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At least 919 records · Page 51

Dispersive waves in a seeded MHD generator.

The equations giving the response of a slightly ionized plasma with monatomic components to sinusoidal perturbations have been formulated. Included in the model equations were the electron Hall effect, electron thermal diffusion, radiation, and electron-atom rate processes. Plasma conditions were limited to those where viscous effects, the induced magnetic field, ion slip, and atom-atom inelastic processes can be neglected. Presented are results of numerical calculations for MHD generators with a working fluid of potassium seeded argon.

Harstad, K. G.↗

Modeling the Effects of Drift Orbit Bifurcation on Radiation Belt Electrons

Abstract Drift orbit bifurcation (DOB) has been suggested to play a major role in the loss and transport of radiation belt electrons since it violates the second adiabatic invariants of particles and makes the third invariant undefined. Results from our guiding‐center test particle simulations using the Tsyganenko‐1989c magnetic field model show that the DOB could affect a broad region of the outer radiation belt, which can penetrate inside the geosynchronous orbit at Kp ≥ 3, and its effects are more significant further away from the Earth, at a higher Kp and for higher electron energies. Specifically, the short‐term simulation results after one electron drift show both traditional and nontraditional DOB transport of electrons, with the nontraditional DOB, caused by a third minimum of the magnetic field strength near the equator, reported here for the first time. Moreover, our results show large ballistic jumps in the second invariant and radial distance for electrons at high equatorial pitch angles after one drift. In addition, long‐term DOB transport coefficients of electrons over many drifts are calculated based on our simulation results. We find that the pitch angle and radial diffusion coefficients of electrons due to DOB could be comparable to or even larger than those caused by electron interactions with chorus and Ultra‐Low‐Frequency waves, respectively. In sum, our results demonstrate that DOB could cause effective loss and transport of radiation belt electrons even in the absence of waves.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

The Mystery of Baselevel Controls in the Incision History of the Central Colorado Plateau

Erosion can remain active and changing in landscapes long after tectonic drivers have ceased, potentially due to local-geologic controls, climate changes, or geodynamics. We present new fluvial incision-rate histories and terrain analyses of the Colorado River system through the central Colorado Plateau to understand what has caused the variable erosion across this post-orogenic landscape. Results from new cosmogenic and luminescence dating of fluvial terrace and upland gravel deposits in Glen and Meander Canyons establish incision-rate histories that are marked by an Early-Middle Pleistocene erosion hiatus, followed by ~200 m of rapid incision over the last ~350 kyr. Projection of fluvial topography from above knickzones of the Colorado River drainage system roughly agree with the observed magnitude of recent incision and reflect a common baselevel fall from Pliocene river integration through Grand Canyon, which is still propagating through the drainage. A response-time model indicates that baselevel fall from integration likely took 2–4 Myr to reach the central Colorado Plateau and 100s kyr to travel across the study area, potentially accounting for incision rate changes in the fluvial terrace records of Meander and Glen Canyons. The upstream-migrating incision has likely been partitioned into multiple waves across the landscape due to the local geologic controls of lava damming, salt tectonics, and heterogenous bedrock. As baselevel fall from Pliocene Colorado River integration diffuses upstream, it can only account for perhaps a quarter of the total ~2 km of exhumation in the central Colorado Plateau, demanding an unknown driver for significant erosion in the Pliocene.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Analysis of multi-electron, multi-step homogeneous catalysis by rotating disc electrode voltammetry: theory, application, and obstacles

Rotating disc electrode (RDE) voltammetry has been widely adopted for the study of heterogenized molecular electrocatalysts for multi-step fuel-forming reactions but this tool has never been comprehensively applied to their homogeneous analogues. Here, the utility and limitations of RDE techniques for mechanistic and kinetic analysis of homogeneous molecular catalysts that mediate multi-electron, multi-substrate redox transformations are explored. Using the ECEC' reaction mechanism as a case study, two theoretical models are derived based on the Nernst diffusion layer model and the Hale transformation. Current–potential curves generated by these computational strategies are compared under a variety of limiting conditions to identify conditions under which the more minimalist Nernst Diffusion Layer approach can be applied. Based on this theoretical treatment, strategies for extracting kinetic information from the plateau current and the foot of the catalytic wave are derived. RDEV is applied to a cobaloxime hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst under non-aqueous conditions in order to experimentally validate this theoretical framework and explore the feasibility of RDE as a tool for studying homogeneous catalysts. Importantly, analysis of the foot-of-the-wave via this theoretical framework provides rate constants for elementary reaction steps that agree with those extracted from stationary voltammetric methods, supporting the application of RDE to study homogeneous fuel-forming catalysts. Lastly, obstacles encountered during the kinetic analysis of cobaloxime, along with the voltammetric signatures used to diagnose this reactivity, are discussed with the goal of guiding groups working to improve RDE set-ups and help researchers avoid misinterpretation of RDE data.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Relation between the Electronic Properties and Structure of InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots Grown by Vapor-Phase Epitaxy

On the basis of a comprehensive study of the structural and electronic properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown by vapor-phase epitaxy at atmospheric pressure, a structural model of the quantum dots as three truncated pyramids adjoined at their bases is chosen. The model takes into account the diffusive smearing of the composition near the base and lateral surface as well as the segregation of indium near the vertex. It is established that the wave functions of charge carriers in the ground state are localized in a comparatively small region of the quantum dot near its vertex.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Stimulation of the Harris instability in the ionosphere

Observations made with a sweep frequency rf sounder on the satellite ISIS 1 in the topside ionosphere are reported, and the interpretation of diffuse signals at the lower harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency is discussed. These signals are attributed to the stimulation of Harris instabilities of longitudinal plasma waves at multiples of the cyclotron frequency in a single electron distribution. The Harris instability is excited most readily when the frequency is near the midpoint between the harmonics of the cyclotron frequency. The cause of these instabilities is the large electron velocity anisotropy which results from collisionless cyclotron damping of the energy from the high power sounder pulse.

Benson, R. F.↗

Dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere and energetic particle radiation

Inferences are drawn from Jovian magnetosphere data acquired in the flybys of Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. Data on the outer magnetosphere and the inner core, and on observed 10-hr variations in particle intensity, are summarized, with attention given to the immense size and complexity of the magnetosphere and the behavior of trapped charged particles. The data support the maintenance and acceleration of charged particles trapped in Jupiter's magnetic field by inward diffusion in violation of the third adiabatic invariant. Prodigious quantities of high-energy particles are found to escape from Jupiter into interplanetary space, and MHD waves in the circumjovian plasma are considered. Whether the 10-hr variations are spatial or temporal in origin is weighed in favor of the latter. Production and loss mechanisms for the particles, and the nature of the Jovian magnetosphere itself, are noted among questions remaining obscure.

Simpson, J. A.↗

Radar scattering from a diffuse vegetation layer over a smooth surface

A simple model is presented for the oblique backscatter and bistatic scatter from a smooth surface overlain by a diffuse layer. Only single scattering in the diffuse layer is taken into account. The model analysis shows that the combination of volume scattering and oblique reflection at the surface may increase appreciably the waves scattering. The scattering strongly depends on the properties of the smooth surface. These results support some of the observations made with the Seasat spaceborne imaging radar over flooded regions with heavy vegetation cover.

Engheta, N.↗

Mirror instability and origin of morningside auroral structure

Auroral optical imagery shows marked differences between auroral features of the evening and morning sectors: the separation between diffuse and discrete auroras in the evening sector is not distinct in the morning sector, which is dominated by auroral patches and multiple banded structures aligned along some direction. Plasma distribution function signatures also show marked differences: downward electron beams and inverted-V signatures prefer the evening sector, while the electron spectra on the morning sector are similar to the diffuse aurora. A theory of morningside auroras consistent with these features was constructed. The theory is based on modulation of the growth rates of electron cyclotron waves by the mirror instability, which is in turn driven by inward-convected ions that have become anisotropic. This modulation produces alternating bands of enhanced and reduced electron precipitation which approximate the observed multiple auroral bands and patches of the morning sector.

Chiu, Y. T.↗

Mechanisms of Ionospheric Mass Ejection

Ionospheric outflows are directly responsive to solar wind disturbances, particularly in the dayside auroral cusp or cleft regions. Inputs of both electromagnetic energy (Poynting flux) and kinetic energy (particle precipitation) are closely correlated with these outflows. We assess the importance of processes thought to drive ionospheric outflows. These begin with the diffuse effects of photoionization and thermal equilibrium of the ionospheric topside, enhancing Jeans' escape, with ambipolar diffusion and acceleration. Auroral outflows begin with dayside reconnexion and resultant field-aligned currents and driven convection. These produce plasmaspheric plumes, collisional heating and wave-particle interactions, centrifugal acceleration, and auroral acceleration by parallel electric fields, including enhanced ambipolar fields from electron heating by precipitation particles. Solar wind energy dissipation is concentrated by the geomagnetic field into auroral regions with an amplification factor of 10-100, enhancing heavy species plasma and gas escape from gravity, and providing more current carrying capacity. Internal plasmas thus enable electromagnetic driving via coupling to the plasma and neutral gas. We assess the importance of each of these processes in terms of local escape flux production as well as global outflow, and suggest methods for their implementation within multi-species global simulation codes. We conclude by assessing outstanding obstacles to this objective.

Moore, Thomas Earle↗

Physical Processes for Driving Ionospheric Outflows in Global Simulations

We review and assess the importance of processes thought to drive ionospheric outflows, linking them as appropriate to the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, and to the spatial and temporal distribution of their magnetospheric internal responses. These begin with the diffuse effects of photoionization and thermal equilibrium of the ionospheric topside, enhancing Jeans' escape, with ambipolar diffusion and acceleration. Auroral outflows begin with dayside reconnexion and resultant field-aligned currents and driven convection. These produce plasmaspheric plumes, collisional heating and wave-particle interactions, centrifugal acceleration, and auroral acceleration by parallel electric fields, including enhanced ambipolar fields from electron heating by precipitating particles. Observations and simulations show that solar wind energy dissipation into the atmosphere is concentrated by the geomagnetic field into auroral regions with an amplification factor of 10-100, enhancing heavy species plasma and gas escape from gravity, and providing more current carrying capacity. Internal plasmas thus enable electromagnetic driving via coupling to the plasma, neutral gas and by extension, the entire body " We assess the Importance of each of these processes in terms of local escape flux production as well as global outflow, and suggest methods for their implementation within multispecies global simulation codes. We complete 'he survey with an assessment of outstanding obstacles to this objective.

Moore, Thomas Earle↗

Initial On-Orbit Radiometric Calibration of the Suomi NPP VIIRS Reflective Solar Bands

The on-orbit radiometric response calibration of the VISible/Near InfraRed (VISNIR) and the Short-Wave InfraRed (SWIR) bands of the Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) satellite is carried out through a Solar Diffuser (SD). The transmittance of the SD screen and the SD's Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) are measured before launch and tabulated, allowing the VIIRS sensor aperture spectral radiance to be accurately determined. The radiometric response of a detector is described by a quadratic polynomial of the detector?s digital number (dn). The coefficients were determined before launch. Once on orbit, the coefficients are assumed to change by a common factor: the F-factor. The radiance scattered from the SD allows the determination of the F-factor. In this Proceeding, we describe the methodology and the associated algorithms in the determination of the F-factors and discuss the results.

Lei, Ning↗

Effect of transport mechanism on the coarsening of bicontinuous structures: A comparison between bulk and surface diffusion

Here, coarsening of bicontinuous microstructures is observed in a variety of systems, such as nanoporous metals and mixtures that have undergone spinodal decomposition. To better understand the morphological evolution of these structures during coarsening, we compare the morphologies resulting from two different coarsening mechanisms, surface and bulk diffusion. We perform phase-field simulations of coarsening via each mechanism in a two-phase mixture at nominal volume fractions of 50%-50% and 36%-64%, and the simulated structures are characterized in terms of topology (genus density), the interfacial shape distribution, structure factor, and autocorrelations of phase and mean curvature. We observe self-similar evolution of morphology and topology and agreement with the expected power laws for dynamic scaling, in which the characteristic length scale increases over time proportionally to t 1/4 for surface diffusion and t 1/3 for bulk diffusion. While we observe the expected difference in the coarsening kinetics, we find that differences in self-similar morphology due to coarsening mechanism are relatively small, although typically they are larger at 36% volume fraction than at 50% volume fraction. In particular, we find that bicontinuous structures coarsened via surface diffusion have lower scaled genus densities than structures coarsened via bulk diffusion. We also compare the self-similar morphologies to those in literature and to two model bicontinuous structures, namely, constant-mean-curvature surfaces based on the Schoen G minimal surface and random leveled-wave structures. The average scaled mean curvatures of these model structures agree reasonably with those of the coarsened structures at both 36% and 50%, but we find substantial disagreements in the scaled genus densities and the standard deviations of mean curvature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Disorder and diffuse scattering in single-chirality (TaSe 4 ) 2 ⁢I crystals

The quasi-one-dimensional chiral compound (TaSe 4 ) 2 I has been extensively studied as a prime example of a topological Weyl semimetal. Upon crossing its phase transition temperature $T$ CDW ≈263K, (TaSe 4 ) 2 I exhibits incommensurate charge density wave (CDW) modulations described by the well-defined propagation vector ∼(0.05,0.05,0.11), oblique to the TaSe 4 chains. Although optical and transport properties greatly depend on chirality, there is no systematic report about chiral domain size for (TaSe 4 ) 2 I. In this study, our single-crystal scattering refinements reveal a bulk iodine deficiency, and Flack parameter measurements on multiple crystals demonstrate that separate (TaSe 4 ) 2 I crystals have uniform handedness, supported by direct imaging and helicity-dependent terahertz emission spectroscopy. Our single-crystal x-ray scattering and calculated diffraction patterns identify multiple diffuse features and create a real-space picture of the temperature-dependent (TaSe 4 ) 2 I crystal structure. Further, the short-range diffuse features are present at room temperature and decrease in intensity as the CDW modulation develops. These transverse displacements, along with electron pinning from the iodine deficiency, help explain why (TaSe 4 ) 2 I behaves as an electronic semiconductor at temperatures above and below $T$ CDW , despite a metallic band structure calculated from density functional theory of the ideal structure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Local inversion-symmetry breaking in a bismuthate high-Tc superconductor

Abstract The doped perovskite BaBiO 3 exhibits a maximum superconducting transition temperature ( T c ) of 34 K and was the first high- T c oxide to be discovered, yet pivotal questions regarding the nature of both the metallic and superconducting states remain unresolved. Although it is generally thought that superconductivity in the bismuthates is of the conventional s -wave type, the pairing mechanism is still debated, with strong electron-phonon coupling and bismuth valence or bond disproportionation possibly playing a role. Here we use diffuse x-ray scattering and Monte Carlo modeling to study the local structure of Ba 1-x K x BiO 3 across its insulator-metal boundary. We find no evidence for either long- or short-range disproportionation, which resolves a major conundrum, as disproportionation and the related polaronic effects are likely not relevant for the metallic and superconducting states. Instead, we uncover nanoscale structural correlations that break inversion symmetry, with far-reaching implications for the electronic physics. This unexpected finding furthermore establishes that the bismuthates belong to the broader classes of materials with hidden spin-orbit coupling and a tendency towards inversion-breaking displacements.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

TurboRVB: A many-body toolkit for ab initio electronic simulations by quantum Monte Carlo

TurboRVB is a computational package for ab initio Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations of both molecular and bulk electronic systems. The code implements two types of well established QMC algorithms: Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and diffusion Monte Carlo in its robust and efficient lattice regularized variant. A key feature of the code is the possibility of using strongly correlated many-body wave functions (WFs), capable of describing several materials with very high accuracy, even when standard mean-field approaches [e.g., density functional theory (DFT)] fail. The electronic WF is obtained by applying a Jastrow factor, which takes into account dynamical correlations, to the most general mean-field ground state, written either as an antisymmetrized geminal power with spin-singlet pairing or as a Pfaffian, including both singlet and triplet correlations. This WF can be viewed as an efficient implementation of the so-called resonating valence bond (RVB) Ansatz, first proposed by Pauling and Anderson in quantum chemistry [L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond (Cornell University Press, 1960)] and condensed matter physics [P.W. Anderson, Mat. Res. Bull 8, 153 (1973)], respectively. The RVB Ansatz implemented in TurboRVB has a large variational freedom, including the Jastrow correlated Slater determinant as its simplest, but nontrivial case. Moreover, it has the remarkable advantage of remaining with an affordable computational cost, proportional to the one spent for the evaluation of a single Slater determinant. Therefore, its application to large systems is computationally feasible. The WF is expanded in a localized basis set. Several basis set functions are implemented, such as Gaussian, Slater, and mixed types, with no restriction on the choice of their contraction. The code implements the adjoint algorithmic differentiation that enables a very efficient evaluation of energy derivatives, comprising the ionic forces. Thus, one can perform structural optimizations and molecular dynamics in the canonical NVT ensemble at the VMC level. For the electronic part, a full WF optimization (Jastrow and antisymmetric parts together) is made possible, thanks to state-of-the-art stochastic algorithms for energy minimization. In the optimization procedure, the first guess can be obtained at the mean-field level by a built-in DFT driver. The code was efficiently parallelized by using a hybrid MPI-OpenMP protocol, which is also an ideal environment for exploiting the computational power of modern Graphics Processing Unit accelerators.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Studies of Reynolds stress and the turbulent generation of edge poloidal flows on the HL-2A tokamak

Several new results on the physics linking edge poloidal flows to turbulent momentum transport are reported. These are based on experiments on the HL-2A tokamak. Significant deviation from the neoclassical prediction for mean poloidal flow in Ohmic and electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) heated L-mode discharges is derived from direct measurement of the turbulent Reynolds stress. The deviation increases prominently with ECRH power. The turbulent poloidal viscosity is synthesized from fluctuation data, and is found to be comparable to the turbulent particle diffusivity. The intrinsic poloidal torque characterized by the divergence of the non-diffusive residual stress is deduced from synthesis for the first time in a tokamak plasma. Experimental evidence which demonstrates the dynamics of spectral symmetry breaking in drift wave turbulence is in good agreement with the development of the poloidal torque. Finally, taken together, these results elucidate the connections between power injection, turbulence development, pressure gradient and residual stress from symmetry breaking.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Generalized hydrodynamics, quasiparticle diffusion, and anomalous local relaxation in random integrable spin chains

We report on the nonequilibrium dynamics of random spin chains that remain integrable (i.e., solvable via Bethe ansatz): because of correlations in the disorder, these systems escape localization and feature ballistically spreading quasiparticles. We derive a generalized hydrodynamic theory for dynamics in such random integrable systems, including diffusive corrections due to disorder, and use it to study nonequilibrium energy and spin transport. We demonstrate that diffusive corrections to the ballistic propagation of quasiparticles can arise even in noninteracting settings, in sharp contrast to clean integrable systems. This suggests that operator fronts broaden diffusively in random integrable systems. By tuning parameters in the disorder distribution, one can drive this model through an unusual phase transition, between a phase where all wave functions are delocalized and a phase in which low-energy wave functions are quasilocalized (in a sense we specify). Both phases have ballistic transport; however, in the quasilocalized phase, local autocorrelation functions decay with an anomalous power law, and the density of states diverges at low energy.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗