of NASA is in the form of images which will be accessed by users across the computer networks. Accessing the image data in its full resolution creates data traffic problems. Image browsing using a lossy compression reduces this data traffic, as well as storage by factor of 30-40. Of the several image compression techniques, VQ is most appropriate for this application since the decompression of the VQ compressed images is a table lookup process which makes minimal additional demands on the user's computational resources. Lossy compression of image data needs expert level knowledge in general and is not straightforward to use. This is especially true in the case of VQ. It involves the selection of appropriate codebooks for a given data set and vector dimensions for each compression ratio, etc. A planning and scheduling system is described for using the VQ compression technique in the data access and ingest of raw satellite data.
Short, Nicholas M., Jr.↗
An Evaluation of the Quality of Halogen Occultation Experiment Ozone Profiles in the Lower Stratosphere
The archived ozone profiles from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) have already been corrected for the effects of the spectrally varying, interfering absorption due to aerosols composed of aqueous sulfuric acid, and agreement with correlative measurements in the stratosphere is generally excellent. However, comparisons of sets of coincident HALOE and ozonesonde profiles indicate occasional large differences at the lowest levels of the stratosphere. Most of those instances occur at altitudes just below a well-defined minimum in the 5.26 microns channel aerosol extinction profile, whose wavelength dependence is not represented by a sulfuric acid aerosol model. Further, when the aerosol extinction exceeds about 10(exp 3)/ km, the aerosol correction to the ozone channel transmittances is both large and uncertain. After screening out the HALOE ozone profile segments whose corresponding aerosol/cirrus corrections are likely uncertain and after averaging lie ozonesonde profiles into 2.5 km thick layers, we find that the HALOE ozone areas, on average, to within 10% of their coincident ozonesonde measurements down to 100 hPa at tropical/subtropical latitudes and to 200 hPa at extratropical latitudes. A tightening of the coincidence criteria for the comparisons does not improve the mean differences for the sets nearly as much. Part of the variance of the paired differences was also accounted for when the ozonesonde profile values were integrated into those 2.5 km layers, prior to taking differences. This improvement is due mainly to the vertical averaging of the local, higher-resolution ozonesonde data, matching the lower resolution for HALOE ozone in the lower stratosphere. It is concluded that HALOE is providing accurate ozone profiles throughout the lower stratosphere, when its correction for interfering aerosols has been well characterized and when cirrus layers are not indicated.
Bhatt, Praful P.↗
Software for Simulating Remote Sensing Systems
The Application Research Toolbox (ART) is a collection of computer programs that implement algorithms and mathematical models for simulating remote sensing systems. The ART is intended to be especially useful for performing design-tradeoff studies and statistical analyses to support the rational development of design requirements for multispectral imaging systems. Among other things, the ART affords a capability to synthesize coarser-spatial-resolution image-data sets from finer-spatial-resolution data sets and multispectral-image-data products from hyperspectral-image-data products. The ART also provides for synthesis of image-degradation effects, including point-spread functions, misregistration of spectral images, and noise. The ART can utilize real or synthetic data sets, along with sensor specifications, to create simulated data sets. In one example of a typical application, simulated data pertaining to an existing multispectral sensor system are used to verify the data collected by the system in operation. In the case of a proposed sensor system, the simulated data can be used to conduct trade studies and statistical analyses to ensure that the sensor system will satisfy the requirements of potential scientific, academic, and commercial user communities.
Zanoni, Vicki↗
Software for Simulating Remote Sensing Systems
The Application Research Toolbox (ART) is a collection of computer programs that implement algorithms and mathematical models for simulating remote sensing systems. The ART is intended to be especially useful for performing design-tradeoff studies and statistical analyses to support the rational development of design requirements for multispectral imaging systems. Among other things, the ART affords a capability to synthesize coarser-spatial-resolution image-data sets from finer-spatial-resolution data sets and multispectral-image-data products from hyperspectral-image-data products. The ART also provides for synthesis of image-degradation effects, including point-spread functions, misregistration of spectral images, and noise. The ART can utilize real or synthetic data sets, along with sensor specifications, to create simulated data sets. In one example of a typical application, simulated data pertaining to an existing multispectral sensor system are used to verify the data collected by the system in operation. In the case of a proposed sensor system, the simulated data can be used to conduct trade studies and statistical analyses to ensure that the sensor system will satisfy the requirements of potential scientific, academic, and commercial user communities.
Vicki Zanoni↗
Satellite Remote Sensing of Cirrus: An Overview
The determination of cirrus properties over relatively large spatial and temporal scales will, in most instances, require the use of satellite data. Global coverage, at resolutions as high as several meters are attainable with Landsat, while temporal coverage at 1-min intervals is now available with the latest Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagers. Cirrus can be analyzed via interpretation of the radiation that they reflect or emit over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Many of these spectra and high-resolution satellite data can be used to understand certain aspects of cirrus clouds in particular situations. Production of a global climatology of cirrus clouds, however, requires compromises in spatial, temporal, and spectral coverage. This paper summarizes the state of the art and the potential for future passive remote sensing systems for both understanding cirrus formation and acquiring sufficient statistics to constrain and refine weather and climate models.
Minnis, Patrick↗
Discrimination of Biomass Burning Smoke and Clouds in MAIAC Algorithm
The multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) algorithm makes aerosol retrievals from MODIS data at 1 km resolution providing information about the fine scale aerosol variability. This information is required in different applications such as urban air quality analysis, aerosol source identification etc. The quality of high resolution aerosol data is directly linked to the quality of cloud mask, in particular detection of small (sub-pixel) and low clouds. This work continues research in this direction, describing a technique to detect small clouds and introducing the smoke test to discriminate the biomass burning smoke from the clouds. The smoke test relies on a relative increase of aerosol absorption at MODIS wavelength 0.412 micrometers as compared to 0.47-0.67 micrometers due to multiple scattering and enhanced absorption by organic carbon released during combustion. This general principle has been successfully used in the OMI detection of absorbing aerosols based on UV measurements. This paper provides the algorithm detail and illustrates its performance on two examples of wildfires in US Pacific North-West and in Georgia/Florida of 2007.
Lyapustin, A.↗
Single Field-of-View Sounding Atmospheric Products
The Single Field-of-view Sounder Atmospheric Products (SiFSAP) answer the need for a novel high spatial resolution atmospheric data product for major hyper-spectral infrared (IR) sounder missions. SiFSAP include a complete set of atmospheric vertical profiles, cloud, and surface properties, which are physically retrieved from top-of-atmosphere (TOA) spectral radiances under all-sky conditions via a rigorously defined radiative transfer relationship. By using a state-of-art fast radiative transfer model and a carefully designed optimal estimation based physical retrieval scheme, the SiFSAP algorithm ensures both an ultra-fast data processing speed needed for operational weather applications and the radiometric consistency desired by long-term climate studies. SiFSAP supplement existing operational products by providing data at the native resolution of the sounder instruments, the direct and accurate retrieval of cloud scattering properties, and the establishment of ‘radiance closure.’
Wan Wu↗
Challenges in Transitioning Research Data to Operations: The SPoRT Paradigm
Established in 2002 to demonstrate the weather and forecasting application of real-time EOS measurements, the NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) program has grown to be an end-to-end research to operations activity focused on the use of advanced NASA modeling and data assimilation approaches, nowcasting techniques, and unique high-resolution multispectral data from EOS satellites to improve short-term weather forecasts on a regional and local scale. With the ever-broadening application of real-time high resolution satellite data from current EOS and planned NPP, JPSS, and GOES-R sensors to weather forecast problems, significant challenges arise in the acquisition, delivery, and integration of the new capabilities into the decision making process of the operational weather community. For polar orbiting sensors such as MODIS, AIRS, VIIRS, and CRiS, the use of direct broadcast ground stations is key to the real-time delivery of the data and derived products in a timely fashion. With the ABI on the geostationary GOES-R satellite, the data volume will likely increase by a factor of 5- 10 from current data streams. However, the high data volume and limited bandwidth of end user facilities presents a formidable obstacle to timely access to the data. This challenge can be addressed through the use of subsetting techniques, innovative web services, and the judicious selection of data formats. Many of these approaches have been implemented by SPoRT for the delivery of real-time products to NWS forecast offices and other weather entities. Once available in decision support systems like AWIPS II, these new data and products must be integrated into existing and new displays that allow for the integration of the data with existing operational products in these systems. SPoRT is leading the way in demonstrating this enhanced capability. This paper will highlight the ways SPoRT is overcoming many of the challenges presented by the enormous data volumes of current and future satellite systems to get unique high quality research data into the operational weather environment.
Jedloved, Gary J.↗
SPoRT: Transitioning NASA and NOAA Experimental Data to the Operational Weather Community
Established in 2002 to demonstrate the weather and forecasting application of real-time EOS measurements, the NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) program has grown to be an end-to-end research to operations activity focused on the use of advanced NASA modeling and data assimilation approaches, nowcasting techniques, and unique high-resolution multispectral data from EOS satellites to improve short-term weather forecasts on a regional and local scale. With the ever-broadening application of real-time high resolution satellite data from current EOS, Suomi NPP, and planned JPSS and GOES-R sensors to weather forecast problems, significant challenges arise in the acquisition, delivery, and integration of the new capabilities into the decision making process of the operational weather community. For polar orbiting sensors such as MODIS, AIRS, VIIRS, and CRiS, the use of direct broadcast ground stations is key to the real-time delivery of the data and derived products in a timely fashion. With the ABI on the geostationary GOES-R satellite, the data volumes will likely increase by a factor of 5-10 from current data streams. However, the high data volume and limited bandwidth of end user facilities presents a formidable obstacle to timely access to the data. This challenge can be addressed through the use of subsetting techniques, innovative web services, and the judicious selection of data formats. Many of these approaches have been implemented by SPoRT for the delivery of real-time products to NWS forecast offices and other weather entities. Once available in decision support systems like AWIPS II, these new data and products must be integrated into existing and new displays that allow for the integration of the data with existing operational products in these systems. SPoRT is leading the way in demonstrating this enhanced capability. This paper will highlight the ways SPoRT is overcoming many of the challenges presented by the enormous data volumes of current and future satellite systems to get unique high quality research data into the operational weather environment.
Jedlovec, Gary J.↗
Analyzing the Effects of Climate Change on Sea Surface Temperature in Monitoring Coral Reef Health in the Florida Keys Using Sea Surface Temperature Data
This presentation discusses use of 4 kilometer satellite-based sea surface temperature (SST) data to monitor and assess coral reef areas of the Florida Keys. There are growing concerns about the impacts of climate change on coral reef systems throughout the world. Satellite remote sensing technology is being used for monitoring coral reef areas with the goal of understanding the climatic and oceanic changes that can lead to coral bleaching events. Elevated SST is a well-documented cause of coral bleaching events. Some coral monitoring studies have used 50 km data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) to study the relationships of sea surface temperature anomalies to bleaching events. In partnership with NOAA's Office of National Marine Sanctuaries and the University of South Florida's Institute for Marine Remote Sensing, this project utilized higher resolution SST data from the Terra's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and AVHRR. SST data for 2000-2010 was employed to compute sea surface temperature anomalies within the study area. The 4 km SST anomaly products enabled visualization of SST levels for known coral bleaching events from 2000-2010.
Jones, Jason↗
Active galactic nuclei signatures in Red Geyser galaxies from Gemini GMOS-IFU observations
ABSTRACT Red Geysers are quiescent galaxies with galactic scale ionized outflows, likely due to low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGN). We used Gemini GMOS-IFU observations of the inner ∼1–3 kpc of nine Red Geysers selected from the MaNGA survey to study the gas ionization and kinematics. The emission-line ratios suggest the presence of Seyfert/LINER (Low Ionization Nuclear Emission Region) nuclei in all sources. Two galaxies show Hα equivalent width ( Hα EW) larger than 3 Å (indicative of AGN ionization) within an aperture 2 ${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$5 of diameter (1.3–3.7 kpc at the distance of galaxies) for MaNGA data, while with the higher resolution GMOS data, four galaxies present Hα EW>3 Å within an aperture equal to the angular resolution (0.3–0.9 kpc). For two objects with GMOS-IFU data, the Hα EW is lower than 3 Å but larger than 1.5 Å, most probably due to a faint AGN. The spatially resolved electron density maps show values between 100 and 3000 cm −3 and are consistent with those determined in other studies. The large (MaNGA) and the nuclear scale (GMOS-IFU) gas velocity fields are misaligned, with a kinematic position angle difference between 12° and 60°. The [N ii] λ6583 emission-line profiles are asymmetrical, with blue wings on the redshifted side of the velocity field and red wings on the blueshifted side. Our results support previous indications that the gas in Red Geysers is ionized by an AGN, at least in their central region, with the presence of outflows, likely originating in a precessing accretion disc.
Ilha, Gabriele S. (ORCID:0000000191006106)↗
DSCOVR/EPIC-derived global hourly and daily downward shortwave and photosynthetically active radiation data at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution
Downward shortwave radiation (SW) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) play crucial roles in Earth system dynamics. Spaceborne remote sensing techniques provide a unique means for mapping accurate spatiotemporally continuous SW–PAR, globally. However, any individual polar-orbiting or geostationary satellite cannot satisfy the desired high temporal resolution (sub-daily) and global coverage simultaneously, while integrating and fusing multisource data from complementary satellites/sensors is challenging because of co-registration, intercalibration, near real-time data delivery and the effects of discrepancies in orbital geometry. The Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) on board the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR), launched in February 2015, offers an unprecedented possibility to bridge the gap between high temporal resolution and global coverage and characterize the diurnal cycles of SW–PAR globally. In this study, we adopted a suite of well-validated data-driven machine-learning models to generate the first global land products of SW–PAR, from June 2015 to June 2019, based on DSCOVR/EPIC data. The derived products have high temporal resolution (hourly) and medium spatial resolution (0.1°×0.1°), and they include estimates of the direct and diffuse components of SW–PAR. We used independently widely distributed ground station data from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN), the Surface Radiation Budget Network (SURFRAD), NOAA's Global Monitoring Division and the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric System Research (ASR) program to evaluate the performance of our products, and we further analyzed and compared the spatiotemporal characteristics of the derived products with the benchmarking Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System Synoptic (CERES) data. We found both the hourly and daily products to be consistent with ground-based observations (e.g., hourly and daily total SWs have low biases of -3.96 and -0.71 W m -2 and root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) of 103.50 and 35.40 W m -2 , respectively). The developed products capture the complex spatiotemporal patterns well and accurately track substantial diurnal, monthly, and seasonal variations in SW–PAR when compared to CERES data. They provide a reliable and valuable alternative for solar photovoltaic applications worldwide and can be used to improve our understanding of the diurnal and seasonal variabilities of the terrestrial water, carbon and energy fluxes at various spatial scales.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Utilizing Higher Resolution Land Surface Remote Sensing Data for Assessing Recent Trends over Asia Monsoon Region
The slide presentation discusses the integration of 1-kilometer spatial resolution land temperature data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), with 8-day temporal resolution, into the NASA Monsoon-Asia Integrated Regional Study (MAIRS) Data Center. The data will be available for analysis and visualization in the Giovanni data system. It discusses the NASA MAIRS Data Center, presents an introduction to the data access tools, and an introduction of Products available from the service, discusses the higher resolution Land Surface Temperature (LST) and presents preliminary results of LST Trends over China.
Shen, Suhung↗