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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 919 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Gluon saturation in a saturated environment

A bootstrap equation for self-quenched gluon shadowing leads to a reduced magnitude of broadening for partons propagating through a nucleus. Saturation of small-x gluons in a nucleus, which has the form of transverse momentum broadening of projectile gluons in pA collisions in the nuclear rest frame, leads to a modification of the parton distribution functions in the beam compared with pp collisions. In nucleus-nucleus collisions all participating nucleons acquire enhanced gluon density at small x, which boosts further the saturation scale. Solution of the reciprocity equations for central collisions of two heavy nuclei demonstrate a significant, up to several times, enhancement of Q{sub sA}{sup 2}, in AA compared with pA collisions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Magnetic field and quantum screening effects on the occurrence time advance in quantum magnetoplasmas

The magnetic field and quantum screening effects on the occurrence scattering time advance for the electron-ion collision are investigated in quantum magnetoplasmas. The result shows that the occurrence scattering time advance decreases with an increase of the magnetic-field strength. It is also found that the occurrence time advance decreases with increasing projectile energy and increases with increasing scattering angle. In addition, the occurrence time advance decreases with an increase of the quantum effect, i.e., Fermi wavelength.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Neutron-Rich {sup 62,64,64}Fe Show Enhanced Collectivity: The Washout of N = 40 in Terms of Experiment, Valence Proton Symmetry and Shell Model

Probing shell structure at a large neutron excess has been of particular interest in recent times. Neutron-rich nuclei between the proton shell closures Z = 20 and Z = 28 offer an exotic testing ground for shell evolution. The development of the N = 40gap between neutron fp and lg{sub 9/2} shells gives rise to highly interesting variations of collectivity for nuclei in this region. While {sup 68}Ni shows doubly magic properties in level energies and transition strengths, this was not observed in neighbouring nuclei. Especially neutron-rich Fe isotopes proved particularly resistant to calculational approaches using the canonical valence space (fpg) resulting in important deviations of the predicted collectivity. Only an inclusion of the d{sub 5/2}-orbital could solve the problem [1]. Hitherto no transition strengths for {sup 66}Fe have been reported. We determined B(E2,2{sup +}{sub 1}{yields}0{sup +}{sub 1}) values from lifetimes measured with the recoil distance Doppler-shift method using the Cologne plunger for radioactive beams at National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. Excited states were populated by projectile Coulomb excitation for {sup 62,64,66}Fe. The data show a rise in collectivity for Fe isotopes towards N = 40. Results [2] are interpreted by means of a modified version of the Valence Proton Symmetry [3] and compared to shell model calculations using a new effective interaction recently developed for the fpgd valence space [4].

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

NEW OF SCHWINGER VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE FOR K-SHELL EXCITATION OF CA{sup 18+} (1S{sup 2}) IONS BY IMPACT OF VARIOUS ATOMS AT 8.6 MeV/amu

A new variational impact parameter approach to the process of direct electronic excitation of atoms by impact of ions at intermediate velocities regimes was shown to be very successful in predicting the saturation of cross sections when the projectile charge is increased [1-4]. In our approach, this new procedure is based on the fractional form of the Schwinger variational principle and applied to study K-shell excitation of Ca{sup 18+} (1s{sup 2}) ions impinging at 8.6 MeV/amu on various gases (H{sub 2}, He, N{sub 2}, O{sub 2}, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe). The excitation cross sections are compared with another theoretical approaches, like Born approximation. All obtained results stay in good agreement with experimental data of Xiang-Yuan Xu et al.[5].

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

The Effect of the Residual Ion Potential on the Fully Differential Cross Section of Helium for Ionization by Electron Impact

We have carried out calculations for the fully differential cross section of the ionization of helium by electron projectiles. In order to study the effect of the residual ion potential, we employed three models, and tested them for the coplanar and perpendicular plane geometry. In spite of the simplicity of our models, the results for the coplanar case are in fair agreement with the available experimental data. The results for the perpendicular geometry need more improvement.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Nonlinear wake potential and stopping power for charged particles interacting with a one-dimensional electron gas

We examine the interaction of particles with a one-dimensional electron gas by employing the quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) theory, where the nonlinear wake potential and stopping power have been numerically calculated by solving the nonlinear QHD equations with flux corrected transport (FCT) numerical method. In our calculation, the nonlinear effects on the wake potential and stopping power are clearly observed and presented. In the moving coordinate, comparisons are made between the nonlinear and linear wake potentials, in which the maximum values are larger and more oscillations appear behind the projectile in a nonlinear case in contrast to that in a linear case. The nonlinear wake potentials show a clear dependence on time, that is, the FCT algorithm solves the nonlinear QHD equations by time integration starting from the initial time. It is shown that the nonlinear effects can enhance the wake potential and stopping power for particle velocities greater than a few Bohr velocities.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Oscillatory quantum screening effects on the positronium (Ps) formation in quantum plasmas

The oscillatory quantum screening effects on the positronium formation by the positron are investigated in quantum plasmas. It is found that the oscillatory screening effects suppress the positronium formation radius as well as the positronium formation cross section. It is also found that the positronium formation radius decreases with increasing quantum wave number. It is found that the peak position of the differential cross section is receded from the projectile with decreasing quantum wave number. In addition, the oscillatory screening effects on the positronium formation cross section are found to be decreased with an increase of the collision energy.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Nuclear Physics and Hadron Therapy

Hadron therapy uses light charged particles beams (mainly proton and {sup 12}C ions) to irradiate tumors. These beams present a ballistic advantage with a maximum energy deposition at the end of the path. A large dose can be delivered inside a deep tumor while the surrounding healthy tissues are preserved. There is an obvious advantage in using these beams but the beam control has to be achieved and all the physical processes leading to the energy deposition have to be fully under control. This treatment protocol requires accurate control devices and a good knowledge of the physical processes occurring all along the path of the projectile in human tissues. In this report, we will present one example of a beam monitor for the proton therapy. We will also present the experimental program which has been initiated to obtain fundamental data on the nuclear fragmentation process.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Laser shocks: A tool for experimental simulation of damage into materials

High power laser irradiation of solids results in a strong shock wave propagation, driving very high amplitude pressure loadings with very short durations. These particular characteristics offer the possibility to study the behaviour of matter under extreme dynamic conditions in continuity with what is possible with the conventional generators of shock (launchers of projectiles, explosives). An advantage of laser shocks is a possible recovery of the shocked samples presenting the metallurgical effects of the shock in most cases. We introduce the principle of the laser shock generation, the characterization of these shocks, the principal mechanisms and effects associated with their propagation in the solids. We show how laser shocks can be a laboratory tool for simulating shock effects at ultra high strain rate, providing a high in information experimental layout for validation of damage modelling on an extended strain rate range compared to conventional shock generators. New data have been obtained with ultra short femtosecond range irradiation. Experimental data gathered through post mortem observation, time resolved velocity measurement are shown along with numerical associated simulations, showing the possibility to predict the damage behaviour of metallic targets under extreme strain rate up to 10{sup 8} s{sup -1}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Atomistic simulation of damage production by atomic and molecular ion irradiation in GaN

We have studied defect production during single atomic and molecular ion irradiation having an energy of 50 eV/amu in GaN by molecular dynamics simulations. Enhanced defect recombination is found in GaN, in accordance with experimental data. Instantaneous damage shows non-linearity with different molecular projectile and increasing molecular mass. Number of instantaneous defects produced by the PF{sub 4} molecule close to target surface is four times higher than that for PF{sub 2} molecule and three times higher than that calculated as a sum of the damage produced by one P and four F ion irradiation (P+4 Multiplication-Sign F). We explain this non-linearity by energy spike due to molecular effects. On the contrary, final damage created by PF{sub 4} and PF{sub 2} shows a linear pattern when the sample cools down. Total numbers of defects produced by Ag and PF{sub 4} having similar atomic masses are comparable. However, defect-depth distributions produced by these species are quite different, also indicating molecular effect.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

Orientation phenomena for the 1s {yields} 2p{sub {+-}1} atomic collisional excitations in quantum plasmas: Shielding and plasmon coupling

The influence of the plasmon coupling on the orientation phenomena for the 1s{yields}2p{sub {+-}1} atomic collisional transitions is investigated in quantum plasmas. The effective Hamiltonan model taking into account the quantum and plasma shielding effects is applied to describe the electron-hydrogenic ion interaction in quantum plasmas. The semiclassical method is employed to describe the states of the projectile electron and target system in order to investigate the variation of the collisional orientation parameter as a function of the impact parameter, plasmon coupling parameter, collision energy, and Debye length. The variation and preference of the excitation probabilities due to the shielding and plasma coupling effects are also discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Renormalized dynamic charge shielding on the electron-atom collision: Eikonal analysis

The influence of the dynamic renormalization plasma shielding on the electron-atom collision is investigated in a dense strongly coupled electron system. The semiclassical eikonal method and effective interaction potential are employed to obtain the eikonal scattering phase shift and eikonal collision cross section as functions of the Debye length, impact parameter, projectile energy, and thermal energy. It is found that the renormalized dynamic charge shielding effect enhances the eikonal collision cross section. The variation of the dynamic renormalization shielding on the electron-atom collision is also discussed.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Theory and experiments characterizing hypervelocity impact plasmas on biased spacecraft materials

Space weather including solar activity and background plasma sets up spacecraft conditions that can magnify the threat from hypervelocity impacts. Hypervelocity impactors include both meteoroids, traveling between 11 and 72 km/s, and orbital debris, with typical impact speeds of 10 km/s. When an impactor encounters a spacecraft, its kinetic energy is converted over a very short timescale into energy of vaporization and ionization, resulting in a small, dense plasma. This plasma can produce radio frequency (RF) emission, causing electrical anomalies within the spacecraft. In order to study this phenomenon, we conducted ground-based experiments to study hypervelocity impact plasmas using a Van de Graaff dust accelerator. Iron projectiles ranging from 10{sup -16} g to 10{sup -11} g were fired at speeds of up to 70 km/s into a variety of target materials under a range of surface charging conditions representative of space weather effects. Impact plasmas associated with bare metal targets as well as spacecraft materials were studied. Plasma expansion models were developed to determine the composition and temperature of the impact plasma, shedding light on the plasma dynamics that can lead to spacecraft electrical anomalies. The dependence of these plasma properties on target material, impact speed, and surface charge was analyzed. Our work includes three major results. First, the initial temperature of the impact plasma is at least an order of magnitude lower than previously reported, providing conditions more favorable for sustained RF emission. Second, the composition of impact plasmas from glass targets, unlike that of impact plasmas from tungsten, has low dependence on impact speed, indicating a charge production mechanism that is significant down to orbital debris speeds. Finally, negative ion formation has a strong dependence on target material. These new results can inform the design and operation of spacecraft in order to mitigate future impact-related space weather anomalies and failures.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Characteristics of the dynamic shielding on the Wannier-ridge electron escapes by electron impact in weakly coupled plasmas

The influence of the dynamic shielding on the Wannier ridge electron escapes into the continuum states by the electron-impact is investigated in weakly coupled plasmas. The dynamically shielded renormalized electron charge and screened Wannier exponent are obtained by considering the equation of motion in the Wannier configuration mode with the effective interaction potential as functions of the charge of the residual ion, Debye length, projectile energy, and thermal energy. The result shows that the dynamic renormalized effective electron charge decreases with an increase of the thermal energy, especially for large distances. It is found that the dynamic shielding effect enhances the Wannier exponent for the double-electron escape. The variation of the dynamic shielding effect on the screened Wannier exponent is also discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Photoproduction of lepton pairs in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and LHC energies

In this contribution we study coherent interactions as a probe of the nonlinear effects in the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED). In particular, we study the multiphoton effects in the production of leptons pairs for proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions for heavy nuclei. In the proton-nucleus we assume the ultrarelativistic proton as a source of photons and estimate the photoproduction of lepton pairs on nuclei at RHIC and LHC energies considering the multiphoton effects associated to multiple rescattering of the projectile photon on the proton of the nucleus. In nucleus - nucleus colllisions we consider the two nuclei as a source of photons. As each scattering contributes with a factor {alpha}Z to the cross section, this contribution must be taken into account for heavy nuclei. We consider the Coulomb corrections to calculate themultiple scatterings and estimate the total cross section for muon and tau pair production in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and LHC energies.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Applications of the associated-particle neutron-time-of-flight interrogation technique - From sheep to unexploded ordnance

The associated-particle technique (APT) will be presented for some diverse applications that include on the one hand, analyzing the body composition of live sheep and on the other, identifying the fillers of unexploded ordnance (UXO). What began with proof-of-concept studies using a large laboratory based 14 MeV neutron generator of the 'associated-particle' type, soon became possible for the first time to measure total body protein, fat and water simultaneously in live sheep using a compact field deployable associated-particle sealed-tube neutron generator (APSTNG). This non-invasive technique offered the animal physiologist a tool to monitor the growth of an animal in response to new genetic, nutritional and pharmacologic methods for livestock improvement. While measurement of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) determined protein, fat and water because of the fixed stoichiometric proportions of these elements in these body components, the unique C/N and C/O ratios of high explosives revealed their identity in UXO. The algorithm that was developed and implemented to extract C, N and O counts from an APT generated gamma-ray spectrum will be presented together with the UXO investigations that involved preliminary proofof-concept studies and modeling with Monte Carlo produced synthetic spectra of 57-155 mm projectiles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Recent results on intermediate-energy nucleon knockout reactions

Nucleon knockout reactions using fast rare isotope beams are a well-suited tool to study single-particle properties of exotic nuclei and the evolution of nuclear shell structure towards the drip-lines. In particular the sudden removal of two protons from an intermediate-energy neutron-rich projectile has been shown to proceed as a direct reaction. In addition to giving spectroscopic information, this type of reaction promises a rather unique tool assign spins by measuring the momentum distributions of the heavy reaction residues. In the present experiment, the heavy reaction residues were measured in coincidence with the removed. These more final-state-exclusive measurements are key for further validation of this direct reaction and its use for quantitative spectroscopy of highly neutron-rich nuclei.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

The ReA electron-beam ion trap charge breeder for reacceleration of rare isotopes

ReA is a post-accelerator at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. ReA is designed to reaccelerate rare isotopes to energies of a few MeV/u following production by projectile fragmentation and thermalization in a gas cell. The facility consists of four main components: an electron-beam ion trap (EBIT) charge breeder, an achromatic charge-over-mass (Q/A) separator, a radio-frequency quadrupole accelerator, and a superconducting radio-frequency linear accelerator. The EBIT charge breeder was specifically designed to efficiently capture continuous beams of singly charged ions injected at low energy (<60 keV), charge breed in less than 50 ms, and extract highly charged ions to the Q/A separator for charge-state selection and reacceleration through the accelerator structures. The use of highly charged ions to reach high beam energies is a key aspect that makes ReA a compact and cost-efficient post-accelerator. The EBIT is characterized by a high-current electron gun, a long multi-electrode trap structure and a dual magnet to provide both the high electron-beam current density necessary for fast charge breeding of short-lived isotopes as well as the high capture probability of injected beams. This paper presents an overview and the status of the ReA EBIT, which has extracted for reacceleration tests stable {sup 20}Ne{sup 8+} ion beams produced from injected gas and more recently {sup 39}K{sup 16+} beams by injecting stable {sup 39,41}K{sup +} ions from an external ion source.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗