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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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1,847 records · Page 51
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1990

Laboratory Investigations: Low Earth Orbit Environment Chemistry With Spacecraft Surfaces

Long-term space operations that require exposure of material to the low earth orbit (LEO) environment must take into account the effects of this highly oxidative atmosphere on material properties and the possible contamination of the spacecraft surroundings. Ground-based laboratory experiments at Los Alamos using a newly developed hyperthermal atomic oxygen (AO) source have shown that not only are hydrocarbon based materials effected but that inorganic materials such as MoS2 are also oxidized and that thin protective coatings such as Al2O3 can be breached, producing oxidation of the underlying substrate material. Gas-phase reaction products, such as SO2 from oxidation of MoS2 and CO and CO2 from hydrocarbon materials, have been detected and have consequences in terms of spacecraft contamination. Energy loss through gas-surface collisions causing spacecraft drag has been measured for a few select surfaces and has been found to be highly dependent on the surface reactivity.

Jon B Cross↗
DOE OSTI2025

Direct observation of distinct bulk and edge nonequilibrium spin accumulation in ultrathin MoTe 2

Low-symmetry two-dimensional (2D) topological materials such as MoTe 2 host efficient charge-to-spin conversion (CSC) mechanisms that can be harnessed for novel electronic and spintronic devices. However, the nature of the various CSC mechanisms and their correlation with underlying crystal symmetries remain unsettled. In this work, we use local spin-sensitive electrochemical potential measurements to directly probe the spatially dependent nonequilibrium spin accumulation in MoTe 2 flakes down to four atomic layers. We are able to clearly disentangle contributions originating from the spin Hall and Rashba-Edelstein effects and uncover an abundance of unconventional spin polarizations that develop uniquely in the sample bulk and edges with decreasing thickness. Using ab-initio calculations, we construct a unified understanding of all the observed CSC components in relation to the material dimensionality and stacking arrangement. Our findings not only illuminate previous CSC results on MoTe 2 but also have important ramifications for future devices that can exploit the local and layer-dependent spin properties of this 2D topological material.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
NASA NTRS1991

Bipolar lead acid battery development

A modular bipolar battery configuration is under development at Johnson Control, Inc. (JCI) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The battery design, incorporating proven lead acid electrochemistry, yields a rechargeable, high-power source that is light weight and compact. This configuration offers advantages in power capability, weight, and volume over conventional monopolar batteries and other battery chemistries. The lead acid bipolar battery operates in a sealed, maintenance-free mode allowing for maximum application flexibility. It is ideal for high-voltage and high-power applications.

Eskra, Michael↗
NASA NTRS1993

Electric Propulsion Orbital Platform

This paper describes the Electric Propulsion Orbital Platform (EPOP), of which the primary objective is to provide an instrumented platform for testing electric propulsion devices in space. It is anticipated that the first flight, EPOP-1, will take place on the Shuttle-deployed Wake Shield Facility in 1996, and will be designed around a commercial 1.8 kW arcjet system which will be operated on gaseous hydrogen propellant. Specific subsystems are described, including the arcjet system, the propellant and power systems, and the diagnostics systems.

V. J. Friedly↗
NASA NTRS2005

Properties and Potential of Two (Ni,Pt)Ti Alloys for Use as High-Temperature Actuator Materials

The microstructure, transformation temperatures, basic tensile properties, shape memory behavior, and work output for two (Ni,Ti)Pt high-temperature shape memory alloys have been characterized. One was a Ni 30 Pt 20 Ti 50 alloy (referred to as 20Pt) with transformation temperatures above 230 °C and the other was a Ni 20 Pt 30 Ti 50 alloy (30Pt) with transformation temperatures above 530 °C. Both materials displayed shape memory behavior and were capable of 100% (no-load) strain recovery for strain levels up to their fracture limit (3-4%) when deformed at room temperature. For the 20Pt alloy, the tensile strength, modulus, and ductility dramatically increased when the material was tested just above the austenite finish (A f ) temperature. For the 30Pt alloy, a similar change in yield behavior at temperatures above the A f was not observed. In this case the strength of the austenite phase was at best comparable and generally much weaker than the martensite phase. A ductility minimum was also observed just below the A s temperature in this alloy. As a result of these differences in tensile behavior, the two alloys performed completely different when thermally cycled under constant load. The 20Pt alloy behaved similar to conventional binary NiTi alloys with work output due to the martensite-to-austenite transformation initially increasing with applied stress. The maximum work output measured in the 20Pt alloy was nearly 9 J/cm 3 and was limited by the tensile ductility of the material. In contrast, the martensite-to-austenite transformation in the 30Pt alloy was not capable of performing work against any bias load. The reason for this behavior was traced back to its basic mechanical properties, where the yield strength of the austenite phase was similar to or lower than that of the martensite phase, depending on temperature. Hence, the recovery or transformation strain for the 30Pt alloy under load was essentially zero, resulting in zero work output.

High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloy↗
DOE OSTI2023

ER4047 Filler Wire Development - Initial Studies

This report describes the results of bead on pipe welding trials for the purpose of evaluating commercial off the shelf (COTS) 0.047” ER4047 filler material vendors for down selection of the of best candidate filler material for future Gas-metal Arc Welding (GMAW) development efforts. Four candidate COTS ER4047 filler wires were evaluated during this work - Astrolite, Alcotec, Hobart, and Lincoln. The storage condition of each of these filler wires was documented and visual inspection was performed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1982

Improved multilayer insulation applications

Multilayer insulation blankets used for the attenuation of radiant heat transfer in spacecraft are addressed. Typically, blanket effectiveness is degraded by heat leaks in the joints between adjacent blankets and by heat leaks caused by the blanket fastener system. An approach to blanket design based upon modular sub-blankets with distributed seams and upon an associated fastener system that practically eliminates the through-the-blanket conductive path is described. Test results are discussed providing confirmation of the approach. The specific case of the thermal control system for the optical assembly of the Space Telescope is examined.

George Mikk↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Motor Configuration Selection for A New Technical Challenge to Develop A 5 MW Cryogenic Motor and Drive

Due to aviation’s appreciable and growing share of humanity’s impact on our environment and estimates that CO2emissions only account for 34% of aviation’s total effective radiative forcing [1], there is a need to reach beyond climate goals that focus only on CO2emissions, such as the US Aviation Climate Action Plan’s [3] goal to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.There is motivation to develop technology that pushes toward future large transport aircraft with net zero climate impact that are highly electrified (i.e., have higher power electrical propulsion system components). This paper describes a new, 6-year technical challenge to address this need by developing a 5 MW superconducting motor and cryogenic drive. Section 1 will detail the motivation for this work. Section 2 will describe the technical challenge and the selected specifications for the motor. Section 3 will present the results of a motor configuration trade study and the down selection of one configuration to develop a detailed design for. The technical challenge focuses on the design of a5 MW superconducting motor and cryogenic drive and demonstration of it at a 2+ MW scale to achieve TRL 3. Both fully superconducting (superconducting stator and rotor) and fully cryogenic (superconducting rotor and cryogenic stator) machine configurations will be explored. An emphasis will be placed on addressing the key tall poles for high power superconducting machines. Further details will be included in the full paper. The requirements and goals of the motor will be detailed. The rated speed (2,000 to 3,000 rpm) is defined to be appropriate for directly driving multi-MW fans or propellers. A range of rated speed is permitted because the motor is not designed for a specific aircraft and to provide design flexibility if AC losses in the stator winding are found to be a significant constraint (i.e., a lower speed can be selected to reduce electrical frequency). Relatively conservative requirements for efficiency (99%) and specific power (20 kW/kg) are defined, because TRL advancement and pushing toward flight readiness is emphasized over performance optimization. However, more aggressive efficiency and specific power goals are specified (99.9% and 40 kW/kg). The 3rd section will present the results of a motor configuration trade study. The study started with a qualitative assessment of sixteen motor configurations based on geometric, mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic criteria. This assessment has been completed with three evaluators scoring all nine criteria. A configuration down select was made by prioritizing the sixteen configurations into four tiers based on each configuration’s total score and consideration of manufacturability, complexity, and support hardware (e.g., rotary vacuum seals, bearings). Configurations in priority A and B will be further evaluated through quantitative assessments, whereas those in priority C will only be further evaluated if time permits and priority D will not be further evaluated. Eight of the sixteen configurations were down selected for quantitative assessment, which will include analytical calculations and low-to moderate-fidelity finite element analysis to produce a preliminary Pareto front of efficiency versus specific power for each configuration. This assessment emphasizes the calculation of AC losses in the stator winding and an exploration of thermal management approaches to remove that heat and maintain cryogenic temperature. The final paper will include a description of each motor configuration that was considered. The quantitative assessments are underway, and an assessment of one configuration is complete for multiple stator conductor options. The remaining assessments are scheduled to be completed by late March so that the final down select to one configuration can be included in this paper.

Net Zero↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Aerothermal Shape Optimization of Actively-Cooled Battery Packs Using Conjugate Heat Transfer

Thermal management for battery is important for electric aircraft because battery temperature is critically important to vehicle safety, and it also has direct impact on the efficiency of the battery system. Because ambient air is a readily available resource for aircraft, this paper considers an active cooling concept with forced convection of ambient air through the battery pack. Conjugate heat transfer analysis is used to solve the coupled aero-thermal problem, which consists of a finite-volume computational fluid dynamics solver for the fluid domain, and a conduction heat transfer solver for the solid domain. A mixed Neumann and Dirichlet boundary condition is developed for the fluid-solid interface, which allows the solid domain to completely submerge in the fluid domain. A gradient-based optimization method is adopted, and the discrete adjoint approach implemented in DAFoam is used to efficiently compute the gradients. The aero-thermal coupling for primal analysis and gradient computation is handled using the OpenMDAO-based MPhys framework. A constant heat source is prescribed for the battery cells, and the battery shape (design variable) is optimized to minimize cooling pump power and battery weight (composite objective function) while keeping the battery temperature below a threshold (constraint). The optimized design achieves a 44.6% and 1.5% reduction in the cooling pump power and battery weight, respectively, and the maximal temperature constraint is satisfied. This work has the potential to reduce battery-pack weight, improve performance, and reduce the weight of thermal management systems for electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft.

heat transfer↗
DOE OSTI2025

Engineering 2D Square Lattice Hubbard Models in 90° Twisted GeX/SnX (X =S, Se) Moiré Superlattices

Because of the large-period superlattices emerging in moiré two-dimensional (2D) materials, electronic states in such systems exhibit low energy flat bands that can be used to simulate strongly correlated physics in a highly tunable setup. While many investigations have thus far focused on moiré flat bands and emergent correlated electron physics in triangular, honeycomb, and quasi-one-dimensional lattices, tunable moiré realizations of square lattices subject to strong correlations remain elusive. Here, in this work, we propose a feasible scheme to construct moiré square lattice systems by twisting two or more layers of 2D materials in a rectangular lattice by 90°. We demonstrate the concept with twisted GeX/SnX (X =S, Se) moiré superlattices and calculate their electronic structures from first principles. We show that the lowest conduction flat band in these systems can be described by a square lattice Hubbard model with parameters which can be controlled by varying the choice of host materials, number of layers, and external electric fields. In particular, twisted double bilayer GeSe realizes a square lattice Hubbard model with strong frustration due to the next-nearest-neighbor hopping that could host unconventional superconductivity, in close analogy to the Hubbard model for copper-oxygen planes of cuprate high-temperature superconductors. The presented scheme uses 90° twisted 2D materials with rectangular unit cells as a promising platform for realizing the physical phenomena of square lattice Hubbard models, establishing a new route for studying its rich phase diagram of magnetism, charge order, and unconventional superconductivity in a highly tunable setting.

2-dimensional systems↗
NASA NTRS1977

NASA's Advanced Control Law Program for the F-8 Digital Fly-By-Wire Aircraft

This paper briefly describes the NASA F-8 Digital Fly-By-Wire (DFBW) and Langley Research Center's role in investigating and promoting advanced control laws for possible flight experimentation. The primary purpose of the paper is to provide background material for the papers that follow which describe some of the F-8 DFBW adaptive control law studies. The paper provides a brief description of the Phase II DFBW F-8 aircraft and its control system, discusses some of the advanced control law study objectives and guidelines, and provides some mathematical models which are useful in the control analysis problem.

Aerospace Materials↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Aerothermal Shape Optimization of Actively-Cooled Battery Packs using Conjugate Heat Transfer

Thermal management for battery is important for electric aircraft because battery temperature is critically important to vehicle safety, and it also has direct impact on the efficiency of the battery system. Because ambient air is a readily available resource for aircraft, this paper considers an active cooling concept with forced convection of ambient air through the battery pack. Conjugate heat transfer analysis is used to solve the coupled aero-thermal problem, which consists of a finite-volume computational fluid dynamics solver for the fluid domain, and a conduction heat transfer solver for the solid domain. A mixed Neumann and Dirichlet boundary condition is developed for the fluid-solid interface, which allows the solid domain to completely submerge in the fluid domain. A gradient-based optimization method is adopted, and the discrete adjoint approach implemented in DAFoam is used to efficiently compute the gradients. The aero-thermal coupling for primal analysis and gradient computation is handled using the OpenMDAO-based MPhys framework. A constant heat source is prescribed for the battery cells, and the battery shape (design variable) is optimized to minimize cooling pump power and battery weight (composite objective function) while keeping the battery temperature below a threshold (constraint). The optimized design achieves a 44.6% and 1.5% reduction in the cooling pump power and battery weight, respectively, and the maximal temperature constraint is satisfied. This work has the potential to reduce battery-pack weight, improve performance, and reduce the weight of thermal management systems for electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft.

thermal management↗
DOE OSTI2025

Order–Disorder Phase Stabilization by Pressure‐Induced Charge Transfer Enhances the Ferroelectric Photovoltaic Effect in Multiferroic BaFe 4 O 7

Abstract Multiferroic ferroelectric photovoltaic (FPV) materials, combining magnetic and ferroelectric properties, are of paramount importance for optoelectronic and photovoltaic applications. However, optimizing both the remanent polarization and the optical bandgap—key factors for enhanced FPV performance—presents a significant challenge due to their trade‐off. This work shows that pressure‐induced charge transfer between different metal sites can break this trade‐off. Above ≈20 GPa, charge transfer between different trivalent iron (Fe) sites in the multiferroic material BaFe 4 O 7 leads to Fe valence disproportionation, FeO 4 tetrahedra disorder, and Jahn–Teller distortion of FeO 6 octahedra. These changes reduce the bandgap, lower resistivity, and enhance ferroelectric polarization, resulting in a 2.5‐fold increase in photocurrent. Upon decompression, BaFe 4 O 7 retains an order–disorder structure, optimal ferroelectric and optical properties at ambient conditions. This work provides a novel pathway to simultaneously optimizing ferroelectricity and bandgap via pressure‐induced charge transfer, overcoming the traditional trade‐off in FPV materials, and offers a promising approach for developing high polarization performance, narrow‐bandgap FPV materials.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development of Post-Consumer Textile Waste Degradation Protocol and Related Downstream Transformations: Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

Tereform, Inc. (Tereform) is developing molecular deconstruction processes to transform waste materials into chemical building blocks. During the CRADA, Tereform deconstructed real-world post-consumer substrates into chemical monomers, validated their performance on laboratory scales, demonstrated feasibility of the degradation products in downstream transformations, and successfully scaled the reaction to kilogram-scale. These results were used to develop and refine technoeconomic analysis and lifecycle assessments to evaluate the economic feasibility and environmental impacts of the process.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Synthesis of Ultra‐Incompressible and Recoverable Carbon Nitrides Featuring CN 4 Tetrahedra

Abstract Carbon nitrides featuring three‐dimensional frameworks of CN 4 tetrahedra are one of the great aspirations of materials science, expected to have a hardness greater than or comparable to diamond. After more than three decades of efforts to synthesize them, no unambiguous evidence of their existence has been delivered. Here, the high‐pressure high‐temperature synthesis of three carbon–nitrogen compounds,tI14‐C 3 N 4 ,hP126‐C 3 N 4 , andtI24‐CN 2 , in laser‐heated diamond anvil cells, is reported. Their structures are solved and refined using synchrotron single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Physical properties investigations show that these strongly covalently bonded materials, ultra‐incompressible and superhard, also possess high energy density, piezoelectric, and photoluminescence properties. The novel carbon nitrides are unique among high‐pressure materials, as being produced above 100 GPa they are recoverable in air at ambient conditions.

Chemistry↗