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A review of smart building sensing system for better indoor environment control

Here this paper aims to provide a systemic review of how indoor sensors influence in managing optimal energy saving, thermal comfort, visual comfort, and indoor air quality in the built environment. The optimal management of energy saving and occupant comfort plays a vital role in the built environment because the occupant's productivity and health are highly influenced by indoor environmental quality. In order to do this, there must be a functional sensing system that connects the environment variables (e.g., temperature) with building environmental control systems such as the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system. This paper starts with an overview of the importance of energy saving and occupant comfort in the built environment. It then discusses sensors and their importance in the built environment and reviews the different types of sensors, which explains them in terms of how they influence the indoor built environment and occupant productivity. The paper further explores the application of sensors in the built environment and analyzes this in terms of energy saving, thermal comfort, visual comfort, and indoor air quality. Following this, the data analysis is discussed in terms of data, information, and knowledge accrued from the sensors. Lastly, the paper discusses the future challenges for the improvement of building indoor environmental quality and energy saving by the application of sensors.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Results for the Subjective Habitability Acceptability Questionnaire From HERA C5 and C6

BACKGROUND The impact of habitability on psychological and performance outcomes is recognized as an important factor in habitat and vehicle design—especially as missions increase in length. Formal evaluation of habitability’s impact is possible using the Spaceflight Habitability Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ), which was psychometrically validated by Roma et al. in 2022 [1]. The SHAQ survey systematically quantifies the relationships between habitat areas (e.g., bedroom, kitchen, hygiene area, office, etc.) and behavioral health and performance (BHP) outcomes (i.e., individual and team performance, mood, stress, sleep, social interaction), and considers the moderating effects of key habitability aspects (i.e., privacy, control, convenience, efficiency, comfort, social density) on that relationship. METHOD Respondents were HERA participants from Campaign 5 and 6 (n = 32). Data from three environments were used in our SHAQ analyses: SHAQ in HERA (in-mission), SHAQ at Home (pre-mission), and SHAQ in Hotel (pre- and post-mission for C6, just pre-mission for C5). For each habitat area, respondents are asked how that area layout impacts six BHP outcomes on a 201-point visual analog scale with the anchors: impairs, has no effect, and facilitates. They also had the option to respond “Not Applicable”. Follow up questions asked why six key habitability aspects (e.g., privacy) influenced the way the habitat area affected a given outcome. Participants indicated whether a habitat area’s habitability aspects were inadequate (low score) to adequate (midpoint) to ideal (high score), using a 201-point visual analog scale as well but were binned to a 7-point scale for analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION When comparing across environments, ratings of BHP outcomes were worse in HERA compared to home and pre-mission hotel, but rebounded for the post-mission hotel such that post-mission hotel rating were often higher than all previous ratings. Within HERA, ratings of how a habitat area impacted an outcome skewed towards facilitation with communal areas (i.e., galley and office) rated most facilitating. The follow up questions about why six key aspects related to habitability moderated outcomes indicated that most habitat areas were rated as having “adequate” habitability characteristics. Privacy was the only moderator with average scores below adequate for all habitat areas. The office had the most moderators scoring above adequate for all habitat areas. Ratings indicated small to moderate effects of layouts on BHP outcomes: with facilitating layouts averaging between 4 and 5, and impairing layouts averaging between 2 and 4. The sleeping module layout facilitated sleep, with ratings indicating adequate comfort but inadequate privacy. The galley layout facilitated social interaction and mood, with ratings indicating adequate efficiency and convenience. The office layout facilitated social interaction, team and individual performance, with ratings similarly indicating adequate efficiency and convenience. The hygiene module worsened individual performance, mood and stress, with ratings indicating less than adequate privacy and social density. Our findings suggest there is value in having dedicated team and individual spaces. REFERENCES [1] Roma, P. G., Landon, L.B., Spencer, C. A., Whitmire, A. M., & Williams, T. J. (2022). SHAQ: Development and Validation. Human Factors: Special Issue on Spaceflight, 65(6), 1074-1104. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was funded by the NASA Human Research Program directed task Human Factors and Behavioral Performance in HERA (PI = S. Bell) to the BHP Lab. KBR Inc. and JES Tech authors were supported by KBR’s Human Health and Performance Contract NNJ15HK11B with NASA.

behavioral health↗

Visualization of Plasmonic Couplings Using Ultrafast Electron Microscopy

Hybrids of graphene and metal plasmonic nanostructures are promising building blocks for applications in optoelectronics, surface-enhanced scattering, biosensing, and quantum information. An understanding of the coupling mechanism in these hybrid systems is of vital importance to its applications. Previous efforts in this field mainly focused on spectroscopic studies of strong coupling within the hybrids with no spatial resolution. In this study, we report direct imaging of the local plasmonic coupling between single Au nanocapsules and graphene step edges at the nanometer scale by photon-induced near-field electron microscopy in an ultrafast electron microscope for the first time. The proximity of a step in the graphene to the nanocapsule causes asymmetric surface charge density at the ends of the nanocapsules. Computational electromagnetic simulations confirm the experimental observations. The results reported here indicate that this hybrid system could be used to manipulate the localized electromagnetic field on the nanoscale, enabling promising future plasmonic devices.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Perspective: Fundamentals of coalescence-related dislocations, applied to selective-area growth and other epitaxial films

Although selective area growth (SAG) and coalesced SAG (cSAG) have been utilized extensively for many years to moderate the material quality of lattice-mismatched films, the geometrical factors controlling dislocations in coalesced films are difficult to visualize, and some confusion regarding the topology of dislocations for cSAG still persists. In this paper, we describe the topology of dislocations during island coalescence for cSAG, framed in terms of fundamental dislocation properties and virtual dislocations, which are used as a helpful visualization tool. In conclusion, we also show how the results and methods are generally applicable to coalescence of any other epitaxial film.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Advances in Nb 3 Sn superconducting radiofrequency cavities towards first practical accelerator applications

Abstract Nb 3 Sn is a promising next-generation material for superconducting radiofrequency cavities, with significant potential for both large scale and compact accelerator applications. However, so far, Nb 3 Sn cavities have been limited to continuous wave accelerating fields <18 MV m −1 . In this paper, new results are presented with significantly higher fields, as high as 24 MV m −1 in single cell cavities. Results are also presented from the first ever Nb 3 Sn-coated 1.3 GHz 9-cell cavity, a full-scale demonstration on the cavity type used in production for the European XFEL and LCLS-II. Results are presented together with heat dissipation curves to emphasize the potential for industrial accelerator applications using cryocooler-based cooling systems. The cavities studied have an atypical shiny visual appearance, and microscopy studies of witness samples reveal significantly reduced surface roughness and smaller film thickness compared to typical Nb 3 Sn films for superconducting cavities. Possible mechanisms for increased maximum field are discussed as well as implications for physics of RF superconductivity in the low coherence length regime. Outlook for continued development is presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Measurement of Photovoltaic Module Deformation Dynamics During Hail Impact Using Digital Image Correlation

Stereo high-speed video of photovoltaic modules undergoing laboratory hail tests was processed using digital image correlation to determine module surface deformation during and immediately following impact. The purpose of this work was to demonstrate a methodology for characterizing module impact response differences as a function of construction and incident hail parameters. Video capture and digital image analysis were able to capture out-of-plane module deformation to a resolution of ±0.1 mm at 11 kHz on an in-plane grid of 10 × 10 mm over the area of a 1 × 2 m commercial photovoltaic module. With lighting and optical adjustments, the technique was adaptable to arbitrary module designs, including size, backsheet color, and cell interconnection. Furthermore, impacts were observed to produce an initially localized dimple in the glass surface, with peak deflection proportional to the square root of incident energy. Subsequent deformation propagation and dissipation were also captured, along with behavior for instances when the module glass fractured. Natural frequencies of the module were identifiable by analyzing module oscillations postimpact. Limitations of the measurement technique were that the impacting ice ball obscured the data field immediately surrounding the point of contact, and both ice and glass fracture events occurred within 100 μs, which was not resolvable at the chosen frame rate. Increasing the frame rate and visualizing the back surface of the impact could be applied to avoid these issues. Applications for these data include validating computational models for hail impacts, identifying the natural frequencies of a module, and identifying damage initiation mechanisms.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

A Scoping Review of Mixed Initiative Visual Analytics in the Automation Renaissance

Artificial agents are increasingly integrated into data analysis workflows, carrying out tasks that were primarily done by humans. Our research explores how the introduction of automation recalibrates the dynamic between humans and automating technology. To explore this question, we conducted a scoping review encompassing twenty years of mixed-initiative visual analytic systems. To describe and contrast the relationship between humans and automation, we developed an integrated taxonomy to delineate the objectives of these mixed-initiative visual analytics tools, how much automation they support, and the assumed roles of humans. Here, we describe our qualitative approach of integrating existing theoretical frameworks with new codes we developed. Our analysis shows that the visualization research literature lacks consensus on the definition of mixed-initiative systems and explores a limited potential of the collaborative interaction landscape between people and automation. Our research provides a scaffold to advance the discussion of human-AI collaboration during visual data analysis. Our integrated taxonomy is available in the form of a web application on https://smonadjemi.github.io/miva.

Monadjemi, Shayan [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000293855969)↗

Self-Organizing Maps and Their Applications to Data Analysis

Self-Organizing Maps(SOMs) are a form of unsupervised neural network that are used for visualization and exploratory data analysis of high dimensional datasets. Our goal was to understand how we can use a SOM to gain insights about datasets. We do this by first understanding the initialization, training, error metrics, and convergence properties of the SOM. Next we discuss the ways to interpret and visualize a Self-Organizing Map. Finally we used real datasets to understand what the Self-Organizing Map can tell us about labeled and unlabeled data. Based on experiments with our datasets we found that the Self-Organizing Map can tell us about the spacing and position of high dimensional clusters, help us find non-linear patterns, and give us insight into the shape of our data.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Optimization Studies of Radiation Shielding for the PIP-II Project at Fermilab

The PIP-II project at Fermilab, which includes an 800-MeV superconducting LINAC, demands rigorous radiation shielding optimization to meet safety requirements. We updated the MARS geometry model to reflect new magnet and collimator designs and introduced high-resolution detector planes to better capture radiation field distributions. To overcome the significant computational demands, we implemented a well-known branching technique that drastically reduced simulation runtimes while maintaining statistical integrity. This was achieved through particle splitting and the application of Russian Roulette techniques. Additionally, new graphical tools were created to streamline data visualization and MARS code usability.

Makovec, Alajos [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000286157492↗

Skylab/EREP application to ecological, geological, and oceanographic investigations of Delaware Bay

Skylab/EREP S190A and S190B film products were optically enhanced and visually interpreted to extract data suitable for; (1) mapping coastal land use; (2) inventorying wetlands vegetation; (3) monitoring tidal conditions; (4) observing suspended sediment patterns; (5) charting surface currents; (6) locating coastal fronts and water mass boundaries; (7) monitoring industrial and municipal waste dumps in the ocean; (8) determining the size and flow direction of river, bay and man-made discharge plumes; and (9) observing ship traffic. Film products were visually analyzed to identify and map ten land-use and vegetation categories at a scale of 1:125,000. Digital tapes from the multispectral scanner were used to prepare thematic maps of land use. Classification accuracies obtained by comparison of derived thematic maps of land-use with USGS-CARETS land-use maps in southern Delaware ranged from 44 percent to 100 percent.

Klemas, V.↗

Low-speed investigation of the maneuver capability of supersonic fighter wings

A low-speed investigation of wings suitable for supersonic fighter application was undertaken to understand the flow regions developed by these wings through flow visualization and to evaluate areas in which low-speed testing could provide information for extrapolation to higher Mach numbers and Reynolds numbers. This study involved cranked wings of highly-swept inboard panels and outboard panel of various sweeps with leading- and trailing-edge devices. Both theoretical and experimental results with flow visualization are presented. Flow visualization results show that a mixed flow condition (vortex flow on the highly-swept inboard section and attached flow on the cranked outboard section) is possible for wings with low sweep (20 deg) outboard cranked sections. Lift and drag measurements on the planar (no flap deflection) wings show good agreement with theoretical results for leading-edge vortex flow. There is little or no change in planar wing performance at maneuver conditions due to outboard sweep effects. Results also show that for cambered wings (flap deflected) only small improvements in performance over flat wings were obtained at high-lift maneuver conditions.

Hom, K. W.↗

X-ray determination of parts alignment

A method for determining the alignment of adjoining metal objects is provided. The method comprises producing an X-ray image of adjoining surfaces of the two metal objects. The X-ray beam is tangential to the point the surfaces are joined. The method is particularly applicable where the alignment of the two metal objects is not readily susceptible to visual inspection.

Nelson, C. W.↗

High resolution millimeter-wave imaging sensor

A scanning 3-mm radiometer is described that has been built for use on a small aircraft to produce real time high resolution images of the ground when atmospheric conditions such as smoke, dust, and clouds make IR and visual sensors unusable. The sensor can be used for a variety of remote sensing applications such as measurements of snow cover and snow water equivalent, precipitation mapping, vegetation type and extent, surface moisture and temperature, and surface thermal inertia. The advantages of millimeter waves for cloud penetration and the ability to observe different physical phenomena make this system an attractive supplement to visible and IR remote sensing systems.

Wilson, W. J.↗

Millimeter-Wave Radiometer Imager

A 3-mm radiometer system with mechanically scanned antenna built for use on small aircraft or helicopter to produce near-real-time moderate-resolution images of ground. Main advantage of passive imaging sensor able to provide information through clouds, smoke, and dust when visual and infrared (IR) systems unusable. Used also for variety of remote-sensing applications such as measurements of surface moisture, snow cover, vegetation type and extent, mineral type and extent, surface temperature, and thermal inertia. Possible to map fires and volcanic lava flows through obscuring clouds and smoke.

Wilson, W. J.↗

NLF technology is ready to go

Natural laminar flow (NLF) can reduce drag on aircraft developed using modern structural design methods. Modern metal and composite construction methods can meet NLF requirements for subsonic commuter and business airframes. NLF research at NASA concentrates on expanding the practical application of NLF drag reduction technology; payoffs include progress with liquid-crystal flow visualization, NLF on three-dimensional bodies, and the effects of acoustics on laminar stability. Fuel savings from 2 to 4 percent are expected if laminar flow could be achieved over the forward 50 percent of engine nacelles on large transports depending on the configuration. It is concluded that the skill required to use NLF for drag reduction depends on understanding the conservative design corridors within which laminar flow is durable and reliable.

Holmes, Bruce J.↗

Computational technology for flight vehicles; Proceedings of the Symposium on Computational Technology on Flight Vehicles, Washington, DC, Nov. 5-7, 1990

The present conference on computational methods for aeronautics applications discusses topics in the fields of parallel computing, multidisciplinary computational methods, grid generation, visualization methods for CFD, probabilistic modeling, numerical simulations and methodologies for different flow regimes, computational strategies and adaptive methods in CFD, and computational strategies and dynamics and control. Attention is given to the MACH system-software kernel, a multidisciplinary approach to aeroelastic analysis, interactive grid generation with control points, interactive flow visualization using stream surfaces, numerical simulations of dynamic/aerodynamic interactions, implicit mathods for the Navier-Stokes equations, and the automatic phase-space analysis of dynamical systems.

Noor, Ahmed K.↗

Functional requirements document for NASA/MSFC Earth Science and Applications Division: Data and information system (ESAD-DIS). Interoperability, 1992

These Earth Science and Applications Division-Data and Information System (ESAD-DIS) interoperability requirements are designed to quantify the Earth Science and Application Division's hardware and software requirements in terms of communications between personal and visualization workstation, and mainframe computers. The electronic mail requirements and local area network (LAN) requirements are addressed. These interoperability requirements are top-level requirements framed around defining the existing ESAD-DIS interoperability and projecting known near-term requirements for both operational support and for management planning. Detailed requirements will be submitted on a case-by-case basis. This document is also intended as an overview of ESAD-DIs interoperability for new-comers and management not familiar with these activities. It is intended as background documentation to support requests for resources and support requirements.

Stephens, J. Briscoe↗