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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2004

Imaging Beyond What Man Can See

Three lightweight, portable hyperspectral sensor systems have been built that capture energy from 200 to 1700 nanometers (ultravio1et to shortwave infrared). The sensors incorporate a line scanning technique that requires no relative movement between the target and the sensor. This unique capability, combined with portability, opens up new uses of hyperspectral imaging for laboratory and field environments. Each system has a GUI-based software package that allows the user to communicate with the imaging device for setting spatial resolution, spectral bands and other parameters. NASA's Space Partnership Development has sponsored these innovative developments and their application to human problems on Earth and in space. Hyperspectral datasets have been captured and analyzed in numerous areas including precision agriculture, food safety, biomedical imaging, and forensics. Discussion on research results will include realtime detection of food contaminants, molds and toxin research on corn, identifying counterfeit documents, non-invasive wound monitoring and aircraft applications. Future research will include development of a thermal infrared hyperspectral sensor that will support natural resource applications on Earth and thermal analyses during long duration space flight. This paper incorporates a variety of disciplines and imaging technologies that have been linked together to allow the expansion of remote sensing across both traditional and non-traditional boundaries.

May, George↗
DOE OSTI2021

Multiscale Modeling Meets Machine Learning: What Can We Learn?

Machine learning is increasingly recognized as a promising technology in the biological, biomedical, and behavioral sciences. There can be no argument that this technique is incredibly successful in image recognition with immediate applications in diagnostics including electrophysiology, radiology, or pathology, where we have access to massive amounts of annotated data. However, machine learning often performs poorly in prognosis, especially when dealing with sparse data. This is a field where classical physics-based simulation seems to remain irreplaceable. In this review, we identify areas in the biomedical sciences where machine learning and multiscale modeling can mutually benefit from one another: Machine learning can integrate physics-based knowledge in the form of governing equations, boundary conditions, or constraints to manage ill-posted problems and robustly handle sparse and noisy data; multiscale modeling can integrate machine learn- ing to create surrogate models, identify system dynamics and parameters, analyze sensitivities, and quantify uncertainty to bridge the scales and understand the emergence of function. With a view towards applications in the life sciences, we discuss the state of the art of combining machine learning and multiscale modeling, identify applications and opportunities, raise open questions, and address potential challenges and limitations. We anticipate that it will stimulate discussion within the community of computational mechanics and reach out to other disciplines including mathematics, statistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, biomedicine, systems biology, and precision medicine to join forces towards creating robust and efficient models for biological systems.

machine learning, multiscale modeling, physics-bas↗
DOE OSTI2026

MoNbTi-based Refractory Multi-principal Element Alloy System: A Review of the Thermodynamic Phase Predictions, Formed Microstructures, and Mechanical Properties as a Function of the Fabrication Methods (AM versus SPS versus VAM)

Abstract Multi-principal element alloys, particularly of refractory compositions, are an increasingly popular candidate for extreme-environment applications, including for next-generation nuclear reactors and in other industries, such as biomedical and aerospace, due to their high strength. The ability to achieve solid-solution microstructures provides these alloys with improved mechanical properties; however, these microstructures are heavily composition- and processing-dependent. In this review, the multi-principal element alloy MoNbTi-based system (with Zr, V, and Cr additions) was selected to compare the effects of elemental composition and processing route on the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties. The review provides insight into identifying the optimal alloy composition and processing route for a balance of desired microstructure and mechanical properties.

Krogh, Kara↗
DOE OSTI2015

Micro-wrinkling and delamination-induced buckling of stretchable electronic structures

This paper presents the results of experimental and theoretical/computational micro-wrinkles and buckling on the surfaces of stretchable poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated with nano-scale Gold (Au) layers. The wrinkles and buckles are formed by the unloading of pre-stretched PDMS/Au structure after the evaporation of nano-scale Au layers. They are then characterized using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The critical stresses required for wrinkling and buckling are analyzed using analytical models. The possible interfacial cracking that can occur along with film buckling is also studied using finite element simulations of the interfacial crack growth. The implications of the results are discussed for potential applications of micro-wrinkles and micro-buckles in stretchable electronic structures and biomedical devices.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

OBO Foundry in 2021: operationalizing open data principles to evaluate ontologies

Biological ontologies are used to organize, curate and interpret the vast quantities of data arising from biological experiments. While this works well when using a single ontology, integrating multiple ontologies can be problematic, as they are developed independently, which can lead to incompatibilities. The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry was created to address this by facilitating the development, harmonization, application and sharing of ontologies, guided by a set of overarching principles. One challenge in reaching these goals was that the OBO principles were not originally encoded in a precise fashion, and interpretation was subjective. Here, we show how we have addressed this by formally encoding the OBO principles as operational rules and implementing a suite of automated validation checks and a dashboard for objectively evaluating each ontology’s compliance with each principle. This entailed a substantial effort to curate metadata across all ontologies and to coordinate with individual stakeholders. We have applied these checks across the full OBO suite of ontologies, revealing areas where individual ontologies require changes to conform to our principles. Our work demonstrates how a sizable, federated community can be organized and evaluated on objective criteria that help improve overall quality and interoperability, which is vital for the sustenance of the OBO project and towards the overall goals of making data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR).

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

From Rules to Reasoning: A Survey of Large Language Model-Based Approaches to Scientific Hypothesis and Idea Generation

Scientific hypothesis generation represents a fundamental challenge in contemporary research due to exponentially expanding literature volumes and increasing disciplinary specialization. Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as transformative tools for automated scientific discovery, moving beyond traditional rule-based and literature-mining approaches. Four paradigmatic approaches define current LLM-driven hypothesis generation: direct prompting and fine-tuning methods, knowledge-enhanced frameworks integrating retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), multi-agent collaborative systems simulating research teams, and reasoning-focused approaches implementing cognitive architectures. Domain-specific applications demonstrate statistical equivalence to human expert performance in social psychology, experimental validation in biomedical research, and near-expert quality in astronomy. Evaluation methodologies encompass human expert assessment, LLM-as-judge frameworks, and comprehensive benchmarking systems. Technical challenges include hallucination management, knowledge integration limitations, and balancing novelty with feasibility. Future directions emphasize hybrid neural-symbolic architectures and sophisticated human-AI collaboration models for responsible scientific discovery acceleration.

AI-driven discovery↗
NASA NTRS1984

Diagnostic imaging applications; Proceedings of the Meeting, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 8, 9, 1984

It is more important than ever that engineers have an understanding of the future needs of clinical and research medicine, and that physicians know somthing about probable future developments in instrumentation capabilities. Only by maintaining such a dialog can the most effective application of technological advances to medicine be achieved. This workshop attempted to provide this kind of information transfer in the limited field of diagnostic imaging. Biomedical research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory is discussed, taking into account imaging results from space exploration missions, as well as biomedical research tasks based in these technologies. Attention is also given to current and future indications for magnetic resonance in medicine, high speed quantitative digital microscopy, computer processing of radiographic images, computed tomography and its modern applications, position emission tomography, and developments related to medical ultrasound.

Beckenbach, E. S.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Terabit Wireless Communication Challenges

This presentation briefly discusses a research effort on Terabit Wireless communication systems for possible space applications. Recently, terahertz (THz) technology (300-3000 GHz frequency) has attracted a great deal of interest from academia and industry. This is due to a number of interesting features of THz waves, including the nearly unlimited bandwidths available, and the non-ionizing radiation nature which does not damage human tissues and DNA with minimum health threat. Also, as millimeter-wave communication systems mature, the focus of research is, naturally, moving to the THz range. Many scientists regard THz as the last great frontier of the electromagnetic spectrum, but finding new applications outside the traditional niches of radio astronomy, Earth and planetary remote sensing, and molecular spectroscopy particularly in biomedical imaging and wireless communications has been relatively slow. Radiologists find this area of study so attractive because t-rays are non-ionizing, which suggests no harm is done to tissue or DNA. They also offer the possibility of performing spectroscopic measurements over a very wide frequency range, and can even capture signatures from liquids and solids. According to Shannon theory, the broad bandwidth of the THz frequency bands can be used for terabit-per-second (Tb/s) wireless communication systems. This enables several new applications, such as cell phones with 360 degrees autostereoscopic displays, optic-fiber replacement, and wireless Tb/s file transferring. Although THz technology could satisfy the demand for an extremely high data rate, a number of technical challenges need to be overcome before its development. This presentation provides an overview the state-of-the- art in THz wireless communication and the technical challenges for an emerging application in Terabit wireless systems. The main issue for THz wave propagation is the high atmospheric attenuation, which is dominated by water vapor absorption in the THz frequency band. The technical challenges in design such a system and the techniques to overcome the challenges will be discussed in this presentation.

Hwu, Shian U.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Radiofrequency Wire Recanalization of Chronically Thrombosed TIPS

Radiofrequency (RF) guide wires have been applied to cardiac interventions, recanalization of central venous thromboses, and to cross biliary occlusions. Herein, the use of a RF wire technique to revise chronically occluded transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) is described. In both cases, conventional TIPS revision techniques failed to revise the chronically thrombosed TIPS. RF wire recanalization was successfully performed through each of the chronically thrombosed TIPS, demonstrating initial safety and feasibility in this application.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Artificial intelligence in cancer research, diagnosis and therapy

Artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques are breaking into biomedical research and health care, which importantly includes cancer research and oncology, where the potential applications are vast. These include detection and diagnosis of cancer, subtype classification, optimization of cancer treatment and identification of new therapeutic targets in drug discovery. While big data used to train machine learning models may already exist, leveraging this opportunity to realize the full promise of artificial intelligence in both the cancer research space and the clinical space will first require significant obstacles to be surmounted. In this Viewpoint article, we asked four experts for their opinions on how we can begin to implement artificial intelligence while ensuring standards are maintained so as transform cancer diagnosis and the prognosis and treatment of patients with cancer and to drive biological discovery.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

TU-G-207-00: Emerging Applications of X-Ray Imaging

Last few years has witnessed the development of novel of X-ray imaging modalities, such as spectral CT, phase contrast CT, and X-ray acoustic/fluorescence/luminescence imaging. This symposium will present the recent advances of these emerging X-ray imaging modalities and update the attendees with knowledge in various related topics, including X-ray photon-counting detectors, X-ray physics underlying the emerging applications beyond the traditional X-ray imaging, image reconstruction for the novel modalities, characterization and evaluation of the systems, and their practical implications. In addition, the concept and practical aspects of X-ray activatable targeted nanoparticles for molecular X-ray imaging will be discussed in the context of X-ray fluorescence and luminescence CT. Learning Objectives: Present background knowledge of various emerging X-ray imaging techniques, such as spectral CT, phase contrast CT and X-ray fluorescence/luminescence CT. Discuss the practical need, technical aspects and current status of the emerging X-ray imaging modalities. Describe utility and future impact of the new generation of X-ray imaging applications.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mechanically Robust High Magnetic Performance Sm-Co Sintered Magnets (Final Report)

Samarium-cobalt based permanent magnets (SmCo 5 and Sm 2 Co 17 ) have excellent magnetic properties, good corrosion resistance, and long-term thermal stability. Sm-Co sintered magnets have been widely used in electric machines, telecommunication, biomedical devices, and magnetic sensors. They are the most preferred magnets for high-temperature applications (200 - 550 °C). However, Sm-Co sintered magnets are brittle. They cannot be used for applications subjected to high stress, vibration, or mechanical shock. Sm-Co sintered magnets are prone to chipping, and fracture in the course of block magnet manufacturing, part machining, assembly, and operation. The brittleness leads to a magnet production loss of up to 20-30% in volume and imposes limitations on part size and shape. Developing mechanically robust high-performance Sm-Co sintered magnets is of great scientific and technical significance. This project is in response to the current market need for mechanically robust high magnetic performance Sm-Co sintered magnets and their novel manufacturing processes. The project will focus on scaling-up, validation, and technology maturation study of the mechanically tough high magnetic performance Sm-Co magnets developed by Ames Laboratory at a lab-scale with the collaboration of the industry partner Electron Energy Corporation (EEC).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1978

Mass spectrometry

A review of mass spectrometry in organic chemistry is given, dealing with advances in instrumentation and computer techniques, selected topics in gas-phase ion chemistry, and applications in such fields as biomedicine, natural-product studies, and environmental pollution analysis. Innovative techniques and instrumentation are discussed, along with chromatographic-mass spectrometric on-line computer techniques, mass spectral interpretation and management techniques, and such topics in gas-phase ion chemistry as electron-impact ionization and decomposition, photoionization, field ionization and desorption, high-pressure mass spectrometry, ion cyclotron resonance, and isomerization reactions of organic ions. Applications of mass spectrometry are examined with respect to bio-oligomers and their constituents, biomedically important substances, microbiology, environmental organic analysis, and organic geochemistry.

Burlingame, A. L.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Space medicine research publications: 1987-1988

A list of publications of investigators supported by the Biomedical Research and Clinical Programs of the Life Sciences Division, Office of Space Science and Applications is given. Included are publications entered into the Life Sciences Bibliographic Database by the George Washington University as of 31 December 1988. Principal Investigators whose research tasks resulted in publication are identified by asterisk. Publications are organized into the following subject areas: space physiology and countermeasures (cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, neuroscience, and regulatory physiology), space human factors, environmental health, radiation health, clinical medicine, and general space medicine.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2003

New Modular Camera No Ordinary Joe

Although dubbed 'Little Joe' for its small-format characteristics, a new wavefront sensor camera has proved that it is far from coming up short when paired with high-speed, low-noise applications. SciMeasure Analytical Systems, Inc., a provider of cameras and imaging accessories for use in biomedical research and industrial inspection and quality control, is the eye behind Little Joe's shutter, manufacturing and selling the modular, multi-purpose camera worldwide to advance fields such as astronomy, neurobiology, and cardiology.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2020

Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials

The quest for converting lignin into high-value products has been continuously pursued in the past few decades. In its native form, lignin is a group of heterogeneous polymers comprised of phenylpropanoids. The major commercial lignin streams, including Kraft lignin, lignosulfonates, soda lignin and organosolv lignin, are produced from industrial processes including the paper and pulping industry and emerging lignocellulosic biorefineries. Although lignin has been viewed as a low-cost and renewable feedstock to replace petroleum-based materials, its utilization in polymeric materials has been suppressed due to the low reactivity and inherent physicochemical properties of lignin. Hence, various lignin modification strategies have been developed to overcome these problems. Herein, we review recent progress made in the utilization of functionalized lignins in commodity polymers including thermoset resins, blends/composites, grafted functionalized copolymers and carbon fiber precursors. In the synthesis of thermoset resins such as polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy, they are covalently incorporated into the polymer matrix, and the discussion is focused on chemical modifications improving the reactivity of technical lignins. In blends/composites, functionalization of technical lignins is based upon tuning the intermolecular forces between polymer components. In addition, grafted functional polymers have expanded the utilization of lignin-based copolymers to biomedical materials and value-added additives. Different modification approaches have also been applied to facilitate the application of lignin as carbon fiber precursors, heavy metal adsorbents and nanoparticles. These emerging fields will create new opportunities in cost-effectively integrating the lignin valorization into lignocellulosic biorefineries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Colossal Terahertz Emission with Ultrafast Tunability Based on Van der Waals Ferroelectric NbOI 2

Abstract Terahertz (THz) technology is critical for quantum material physics, biomedical imaging, ultrafast electronics, and next‐generation wireless communications. However, standing in the way of widespread applications is the scarcity of efficient ultrafast THz sources with on‐demand fast modulation and easy on‐chip integration capability. Here the discovery of colossal THz emission is reported from a van der Waals (vdW) ferroelectric semiconductor NbOI 2 . Using THz emission spectroscopy, a THz generation efficiency an order of magnitude higher than that of ZnTe, a standard nonlinear crystal for ultrafast THz generation is observed. The underlying generation mechanisms associated are further uncovered with its large ferroelectric polarization by studying the THz emission dependence on excitation wavelength, incident polarization, and fluence. Moreover, the ultrafast coherent amplification and annihilation of the THz emission and associated coherent phonon oscillations by employing a double‐pump scheme are demonstrated. These findings combined with first‐principles calculations, inform a new understanding of the THz light–matter interaction in emergent vdW ferroelectrics and pave the way to develop high‐performance THz devices on them for quantum materials sensing and ultrafast electronics.

Subedi, Sujan [Department of Materials Science and↗