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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 919 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1997

Characterization of Proteins in Filtrate from Biodegradation of Crop Residue

Biodegradation of plant biomass is a feasible path for transformation of crop residue and recycling of nutrients for crop growth. The need to model the effects of factors associated with recycling of plant biomass resulting from hydroponic sweet potato production has led to investigation of natural soil isolates with the capacity for starch hydrolysis. This study sought to use nondenaturing gel electrophoresis to characterize the proteins present in filtered effluent from bioreactors seeded with starch hydrolyzing bacterial culture used in the biodegradation of senesced sweet potato biomass. The study determined the relative molecular weight of proteins in sampled effluent and the protein banding pattern was characterized. The protein profiles of effluent were similar for samples taken from independent runs under similar conditions of starch hydrolysis. The method can be used as a quality control tool for confirmation of starch hydrolysis of crop biomass. In addition, this method will allow monitoring for presence of contaminants within the system-protein profiles indicative of new enzymes in the bioreactors.

Horton, Wileatha↗
DOE OSTI2018

CERF – A Geospatial Model for Assessing Future Energy Production Technology Expansion Feasibility

Electricity system expansion planning faces significant challenges not only because of commonly modeled uncertainties such as future demand growth, fuel prices, and technology cost and performance, but also because of challenges such as climate change and carbon policies that can affect supply and demand. Changes in energy technology, natural resource availability, and population migration and growth will affect the feasibility of power plant siting, potentially hindering the achievement of policy goals. New modeling approaches are needed that couple future projections of energy system expansion with “on the ground” feasibility modeling—where both are informed by a consistent set of assumptions about future climate trends, resource availability, climate policy, socioeconomics, and environmental regulations. This research describes the development and evaluation of the Capacity Expansion Regional Feasibility (CERF) model, a geospatial tool for scenario analysis of electricity system expansions.

grid expansion, water-energy nexus, power plant si↗
DOE OSTI2024

Market Implications of Alternative Operating Reserve Modeling in Wholesale Electricity Markets

Pricing and settlement mechanisms are crucial for efficient resource allocation, investment incentives, market competition, and regulatory oversight. In the United States, Regional Transmission Operators (RTOs) adopts a uniform pricing scheme that hinges on the marginal costs of supplying additional electricity. This study investigates the pricing and settlement impacts of alternative reserve constraint modeling, highlighting how even slight variations in the modeling of constraints can drastically alter market clearing prices, reserve quantities, and revenue outcomes. Focusing on the diverse market designs and assumptions in ancillary services by U.S. RTOs, particularly in relation to capacity sharing and reserve substitutions, the research examines four distinct models that combine these elements based on a large-scale synthetic power system test data. Our study provides a critical insight into the economic implications and the underlying factors of these alternative reserve constraints through market simulations and data analysis.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Intra-canopy leaf trait variation facilitates high leaf area index and compensatory growth in a clonal woody encroaching shrub

Leaf trait variation enables plants to utilize large gradients of light availability that exist across canopies of high leaf area index (LAI), allowing for greater net carbon gain while reducing light availability for understory competitors. While these canopy dynamics are well understood in forest ecosystems, studies of canopy structure of woody shrubs in grasslands are lacking. To evaluate the investment strategy used by these shrubs, we investigated the vertical distribution of leaf traits and physiology across canopies of Cornus drummondii, the predominant woody encroaching shrub in the Kansas tallgrass prairie. We also examined the impact of disturbance by browsing and grazing on these factors. Our results reveal that leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf nitrogen per area (Na) varied approximately threefold across canopies of C. drummondii, resulting in major differences in the physiological functioning of leaves. High LMA leaves had high photosynthetic capacity, while low LMA leaves had a novel strategy for maintaining light compensation points below ambient light levels. The vertical allocation of leaf traits in C. drummondii canopies was also modified in response to browsing, which increased light availability at deeper canopy depths. As a result, LMA and Na increased at lower canopy depths, leading to a greater photosynthetic capacity deeper in browsed canopies compared to control canopies. This response, along with increased light availability, facilitated greater photosynthesis and resource-use efficiency deeper in browsed canopies compared to control canopies. Furthermore, our results illustrate how C. drummondii facilitates high LAI canopies and a compensatory growth response to browsing—both of which are key factors contributing to the success of C. drummondii and other species responsible for grassland woody encroachment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

A Global Data Analysis for Representing Sediment and Particulate Organic Carbon Yield in Earth System Models

Although sediment yield (SY) from water erosion is ubiquitous and its environmental consequences are well recognized, its impacts on the global carbon cycle remain largely uncertain. This knowledge gap is partly due to the lack of soil erosion modeling in Earth System Models (ESMs), which are important tools used to understand the global carbon cycle and explore its changes. As such, this study analyzed sediment and particulate organic carbon yield (CY) data from 1081 and 38 small catchments (0.1-200 km 2 ), respectively, in different environments across the globe. Using multiple statistical analysis techniques, we explored environmental factors and hydrological processes important for SY and CY modeling in ESMs. Our results show clear correlations of high SY with traditional agriculture, seismicity and heavy storms, as well as strong correlations between SY and annual peak runoff. These highlight the potential limitation of SY models that represent only interrill and rill erosion because shallow overland flow and rill flow have limited transport capacity due to their hydraulic geometry to produce high SY. Further, our results suggest that SY modeling in ESMs should be implemented at the event scale to produce the catastrophic mass transport during episodic events. Several environmental factors such as seismicity and land management that are often not considered in current catchment-scale SY models can be important in controlling global SY. Our analyses show that SY is likely the primary control on CY in small catchments and a statistically significant empirical relationship is established to calculate SY and CY jointly in ESMs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

High-performance sodium–organic battery by realizing four-sodium storage in disodium rhodizonate

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) for grid-scale applications need active materials that combine a high energy density with sustainability. Given the high theoretical specific capacity 501 mAh g -1 , and Earth abundance of disodium rhodizonate (Na 2 C 6 O 6 ), it is one of the most promising cathodes for SIBs. However, substantially lower reversible capacities have been obtained compared with the theoretical value and the understanding of this discrepancy has been limited. In this paper, we reveal that irreversible phase transformation of Na 2 C 6 O 6 during cycling is the origin of the deteriorating redox activity of Na 2 C 6 O 6 . The active-particle size and electrolyte conditions were identified as key factors to decrease the activation barrier of the phase transformation during desodiation. Finally, on the basis of this understanding, we achieved four-sodium storage in a Na 2 C 6 O 6 electrode with a reversible capacity of 484 mAh g -1 , an energy density of 726 Wh kg -1 cathode , an energy efficiency above 87% and a good cycle retention.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1993

The use of designed experiments in the process development of continuous propellant mixing

A continuous mix pilot plant was constructed at Aerojet Propulsion Division in Sacramento, California to develop a robust propellant mixing process for the full scale plant that was to be built at the NASA Advanced Solid Rocket Motor facility Yellow Creek, Mississippi. The plant was used to conduct dozens of subsystem and full system mixing tests for evaluation of equipment, processing methods, and control schemes for later use at the production plant. As a culmination to this work, a series of designed experiments were conducted using an eight run Taguchi analysis with four factors at two levels each to determine the primary effect of processing parameters on propellant ballistic and mechanical properties. The factors examined in these runs included the propellant production rate (454 (1000) and 622 kg/hr (1371 Ib/hr)), the product temperature out of the mixer (49 (120) and 63 deg C (145 deg F)), mixer screw speed (75 and 90 rpm), and the deaerator excess capacity (20 and 80 percent). Measured response variables included the uncured and cured density, Crawford Bomb liquid strand burning rates, and selected mechanical properties. The experiment revealed that several of the response variables displayed significant changes from run-to-run with the product temperature being the single most important factor. After concluding this experiment, a twenty-six hour confirmation run was conducted to verify the conclusions reached in the designed experiment. The extended run produced over 12,250 kgs (27,000 lbs) of propellant meeting all of the pre-run targeted properties including density (1.803 g/cc (0.065 lb/in(exp 3)) with a 0.12 percent coefficient of variation (CV) at 25 deg C (77 deg F)), liquid strand burn rate (0.889 cm/s (0.350 in/s) with a 0.69 percent CV at 4210 KPa (610 psig), 15.6 deg C (60 deg F)), nominal maximum stress (828 KPa (120 psig) with a 2.84 percent CV, S&E at 25 deg C (77 deg F), 5.08 cm/min (2 in/min)), strain at nominal maximum (47.4 percent with a 3.96 percent CV), and initial tangent modulus (5349 KPa (775 psig) with a 7.26 percent CV).

Campbell, J. A.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Enhanced CO 2 Adsorption Capacity in Highly Porous Carbon Materials Derived from Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin

Here, the present study explores the synthesis of N-doped carbon materials with large surface porosity using commercial melamine-formaldehyde resin as the precursor and KOH as the activator. The resin was carbonized first and then activated by KOH with varying KOH amount and activation temperature. Notably, the as-obtained sorbents display advanced porosity with the highest surface area and pore volume of 1591 m 2 /g and 0.74 cm 3 /g, respectively, along with high N content ranging from 6.43 to 18.34 wt %. Remarkably, maximum CO 2 capture amounts of 5.42 and 3.52 mmol/g were accomplished at 0 and 25 degrees C, 1 bar for as-synthesized carbons. Systematic studies point out that narrow microporosity is the major factor determining the CO 2 uptake of these carbons under ambient pressure. Furthermore, these sorbents display notable CO 2 selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics, moderate heat of adsorption, substantial dynamic CO 2 capture capacity, and stable recyclability. These results underscore the potential of melamine-formaldehyde resin-derived N-doped porous carbon as an efficient and versatile adsorbent for CO 2 capture.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

HIF involvement in the regulation of rat Sertoli cell proliferation by FSH

Highlights: • FSH increases HIF transcriptional activity in immature Sertoli cells. • FSH upregulates CCND1 expression in a HIF-dependent manner. • FSH upregulates c-Myc transcriptional activity in a HIF-dependent manner. • HIFs might be involved in the regulation of Sertoli cell proliferation by FSH. The final number of Sertoli cells reached during the proliferative periods determines sperm production capacity in adulthood. It is well known that FSH increases the rate of proliferation of Sertoli cells; however, little is known about the transcription factors that are activated by the hormone in order to regulate Sertoli cell proliferation. On the other hand, Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) are master regulators of cell growth. HIFs are dimers of HIF-β and HIF-α subunits. Considering that HIF-β is constitutively expressed, HIF transcriptional activity is regulated through the abundance of HIF-α subunits. To date, three HIF-α isoforms have been described. The association of the different HIF-α subunits with HIF-β subunit constitutes three active transcription factors —HIF-1, HIF-2 and HIF-3— which interact with consensus hypoxia-response elements in the promoter region of target genes. Hypoxia has been classically considered the main stimulus that increases HIF transcriptional activity, however, regulation by hormones under normoxic conditions was also demonstrated. The aim of this work has been to investigate whether HIFs participate in the regulation of rat Sertoli cell proliferation by FSH. Sertoli cells obtained from 8-day old rats were cultured in the absence or presence of FSH. It has been observed that FSH increases HIF transcriptional activity and HIF-2α mRNA levels without modifying either HIF-1α or HIF-3α expression. Incubations with FSH have been also performed in the absence or presence of a pharmacological agent that promotes HIF-α subunit degradation, LW6. It has been observed that LW6 inhibits the FSH effect on proliferation, CCND1 expression and c-Myc transcriptional activity. Altogether, these results suggest that HIFs might be involved in the regulation of Sertoli cell proliferation by FSH.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

The role of nuclear in China’s energy future: insights from integrated assessment

China, the world’s largest electricity consumer, has strong motivations to deploy nuclear power due to increasing electricity demand and environmental concerns. However, there are social, institutional, and technical barriers to future nuclear expansion. This paper provides an updated assessment of nuclear energy potential in China with analyses at both national and provincial levels and compares results with studies previously conducted. Using an integrated assessment model, this paper considers the interactions among different socioeconomic development pathways, technology options, climate policies, and social/political concerns on inland siting. Among all factors explored, climate policies have the most significant impact on accelerating the deployment of nuclear technologies. Inland siting of nuclear power plants increases total capacity, but the impact is limited without climate policy. The amount of annual nuclear generation across scenarios and studies is unlikely to rise above 11% by 2030 and 30% by 2050 of total Chinese electricity generation. A dramatic increase in total Chinese nuclear energy generating capacity – around 3900 TWh of nuclear generation by 2050 – is only possible in scenarios where China sees electricity demand increase substantially, sticks to and tightens its current Paris Accord commitments, achieves low costs of nuclear technologies, and allows inland siting of nuclear power plants.

China, integrated assesment, Nuclear Power Plants↗
DOE OSTI2019

Impacts of microbial assemblage and environmental conditions on the distribution of anatoxin-a producing cyanobacteria within a river network

Blooms of planktonic cyanobacteria have long been of concern in lakes, but more recently, harmful impacts of riverine benthic cyanobacterial mats been recognized. As yet, we know little about how various benthic cyanobacteria are distributed in river networks, or how environmental conditions or other associated microbes in their consortia affect their biosynthetic capacities. We performed metagenomic sequencing for 22 Oscillatoriales-dominated (Cyanobacteria) microbial mats collected across the Eel River network in Northern California and investigated factors associated with anatoxin-a producing cyanobacteria. All microbial communities were dominated by one or two cyanobacterial species, so the key mat metabolisms involve oxygenic photosynthesis and carbon oxidation. Only a few metabolisms fueled the growth of the mat communities, with little evidence for anaerobic metabolic pathways. We genomically defined four cyanobacterial species, all which shared <96% average nucleotide identity with reference Oscillatoriales genomes and are potentially novel species in the genus Microcoleus . One of the Microcoleus species contained the anatoxin-a biosynthesis genes, and we describe the first anatoxin-a gene cluster from the Microcoleus clade within Oscillatoriales. Occurrence of these four Microcoleus species in the watershed was correlated with total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, and the species that contains the anatoxin-a gene cluster was found in sites with higher nitrogen concentrations. Microbial assemblages in mat samples with the anatoxin-a gene cluster consistently had a lower abundance of Burkholderiales (Betaproteobacteria) species than did mats without the anatoxin-producing genes. The associations of water nutrient concentrations and certain co-occurring microbes with anatoxin-a producing Microcoleus motivate further exploration for their roles as potential controls on the distributions of toxigenic benthic cyanobacteria in river networks.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Final Report: Self-Consolidating Concrete Construction for Modular Units

This report focuses on work completed on DE-NE0000667, Self-Consolidating Concrete for Modular Units, in connection with the Department of Energy Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies (DOE-NEET) program. This project was completed in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, with Westinghouse Corporation as the industrial partner. The primary objective of this project was to develop self-consolidating concrete (also termed “self-compacting concrete” or SCC) mixtures so that concrete placement can be made into steel plate composite (SC) modular structures without the need for continuous concrete placement. As part of the research, SCC mixtures were developed and validated to ensure sufficient shear capacity across cold-joints, while minimizing shrinkage and temperature increase during curing to enhance concrete bonding with the steel plate construction found in modular units. The SCC mixtures developed were able to carry shearing forces across the cold-joint boundaries. This “self-roughening” was achieved by adding a tailored fraction of lightweight aggregate (LWA) to the concrete mix, some of which raised to the surface during curing, forming a rough surface on which subsequent concrete placements were made. The self-roughening behavior was validated through three sets of structural tests. Shear friction on small-scale specimens with cold joints was assessed using varying fractions of LWA and with varying amounts of external steel plate reinforcement. The results show that the shear friction coefficient, to be used with the provisions of ACI 318-14, Section 22.9, can be taken as 1.35. Mid-scale beam tests were completed to assess the cold-joint capacity in both in-plane and out-of-plane bending. The results showed that the self-roughened joints performed as well as monolithic joints. The final assessment was a full-scale test using a steel composite module supplied by Westinghouse and similar in construction to the steel composite modules being assembled at the Vogtle and V.C. Summer plant expansions. The final test showed that the roughened cold-joint showed excellent shear and flexural capacity, and substantial ductility, when used in conjunction with steel composite construction.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Molecular Dissection of the Arabidopsis 26S Proteasome

The 26S proteasome is a 2.5-MDa, ATP-dependent protease complex responsible for degrading many important cell regulators in plants and animals, especially those targeted by ubiquitylation. Its 64 or more subunits generate two subparticles: a 20S core protease (CP) that houses the proteolytic active sites and a 19S regulatory particle (RP) that binds to both ends of the CP and recruits appropriate substrates for breakdown. Despite its importance, we had only a rudimentary appreciation of the structure and functions of the core 26S proteasome from plants, and hints that the previously defined complex actually represents the nucleus of an even more elaborate and dynamic particle harboring multiple routes for substrate recognition and sophisticated mechanisms to control its assembly/location. Genomic analyses also suggested that plants in particular exploit this heterogeneity to generate a wide array of proteasome types, each with distinct compositions, locations, and/or functions/specificities. The goal of this DOE BES-funded research was to better define the 26S proteasome and its diversity in plants by a thorough analysis of the particle from Arabidopsis thaliana. During this completed work, we developed stringent affinity methods to rapidly isolate 26S proteasomes intact from Arabidopsis seedlings, and identified by mass spectrometry all the main CP and RP subunits along with a suite of interacting proteins. We also identified a number of post-translational modifications, and detected an alternative proteasome containing the CP capped by the PA200 protein. We then amassed a large collection of mutants eliminating most CP and RP subunits, and notable accessory proteins such as PA200. Phenotypic analyses of a few RP mutants support the notion that the Arabidopsis 26S proteasome is functionally heterogeneous. Through both genetic and biochemical analyses, we characterized a collection of shuttle proteins that help deliver ubiquitylated substrates, and discovered a subset of accessory proteins that likely act as chaperones that facilitate CP and RP assembly. These chaperone activities were supported by examining 26S proteasome assembly in plants missing these factors, which showed that the mutants accumulated high levels of partially assembled subparticles. In an effort to understand how the numerous genes encoding the various proteasome subunits are coordinately regulated to assemble the 64-subunit core complex and ultimately maintain adequate proteolytic capacity, we discovered by RNA-seq that most Arabidopsis genes required to synthesize the 26S proteasome are coordinately regulated transcriptionally. Through analysis of this ‘proteasome-stress’ regulon by protein-DNA binding, and reverse genetic methods, we identified the cis and trans-acting elements involved, that center around a pair of NAC transcription factors (NAC53 and NAC78) binding to a consensus proteasome-related cis element (PRCE) upstream of most proteasome-associated genes. And finally, we discovered that proteasomes are rapidly degraded by autophagy in response to nutrient stress or inactivation via a process we called proteaphagy. Whereas the former turnover is triggered by the ATG1-kinase complex working downstream of stress sensors such as the TOR kinase, the latter turnover is induced by substantial ubiquitylation of the complex followed by recognition of the appended ubiquitin moieties by the ubiquitin-binding autophagy receptor RPN10. Surprisingly, studies with RPN10 revealed that it represents the founding member of a new class of autophagy receptors that exploit a novel way to tether cargo to autophagic membranes. Instead of using the canonical AIM motif to bind ATG8 lining the autophagic membranes, it and relatives exploit a UIM motif to bind ATG8 at an alternative site. Studying the same inhibitor-induced proteaphagy in yeast revealed that an unrelated autophagy receptor Cue5 is required to recognize the bound ubiquitins. Strikingly, we found that carbon starvation also induces the accumulation novel cytoplasmic particles called proteasome storage granules that appear to protect proteasomes from autophagy. Their accumulation in yeast requires the CP-binding protein PA200 along with the RP-binding proteins Spg5. Taken together, this research revealed the composition of plant 26S proteasome, how it is assembled, and how is abundance is regulated both transcriptionally and by autophagy. Collectively, this research enhanced our appreciation of the plant 26S proteasome and its roles in ubiquitin-mediated protein turnover, and identified points of opportunity where its abundance or activity can be manipulated to improve food and biofuel crops.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Towards a Deeper Understanding of Automation Transparency in the Operation of Nuclear Plants

Automation technologies have the potential to reduce operations and maintenance costs, ensure reliable power generation and safety, and thereby contribute to extending the lifespan of nuclear power plants. To fulfill this aspiration, automation behaviors have to be understandable and predictable to human operators and traceable for license holders and regulators in the event of automation failures. The current report investigates how automation transparency as a systems design principle can keep operators sufficiently informed about the inner workings of automation or make fail-safe automation run invisibly in the background to free up operator capacity.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
NASA NTRS1980

Supersonic market and economic analyses

Advanced supersonic transport markets of the free world were projected for the period 1985 to 2004. Passenger traffic volume and airplane range and seat capacity requirements were estimated for Mach 2.2 service by international regional area market areas and by city pairs within and between these areas. Market factors and traffic factors examined include variable loads, growth rates, supersonic transport market shares, and schedule frequencies considering the different makeup of passenger traffic and individual city pairs. Direct, indirect, and total operating costs and yield levels were economically analyzed for first class and full fare economy class traffic.

Rochte, L. S.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Research in remote sensing of vegetation

The research topics undertaken were primarily selected to further the understanding of fundamental relationships between electromagnetic energy measured from Earth orbiting satellites and terrestrial features, principally vegetation. Vegetation is an essential component in the soil formation process and the major factor in protecting and holding soil in place. Vegetation plays key roles in hydrological and nutrient cycles. Awareness of improvement or deterioration in the capacity of vegetation and the trends that those changes may indicate are, therefore, critical detections to make. A study of the relationships requires consideration of the various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum; characteristics of detector system; synergism that may be achieved by merging data from two or more detector systems or multiple dates of data; and vegetational characteristics. The vegetation of Oregon is sufficiently diverse as to provide ample opportunity to investigate the relationships suggested above several vegetation types.

Schrumpf, Barry J.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Elastic-plastic finite element analyses of an unidirectional, 9 vol percent tungsten fiber reinforced copper matrix composite

Micromechanical modeling via elastic-plastic finite element analyses were performed to investigate the effects that the residual stresses and the degree of matrix work hardening (i.e., cold-worked, annealed) have upon the behavior of a 9 vol percent, unidirectional W/Cu composite, undergoing tensile loading. The inclusion of the residual stress-containing state as well as the simulated matrix material conditions proved to be significant since the Cu matrix material exhibited plastic deformation, which affected the subsequent tensile response of the composite system. The stresses generated during cooldown to room temperature from the manufacturing temperature were more of a factor on the annealed-matrix composite, since they induced the softened matrix to plastically flow. This event limited the total load-carrying capacity of this matrix-dominated, ductile-ductile type material system. Plastic deformation of the hardened-matrix composite during the thermal cooldown stage was not considerable, therefore, the composite was able to sustain a higher stress before showing any appreciable matrix plasticity. The predicted room temperature, stress-strain response, and deformation stages under both material conditions represented upper and lower bounds characteristic of the composite's tensile behavior. The initial deformation stage for the hardened material condition showed negligible matrix plastic deformation while for the annealed state, its initial deformation stage showed extensive matrix plasticity. Both material conditions exhibited a final deformation stage where the fiber and matrix were straining plastically. The predicted stress-strain results were compared to the experimental, room temperature, tensile stress-strain curve generated from this particular composite system. The analyses indicated that the actual thermal-mechanical state of the composite's Cu matrix, represented by the experimental data, followed the annealed material condition.

Sanfeliz, Jose G.↗