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DOE OSTI2023

Statement from the American Linear Collider Committee to the P5 subpanel

This statement from the American Linear Collider Committee to the P5 subpanel has three purposes. It presents a brief summary of the case for an $e^+e^-$ Higgs factory that has emerged from Snowmass 2021. It highlights the special virtues of the ILC that are shared with other linear colliders but not with circular colliders. Finally, it calls attention to the resources available in the ILC White Paper for Snowmass (arXiv:2203.07622). The ALCC urges P5 to move the Higgs factory forward as a global project by assigning the idea of an $e^+e^-$ Higgs factory high priority, initiating a global discussion of the technology choice and cost sharing, and offering the option of siting the Higgs factory in the U.S.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Resource-aware compression

Systems, apparatuses, and methods for implementing a multi-tiered approach to cache compression are disclosed. A cache includes a cache controller, light compressor, and heavy compressor. The decision on which compressor to use for compressing cache lines is made based on certain resource availability such as cache capacity or memory bandwidth. This allows the cache to opportunistically use complex algorithms for compression while limiting the adverse effects of high decompression latency on system performance. To address the above issue, the proposed design takes advantage of the heavy compressors for effectively reducing memory bandwidth in high bandwidth memory (HBM) interfaces as long as they do not sacrifice system performance. Accordingly, the cache combines light and heavy compressors with a decision-making unit to achieve reduced off-chip memory traffic without sacrificing system performance.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Simulation of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Compaction Using Material Point Method (MPM)

Access to fresh drinking water in the future requires effective management of industrial wastewater and water purification from available resources. In this study, we present the simulation methodology and the analysis of a Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane under various pressure conditions using the Material Point Method (MPM). In contrast to other numerical methods, MPM solves the continuum governing equations on material points in a Lagrangian framework. The method does not require a grid connecting the material points hence making it suitable to simulate large deformations during membrane compaction. The time integration is carried out using the explicit Euler method, while the spatial discretization is performed using linear or cubic-spline shape functions. A series of planar images containing detailed pore structures obtained from X-ray tomography experiments is converted to a three-dimensional collection of material points to simulate the membrane. Compressive loads are applied to the top layer of the membrane to simulate the experiments. The membrane deformation and pore size distribution before and after load application are reported and compared with the experimental measurements. The presentation discusses the numerical methods used, the performance of the solver on high-performance computing machines, and the results of membrane compaction in detail.

ENGINEERING,MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Key Takeaways: First Cohort of Action Plans for Rapid Power Sector Decarbonization

The purpose of this synthesis report is to extract key takeaways from the first cohort of CEM Action Plans for rapid power sector decarbonization, developed by Australia, Chile, the European Union, India, and the United Kingdom. These Action Plans differ in their approach to power sector decarbonization based on the domestic resources available, governance structure, and regional context, among other factors. However, they also share common themes that were emphasized in the collaborative report released at CEM13. This report is not intended to be inclusive of all components in each Action Plan. Rather, this report highlights how select best practices for planning, building, and operating power systems are being implemented differently in these Action Plans, with equal focus given to each jurisdiction. Ministers and stakeholders from other governments with similar decarbonization goals can consider these examples within their own unique context.

Australia↗

DOE OSTI2013

Potential synergy: the thorium fuel cycle and rare earths processing

The use of thorium in nuclear power programs has been evaluated on a recurring basis. A concern often raised is the lack of 'thorium infrastructure'; however, for at least a part of a potential thorium fuel cycle, this may less of a problem than previously thought. Thorium is frequently encountered in association with rare earth elements and, since the U.S. last systematically evaluated the large-scale use of thorium (the 1970's,) the use of rare earth elements has increased ten-fold to approximately 200,000 metric tons per year. Integration of thorium extraction with rare earth processing has been previously described and top-level estimates have been done on thorium resource availability; however, since ores and mining operations differ markedly, what is needed is process flowsheet analysis to determine whether a specific mining operation can feasibly produce thorium as a by-product. Also, the collocation of thorium with rare earths means that, even if a thorium product stream is not developed, its presence in mining waste streams needs to be addressed and there are previous instances where this has caused issues. This study analyzes several operational mines, estimates the mines' ability to produce a thorium by-product stream, and discusses some waste management implications of recovering thorium. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Optimization of Low Level Waste Disposal Policy, Strategies and Techniques - 17201

The mission of low level radioactive waste disposal facilities is to accept and dispose of waste in compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, license requirements, and social expectations. These facilities need to provide a cost effective disposal service to the waste generators, so that the cost savings could be passed down to business, industry, and ultimately, to the general public. To fulfil this mission, waste disposal facilities need to establish and maintain review and optimization mechanisms to respond to changing circumstances that may impact the long-term safe, cost effective operation of their facilities. Maintaining existing disposal resources available as long as possible, managing increased demand for disposal space as a consequence of growing number of nuclear facilities to be decommissioned, and developing capacity for future needs and uncertainties are some of the key challenges that drive optimization of disposal facilities. While the concept of optimization of low level waste disposal facilities is not new, the framework for holistic optimization of waste disposal facilities, enabling them to provide cost effective, sustainable services to the nuclear industry, as well as maintaining optimized safety and radiation protection systems is a notable gap in the current radioactive waste management body of knowledge. A comprehensive optimization framework is required to support the implementation of safe, effective, and sustainable integrated waste management strategies. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2015

NEPA training is essential: it shouldn't just be for environmental staff - 15063

In times of increasing workloads and flat budgets, it is important that the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) use available resources and techniques efficiently and effectively to achieve success in environmental reviews throughout the agency. By implementing a contract with Duke University, co-sponsored by the Council on Environmental Quality, to present courses near the NRC Headquarters in the Implementation of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the NRC major program offices achieved success in training a large number of staff in NEPA in a timely and cost-effective manner. In addition, this training is positioning NRC staff to complete the Duke University graduate-level professional certificate in NEPA. (authors)

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Stop managing people, start managing agreements - 15081

One definition of management in business and organizations is: 'the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively'. Unfortunately, what it takes to coordinate (literally, to create order together) is beyond the scope of today's management tools. The top five management tools in the world, according to a Bain 2013 survey, are: Strategic Planning; Customer Relationship Management; Employee Engagement Surveys; Benchmarking; and Balanced Scorecard. These are useful tools in business and organizations, but do not help managers coordinate the complex performance networks of agreements with resource providers, team members, and internal and external user-customers and authorities required to accomplish group or organizational goals. How do we manage such a network? While coordination is increasingly necessary in today's world of work, it is also a much neglected area of serious study because it is, almost literally, an invisible phenomenon. We can observe people inside groups, as well as their activities and results, but coordination is a product of managing what is going on between groups, not inside them. The challenge is making that in-between visible and actionable, not just 'white space'. A solution: define a Team's performance as agreements - and deliveries on the agreements - for products, services, and communications - the things moving between a Team and its immediate circle of resource providers, customers, and authorities relevant to a goal. This approach has been shown to reduce operational costs while also increasing team members' recognition of their interdependent responsibilities. Managers and Team leaders can then turn any Team goal into an opportunity for accomplishment in three steps: 1. Define 'performance' in terms of deliverable products, services, and communications for every goal; 2. Keep performance status current and visible to all team members; and 3. Debrief and update performance status routinely. Teamwork and engagement in goal accomplishment require a focus on Sender-Receiver agreements, productive communication, and timely and accurate status-tracking and feedback. Sustaining the context for accomplishment is not about managing people - it requires supporting coordination for the network of agreements in which people operate. (authors)

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2018

FUSRAP Case Study - Benefits and Lessons Learned from Implementation of a Modern Data Solution at Maywood - 18399

This paper focuses on data production and management practices dating back to 1999 that continue to evolve to support the project today. In 2000, the FUSRAP Maywood Project began using a software environmental data management system and laboratory information management system, developed by a single database administrator (DA) and authored in Microsoft Access{sup TM} (MS Access). The original databases included basic functionality including sample number assignment and label generation, tracking of LIMS gamma spec QC and assignment of basic qualifiers and basic database queries. The DA continued over the next fifteen years to refine the EDMS/LIMS by integrating project-specific data evaluation guidance document processes and Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) charting and excursion warning tools. With the retirement of the original DA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)-Cabrera Team procured and implemented a commercial-leaning solution using modern database tools and an established EDMS vendor. For the database transition process, the project team established and configured the new EDMS/LIMS with basic architecture and accessibility; evaluated existing workflows; established/revised LIMS and EDMS-related documentation (manuals and procedures); and conducted dry runs and validation testing. The overall team coordinated closely to facilitate a seamless transition from initial assessment and authoring, to data migration, and finally to resumption of normal ongoing operations. Key features of the new EDMS Subcontractor's software included lookup tables, an import wizard, data checking options and unique indexes. Since the database systems became operational, the technical staff gathered useful feedback from end users (e.g., lab staff, field engineers, task managers, and the third-party data validator) to refine the EDMS/LIMS operation. This feedback triggered improvements in the performance of onsite laboratory qualification forms, promoted consistency in sample ID numbers between the database sample planning screens and field chain-of-custodies, corrected bugs in the LIMS Duplicate Evaluation Report, eliminated data import issues such as blank, inconsistent or missing data from key fields. One of the advantages of the commercial database solution was that it allowed the project to cut cost over time due to the lower cost of database maintenance provided by the commercial database vendor versus the cost of an on-staff DA. Cost savings are estimated at $40,000 per year. There were also indirect cost savings resulting from implementation of the new database since it allowed better integration of the LIMS and EDMS. While there will always be challenges associated with long term records/data management for any old remediation site, the Maywood Team's approach to an upgraded EDMS/LIMS implementation serves as one element of the overall effort to enhance the integrity and reproducibility of critical data that supports the remediation program while at the same time, more effectively using available resources. These lessons-learned will enhance implementation of cost-effective solutions for similar environmental remediation sites. (authors)

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Infrastructure and DFLAW Support at Hanford - 20443

Manhattan Project era infrastructure systems are degrading at an accelerated pace across the Department of Energy's (DOE) Environmental Management complex. Revitalizing, rejuvenating and right-sizing these systems to ensure reliability for ongoing cleanup missions is a major focus at the 580-square- mile Hanford Site in southeast Washington State. The push to complete construction, commissioning, startup, and operation of facilities and systems in the Direct-Feed Low-Activity Waste (DFLAW) program at Hanford by 2023 requires considerable coordination among site contractors and a significant investment in infrastructure. The passage of time also poses a challenge. It has been about 75 years since facilities were first operated at the site, and approximately 40 years of plutonium production created a legacy of unidentified active and abandoned underground obstacles and waste sites that must be avoided when building and upgrading the infrastructure. Converting infrastructure systems originally built to support plutonium production from the 1940's to the 1980's and upgrading those systems to optimize technology is an ever-changing balance of funding profiles, available resources and execution strategies. The DOE Richland Operations Office (RL) has long recognized the need for increased investment in Hanford Site infrastructure to support the future processing of approximately 56 million gallons of waste currently stored in large underground tanks. When DFLAW is fully operational, safe and reliable infrastructure systems will be needed to ensure continuity of operations around the clock, 365 days a year. These include roadways, water, power, sewer, information technology systems and facilities. To ensure the readiness of Hanford's infrastructure to support treating tank waste in the next three years, 15 projects were identified with a combined value of $133.8 million. Through calendar year 2019, 7 infrastructure projects have been substantially completed and the remaining 8 projects, with a remaining value of $103.8 million, are scheduled to be completed by December 2023. RL and its site services/infrastructure contractor, Mission Support Alliance (MSA), regularly evaluate the needs of the DFLAW program and other Hanford Site missions to ensure the highest priority systems are addressed. In addition to a fast-approaching deadline for round-the-clock treatment operations, RL and MSA face another significant infrastructure challenge. As cleanup is being completed in a 220-square-mile area called the River Corridor, most of the cleanup operations going forward will occur in a 20-square-mile area in the center of the Hanford Site, known as the Central Plateau. Infrastructure systems are becoming more congested in an already overcrowded area. This paper/presentation will outline some of the challenges Hanford faces while executing infrastructure reliability projects. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2017

The Parareal Method for Solving Space-Dependent Neutron Kinetics Equations in Hexagonal-z Geometry

Neutron kinetics plays an important role in reactor safety and analysis. The backward Euler method is the most widely used time integration method in the calculation of space-dependent nuclear reactor kinetics. Xia (2006) used this method to discretize the derivative of flux, and adopted the analytic integration to discretize the delayed neutron precursor concentrations. Diagonally Implicit Runge-Kutta (DIRK) method owns high accuracy and excellent stability, and it was applied in the rectangle core for calculating core the nuclear reactor kinetics by Wenbo Zhao (2013). Recently, DIRK was applied to the neutron kinetics for hexagonal-z geometry application (CAI, 2016). As solving the neutron kinetics equations is very time-consuming and the number of available cores continues to increase with parallel architectures evolving, parallel algorithms need to be designed in order to effectively utilize the available resources. However, it is difficult to parallel in time axis because the later moment is strongly dependent on the previous moment. Some methods have been proposed to parallel in time algorithm over the last decades. One of the famous methods to realize time parallelism is the Parareal algorithm (Lions, 2001), which offers a promising approach to increase the degree of concurrency. More than one decade from this method first proposed, this method has been studied and applied in the many fields of applied mathematics, physics, chemistry, parallel computing, etc. Fischer (2014 applied the Parareal method in the field of the Navier-Stokes Equations. Baudron (2014) combined the Parareal method with finite element method to solve the neutron kinetics equations, where the Parareal method was implemented based on the implicit Euler method or method. In this paper, the Parareal method is studied in the hexagonal-z geometry with the help of DIRK developed for neutron kinetics equations (CAI, 2016)

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

CIE Update for NERC RSTC (March 2024)

This brief presentation provides a brief overview of Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE), explains public resources available for CIE application, and reviews current efforts to expand CIE knowledge and use. To be presented to the NERC Reliability and Security Technical Committee at their annual in-person meetings in San Diego, CA.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Energy Credits—A New Way to Save in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2022

This article discusses a new Section 11 that has been added to Standard 90.1-2022 to increase energy savings by requiring additional energy credit measures beyond the base prescriptive requirements. This new requirement targets a 5% reduction in overall building energy cost using a broad range of additional measures. Allowing designers to choose measures that are particularly suited to a particular project provides flexibility in increasing energy savings. There are resources available to help designers implement this new requirement in Standard 90.1.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Geothermal Power Systems Analysis: Outcome of Industry Stakeholders Workshop: Preprint

Geothermal cost and performance evaluation implemented via technoeconomic assessment (TEA) modeling is critical for the Department of Energy (DOE) and other geothermal industry stakeholders in assessing the current state of geothermal technologies and to identify existing hurdles to commercially viable geothermal development. The Geothermal Electricity Technology Evaluation Model (GETEM) is a major TEA tool used in estimating the economic feasibility and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of conventional hydrothermal systems and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Since 2021, GETEM has been transitioning from an intricate spreadsheet model to a user-friendly tool within the System Advisor Model (SAM) developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Apart from enabling an expanded visibility of the geothermal model among other renewable resources, having GETEM in SAM has the advantage of simulation automation, better usability, updates tracking, active user inputs/feedback, and extended financial modeling. GETEM is used in developing supply curves for the Annual Technology Baseline (ATB). The ATB data are inputs to the Renewable Energy Potential (reV) and the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) models. The geothermal module in NREL’s reV model assesses the geothermal energy potential in the conterminous United States by defining the geospatial intersection of geothermal resources with existing grid infrastructure within the constraint of land use characteristics. The ReEDS model is a capacity expansion model used for simulating the long-term build-out and operation of the US generation and transmission system based on current energy costs and policies. To ensure enhanced representation of current industry trends in our model transitions and development, we organized a two-day virtual workshop to elicit geothermal industry stakeholder input and recommendations on our current approaches and assumptions on technoeconomic, resource assessment, and deployment scenarios modeling of geothermal technologies. Participants included developers, operators, investors, regulatory agencies, system modelers, national laboratory researchers, consultants, and other stakeholders. In this workshop, we gained stakeholder insights on current geothermal plant performance (i.e., capacity factors), updated drilling costs and learning curves, and next generation technologies such as closed loop and superhot rock geothermal. Other outcomes from this workshop and its impact on future geothermal development feasibility, resource availability, and capacity expansion studies are compiled and discussed.

Annual Technology Baseline↗

DOE OSTI2025

Geothermal Power Systems Analysis: Outcome of Industry Stakeholders Workshop

Geothermal cost and performance evaluation implemented via techno-economic assessment (TEA) modeling is critical for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and other geothermal industry stakeholders in assessing the current state of geothermal technologies and to identify existing hurdles to commercially viable geothermal development. The Geothermal Electricity Technology Evaluation Model (GETEM) is a major TEA tool used in estimating the economic feasibility and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of conventional hydrothermal systems and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Since 2021, GETEM has been transitioning from an intricate spreadsheet model to a user-friendly tool within the System Advisor Model (SAM) developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Apart from enabling an expanded visibility of the geothermal model among other renewable resources, having GETEM in SAM has the advantage of simulation automation, better usability, updates tracking, active user inputs/feedback, and extended financial modeling. GETEM is used in developing supply curves for NREL's Annual Technology Baseline (ATB), which provides inputs to the Renewable Energy Potential (reV) and the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) models. The geothermal module in NREL's reV model assesses the geothermal energy potential in the conterminous United States by defining the geospatial intersection of geothermal resources with existing grid infrastructure within the constraint of land use characteristics. The ReEDS model is a capacity expansion model used for simulating the long-term build-out and operation of the U.S. generation and transmission system based on current energy costs and policies. To ensure enhanced representation of current industry trends in our model transitions and development, we organized a two-day virtual workshop to elicit geothermal industry stakeholder input and recommendations on our current approaches and assumptions on techno-economic, resource assessment, and deployment scenarios modeling of geothermal technologies. Participants included developers, operators, investors, regulatory agencies, system modelers, national laboratory researchers, consultants, and other stakeholders. In this workshop, we gained stakeholder insights on current geothermal plant performance (i.e., capacity factors), updated drilling costs and learning curves, and next-generation technologies such as closed-loop and superhot rock geothermal. Other outcomes from this workshop and its impact on future geothermal development feasibility, resource availability, and capacity expansion studies are compiled and discussed.

annual technology baseline↗

DOE OSTI2025

Comparative Study of Enhanced Geothermal System Supply Curves Across CONUS from Two Temperature Models Using the Renewable Energy Potential Model (reV)

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) have had recent breakthroughs within the geothermal sector. These breakthroughs are reflected in the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 2024 Annual Technology Baseline and will result in updated EGS supply curves (i.e., the available resource capacity relative to cost). Our research uses NREL's Renewable Energy Potential (reV) model to compare EGS supply curves across the conterminous United States (CONUS) for two different temperature models: the Stanford temperature model (STM) and the Southern Methodist University temperature model (SMU). The reV model provides the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) at a consistent resolution across CONUS, taking into consideration transmission costs and constraints as well as technical exclusions pertaining to sensitive cultural, ecological, or infrastructure locations. In addition to a countrywide analysis of both models, we also conducted a regional analysis of Texas. We observed the STM had, on average, lower temperatures across different depths, resulting in slightly higher mean and median LCOEs as compared to the SMU temperature model at the same depths. In the regional analysis for Texas, however, when we compared only the common points between the two temperature models, the STM had lower median and mean LCOEs compared to SMU due to higher temperatures at depths greater than 5 km.

enhanced geothermal systems↗

DOE OSTI2025

Electrifying Connection, Managing Impacts to Transit & the Grid

This brochure describes the potential impacts at scale electrified transportation may have on the grid by analyzing current deployments and provides recommendations onthe available resources or solutions to help stabilize the grid in other regions.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2025

Automation of Vulnerability and Patch Management: Information Extraction, Association, and Optimization

Vulnerability and patch management is an integral part of a robust cybersecurity program, yet it grows increasingly complex due to the sheer amount of data that must be analyzed. Particularly in Operational Technology (OT) environments, analysis must be done manually because of the lack of automated solutions. Additionally, there are many steps in this process, from the initial discovery of the vulnerability to the implementation of its remediation, and each step in the process requires different data in order to be performed effectively. In this work, we provide approaches and strategies to assist operators in industrial or OT environments throughout the vulnerability management cycle. Security advisories provide key information about mitigation strategies, or actions that can be taken when a patch is unavailable or cannot be installed. Details of these strategies are not shared in public vulnerability databases and must be found manually. We approach this problem by designing a solution to automatically identify that information within vendor security advisories and retrieve it for operator use. We start with an approach that requires domain-specific knowledge of certain frequently-seen reference websites. Next, an approach that can work on an arbitrary website but relies on certain keywords. Finally, an approach that uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods and does not require specific knowledge or keywords. Each of these approaches is more general than its predecessor; we demonstrate high accuracy for all approaches Advisories also often contain details of affected products in non-standard or natural language formats. While this information can be easily understood when read by an operator, the non-standard format acts as a barrier to effective automation. We provide an approach for the first step in this process: identifying vendors in security advisories and mapping them to a standard framework for representing digital assets and software products. We evaluate five established string similarity algorithms, plus one of our own design that combines string similarity and information theory, on the task of mapping vendors to their corresponding entries in the Common Platform Enumeration (CPE) repository. Our results show that our proposed metric outperforms all others. Due to the constraints on time, finances, and personnel for organizations, Large Language Models (LLMs) may seem like attractive opportunities for security operators to speed up information gathering; however, it is still not clear whether LLMs can handle vulnerability management tasks well. To answer this question, we perform an empirical study of LLMs’ ability to provide consistent, accurate information about vulnerabilities in order to guide organizations in their adoption of LLMs. We observe poor performance for all models tested, suggesting that these models are not well-suited to the consistent retrieval of accurate vulnerability information. Finally, once vulnerabilities have been identified and any additional information has been obtained, operators must decide which remediation actions to implement based on their available resources. This already-complex problem becomes even more so when we consider that a vulnerability may have multiple avenues for remediation. We formulate this scenario as two knapsack problems and provide solutions, which we then compare against several existing strategies for vulnerability prioritization seen in real operational environments.

McClanahan, Kylie↗