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DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mn2InCu4Sn by Materials Project

Mn2Cu4InSn is Tungsten-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mn is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Cu and three equivalent Sn atoms. There are one shorter (2.68 Å) and seven longer (2.69 Å) Mn–Cu bond lengths. All Mn–Sn bond lengths are 3.10 Å. There are four inequivalent Cu sites. In the first Cu site, Cu is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mn, three equivalent In, and one Sn atom. All Cu–In bond lengths are 2.69 Å. The Cu–Sn bond length is 2.69 Å. In the second Cu site, Cu is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mn, one In, and three equivalent Sn atoms. The Cu–In bond length is 2.69 Å. All Cu–Sn bond lengths are 2.69 Å. In the third Cu site, Cu is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mn, three equivalent In, and one Sn atom. There are one shorter (2.68 Å) and three longer (2.69 Å) Cu–Mn bond lengths. All Cu–In bond lengths are 2.69 Å. The Cu–Sn bond length is 2.69 Å. In the fourth Cu site, Cu is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mn, three equivalent In, and one Sn atom. All Cu–In bond lengths are 2.69 Å. The Cu–Sn bond length is 2.69 Å. In is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Cu atoms. Sn is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to six equivalent Mn and eight Cu atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on MnCr(Ni2Sn)2 by Materials Project

CrMn(Ni2Sn)2 is Tungsten-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cr is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Ni and six equivalent Sn atoms. There are six shorter (2.63 Å) and two longer (2.64 Å) Cr–Ni bond lengths. All Cr–Sn bond lengths are 3.03 Å. Mn is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Ni and six equivalent Sn atoms. There are two shorter (2.62 Å) and six longer (2.63 Å) Mn–Ni bond lengths. All Mn–Sn bond lengths are 3.04 Å. There are five inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to three equivalent Cr, one Mn, and four equivalent Sn atoms. There are three shorter (2.62 Å) and one longer (2.63 Å) Ni–Sn bond lengths. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to one Cr, three equivalent Mn, and four equivalent Sn atoms. The Ni–Cr bond length is 2.64 Å. There are one shorter (2.63 Å) and three longer (2.64 Å) Ni–Sn bond lengths. In the third Ni site, Ni is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to one Cr, three equivalent Mn, and four equivalent Sn atoms. There are one shorter (2.63 Å) and three longer (2.64 Å) Ni–Sn bond lengths. In the fourth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to three equivalent Cr, one Mn, and four equivalent Sn atoms. There are three shorter (2.62 Å) and one longer (2.63 Å) Ni–Sn bond lengths. In the fifth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to three equivalent Cr, one Mn, and four equivalent Sn atoms. All Ni–Cr bond lengths are 2.63 Å. The Ni–Mn bond length is 2.62 Å. There are three shorter (2.62 Å) and one longer (2.63 Å) Ni–Sn bond lengths. Sn is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Cr, three equivalent Mn, and eight Ni atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Fe3Co3Si2 by Materials Project

Fe3Co3Si2 is Tungsten-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four Fe and four Si atoms. There are one shorter (2.42 Å) and three longer (2.43 Å) Fe–Fe bond lengths. All Fe–Si bond lengths are 2.43 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to one Fe, seven Co, and six Si atoms. There are three shorter (2.42 Å) and four longer (2.43 Å) Fe–Co bond lengths. There are three shorter (2.81 Å) and three longer (2.82 Å) Fe–Si bond lengths. In the third Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Fe, five Co, and six Si atoms. All Fe–Co bond lengths are 2.44 Å. There are three shorter (2.80 Å) and three longer (2.81 Å) Fe–Si bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Co sites. In the first Co site, Co is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four Fe and four Si atoms. There are one shorter (2.43 Å) and three longer (2.44 Å) Co–Si bond lengths. In the second Co site, Co is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four Fe and four Si atoms. There are three shorter (2.42 Å) and one longer (2.44 Å) Co–Si bond lengths. In the third Co site, Co is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four Fe and four Si atoms. There are three shorter (2.43 Å) and one longer (2.44 Å) Co–Si bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Si sites. In the first Si site, Si is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to nine Fe and five Co atoms. In the second Si site, Si is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to seven Fe and seven Co atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on GaFe2Co4Si by Materials Project

Fe2Co4GaSi is Tungsten-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Fe is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Co atoms. There are a spread of Fe–Co bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.51 Å. There are four inequivalent Co sites. In the first Co site, Co is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Fe, one Ga, and three equivalent Si atoms. There are one shorter (2.41 Å) and three longer (2.49 Å) Co–Fe bond lengths. The Co–Ga bond length is 2.53 Å. All Co–Si bond lengths are 2.44 Å. In the second Co site, Co is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Fe, three equivalent Ga, and one Si atom. All Co–Ga bond lengths are 2.48 Å. The Co–Si bond length is 2.38 Å. In the third Co site, Co is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Fe, one Ga, and three equivalent Si atoms. The Co–Ga bond length is 2.53 Å. All Co–Si bond lengths are 2.44 Å. In the fourth Co site, Co is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Fe, one Ga, and three equivalent Si atoms. The Co–Ga bond length is 2.53 Å. All Co–Si bond lengths are 2.44 Å. Ga is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Co atoms. Si is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Co atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mn2SnSbPd4 by Materials Project

Mn2Pd4SnSb is Tungsten-derived structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mn is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight Pd and three equivalent Sb atoms. There are a spread of Mn–Pd bond distances ranging from 2.77–2.81 Å. All Mn–Sb bond lengths are 3.23 Å. There are four inequivalent Pd sites. In the first Pd site, Pd is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mn, one Sn, and three equivalent Sb atoms. The Pd–Sn bond length is 2.78 Å. All Pd–Sb bond lengths are 2.80 Å. In the second Pd site, Pd is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mn, three equivalent Sn, and one Sb atom. All Pd–Sn bond lengths are 2.79 Å. The Pd–Sb bond length is 2.79 Å. In the third Pd site, Pd is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mn, three equivalent Sn, and one Sb atom. All Pd–Sn bond lengths are 2.79 Å. The Pd–Sb bond length is 2.79 Å. In the fourth Pd site, Pd is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mn, three equivalent Sn, and one Sb atom. There are one shorter (2.77 Å) and three longer (2.79 Å) Pd–Mn bond lengths. All Pd–Sn bond lengths are 2.79 Å. The Pd–Sb bond length is 2.79 Å. Sn is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Pd atoms. Sb is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to six equivalent Mn and eight Pd atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LaYMg6 by Materials Project

Mg6LaY crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are six inequivalent Mg sites. In the first Mg site, Mg is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mg, three equivalent La, and one Y atom. There are three shorter (3.20 Å) and one longer (3.28 Å) Mg–Mg bond lengths. All Mg–La bond lengths are 3.22 Å. The Mg–Y bond length is 3.18 Å. In the second Mg site, Mg is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mg, one La, and three equivalent Y atoms. There are one shorter (3.17 Å) and three longer (3.21 Å) Mg–Mg bond lengths. The Mg–La bond length is 3.25 Å. All Mg–Y bond lengths are 3.20 Å. In the third Mg site, Mg is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mg, one La, and three equivalent Y atoms. There are one shorter (3.17 Å) and three longer (3.21 Å) Mg–Mg bond lengths. The Mg–La bond length is 3.25 Å. All Mg–Y bond lengths are 3.20 Å. In the fourth Mg site, Mg is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mg, three equivalent La, and one Y atom. There are three shorter (3.20 Å) and one longer (3.28 Å) Mg–Mg bond lengths. All Mg–La bond lengths are 3.22 Å. The Mg–Y bond length is 3.18 Å. In the fifth Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Mg, three equivalent La, and three equivalent Y atoms. All Mg–La bond lengths are 3.72 Å. All Mg–Y bond lengths are 3.69 Å. In the sixth Mg site, Mg is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mg, one La, and three equivalent Y atoms. There are one shorter (3.17 Å) and three longer (3.21 Å) Mg–Mg bond lengths. The Mg–La bond length is 3.25 Å. All Mg–Y bond lengths are 3.20 Å. La is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to fourteen Mg atoms. Y is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to fourteen Mg atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Evidence for Asteroid Scattering and Distal Solar System Solids From Meteorite Paleomagnetism

Asteroid-sized bodies are predicted to have been scattered throughout the solar system following gravitational interactions with the giant planets. This process could have delivered water-rich small bodies to the inner solar system. However, evidence from the meteorite record supporting this scattering is limited due to difficulties in recovering the formation distance of meteorite parent bodies from laboratory measurements. Moreover, ancient millimeter-sized solids that formed in the inner solar system (calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and chondrules) have also been proposed to have migrated throughout the solar system, which could have been key to their survival. Our understanding of the driving mechanisms, distances and timings involved in this motion is also restricted for the same reasons. Here, we address these limitations by recovering the formation distance of the parent asteroid of the Tagish Lake meteorite from measurements of its natural remanent magnetization. We find that this meteorite experienced an ancient field intensity <0.15 µT. Accounting for the average effect of a tilted parent body rotation axis and possible uncertainties associated with the remanence acquisition mechanism, this result argues that the Tagish Lake parent body formed at >8 - 13 AU, suggesting this body originates from the distal solar system. Tagish Lake came to Earth from the asteroid belt, which, combined with our recovered formation distance, suggests that some small bodies travelled large distances throughout the solar system. Moreover, Tagish Lake contains calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions and chondrules, indicating that these solids were capable of traveling to the distal solar system within just a few million years.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Preload apparatus

An apparatus for providing a preload to mated pipes including a ring-shaped body formed by a sidewall and an attachment structure on a portion of the body. The ring-shaped body includes an aperture that extends through the sidewall. The attachment structure corresponds to an attachment portion of a pipe in the mated pipes and the attachment structure enables removable fastening of the body to the pipe. The apparatus may further include an adjustable preload mechanism that can be removably attached to the body to hold the body in a preloaded position. The preload mechanism can be adjusted to release a portion of the preload held by the body.

Dannemann, William Jackson↗

DOE OSTI2023

Wire rivet

A rivet assembly for securing a wire in electrical communication with a substrate having a hollow cylindrical body with a first opening at a proximal end and a second opening at a distal end. The rivet assembly further includes a wire with a portion in electrical communication with the cylindrical body. The rivet assembly yet further includes a compression mechanism configured for use selectively compressing the cylindrical body along an axial direction. Compression of the cylindrical body can cause diametric expansion of an outer diameter of the cylindrical body to retain the cylindrical body within a substrate. The rivet assembly additionally includes wire retention structure configured for holding the wire in electrical contact with the compressed cylindrical body.

Briggs, Timothy↗

DOE OSTI2023

Insert device for fuel injection

An insert device includes a body having an upper body portion configured to couple with a cylinder head of an engine cylinder and a lower body portion extending from the upper body portion toward a combustion chamber of the engine cylinder. The body includes an interior surface extending around a central volume positioned to receive liquid fuel from a fuel injector. The body includes gas inlet channels and fuel-and-gas mixture outlet channels. The gas inlet channels direct gas into the central volume where the gas mixes with the liquid fuel to form the fuel-and-gas mixture. The fuel-and-gas mixture outlet channels direct the mixture into the combustion chamber. The interior surface includes concave surface portions between the inlet channels and the outlet channels along a center axis of the body that are shaped to direct the gas into the central volume toward the liquid fuel in the central volume.

Heher, Brett↗

DOE OSTI2024

Epoxy-based infrared filter assembly and associated fabrication devices and method

Epoxy-based inline infrared (IR) filter assembly, and manufacture and use of the same. Co-axial infrared filter assemblies comprise a substantially cylindrical filter body forming a central cavity characterized by opposing holes at each end. The filter body forms an outer conductor, and SMA connectors coupled to the opposing holes at each end of the body are electrically coupled to form an inner conductor positioned along a long axis of the filter body. An infrared absorbing material (such as castable epoxy resin) fills the central cavity of the filter body. Methods for producing the co-axial infrared filter include pressing SMA connectors into the respective ends of the filter body, electrically coupling the SMA connectors, and filling the filter body with epoxy. Electronic systems for operating a dark matter detector include a feedline comprising a coaxial filter configured to advantageously block infrared noise.

Spahn, Gabriel↗

DOE OSTI2020

The Thomas theorem and the Efimov States within a generalized Bohr model

Using a generalized Bohr model and the hyper-spherical formalism for a three-body system, we derive the universal energy functions. We apply our model to 4He atom where only the Coulomb potential is dominant and find that its binding energy is well reproduced (less than 5.5% difference). Later, we focus on the equal mass three-body systems and derive the Thomas theorem assuming a simple interaction depending on the range of the potential. We discuss the conditions for which an unbound two-body system produces a bound three-body system and apply our model to 4He and triton atoms as well as to the triton nucleus. Using their scattering lengths and effective ranges, we are able to reproduce the two-body or the three-body binding energies (less than 5% difference) with only one parameter fitted. Prediction for excited (Efimov) levels are also given and in particular we demonstrate that for some hyper-angles two equal minima appear which indicate a phase (shape) transition similar to the Landau's theory of phase transition. We suggest that the observed excited levels in two different experiments for the triton nucleus are indeed Efimov levels and there may be more surprises.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Computational schemes for the Magnus expansion of the in-medium similarity renormalization group

The in-medium similarity renormalization group (IMSRG) is a popular many-body method used for computations of nuclei. It solves the many-body Schrödinger equation through a continuous unitary transformation of the many-body Hamiltonian. The IMSRG transformation is typically truncated at the normal-ordered two-body level, the IMSRG(2), but recently several approaches have been developed to capture the effects of normal-ordered three-body operators, the IMSRG(3). In particular, a factorized approximation to the IMSRG(3) proposes to capture the leading effects of three-body operators at the same computational cost as the IMSRG(2) approximation. This approach often employs an approximate scheme for solving the IMSRG equations, the so-called hunter-gatherer scheme. In this work, I study the uncertainty associated with this scheme. I find that the hunter-gatherer scheme differs by up to 7MeV for ground-state energies and 0.5MeV for excitation energies from standard IMSRG(2) approaches. These differences are in some cases comparable to the expected size of IMSRG(3) corrections.

39 ≤ A ≤ 58↗

DOE OSTI2025

Improved structure of calcium isotopes from ab initio calculations

The in-medium similarity renormalization group (IMSRG) is a powerful and flexible many-body method to compute the structure of nuclei starting from nuclear forces. Recent developments have extended the IMSRG from its standard truncation at the normal-ordered two-body level, the IMSRG(2), to a precision approximation including normal-ordered three-body operators, the IMSRG(3)-N 7 . This improvement provides a more precise solution to the many-body problem and makes it possible to quantify many-body uncertainties in IMSRG calculations. We explore the structure of 44,48,52 Ca using the IMSRG(3)-N 7 , focusing on understanding existing discrepancies of the IMSRG(2) to experimental results. We find a significantly better description of the first 2 + excitation energy of 48 Ca, improving the description of the shell closure at N=28. At the same time, we find that the IMSRG(3)-N 7 corrections to charge radii do not resolve the systematic underprediction of the puzzling large charge radius difference between 52 Ca and 48 Ca. We present estimates of many-body uncertainties of IMSRG(2) calculations applicable also to other systems based on the size extensivity of the method.

39 ≤ A ≤ 58↗

DOE OSTI2020

The Non-carbonaceous–Carbonaceous Meteorite Dichotomy

The isotopic dichotomy between non-carbonaceous (NC) and carbonaceous (CC) meteorites indicates that meteorite parent bodies derive from two genetically distinct reservoirs, which presumably were located inside (NC) and outside (CC) the orbit of Jupiter and remained isolated from each other for the first few million years of the solar system. Here we review the discovery of the NC–CC dichotomy and its implications for understanding the early history of the solar system, including the formation of Jupiter, the dynamics of terrestrial planet formation, and the origin and nature of Earth’s building blocks. The isotopic difference between the NC and CC reservoirs is probably inherited from the solar system’s parental molecular cloud and has been maintained through the rapid formation of Jupiter that prevented significant exchange of material from inside (NC) and outside (CC) its orbit. The growth and/or migration of Jupiter resulted in inward scattering of CC bodies, which accounts for the co-occurrence of NC and CC bodies in the present-day asteroid belt and the delivery of presumably volatile-rich CC bodies to the growing terrestrial planets. Earth’s primitive mantle, at least for siderophile elements like Mo, has a mixed NC–CC composition, indicating that Earth accreted CC bodies during the final stages of its growth, perhaps through the Moon-forming giant impactor. The late-stage accretion of CC bodies to Earth is sufficient to account for the entire budget of Earth’s water and highly volatile species.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Using dorsal surface for individual identification of dairy calves through 3D deep learning algorithms

Advances in machine learning techniques have allowed the development of computer vision systems (CVS) that can accurately predict several phenotypes of interest for livestock operations. In this context, 3D images taken from a top-down view are particularly useful for estimating body condition score, growth development, and body biometrics in cattle. Frequently, such CVS rely on identification (ID) systems, such as electronic tags, as a way to match animal ID and the predicted phenotype. However, the same 3D images used to predict body weight and other animal biometrics could be adopted for animal recognition as well. Such alternative would optimize CVS to recognize animal ID and monitor growth development simultaneously while leveraging the same hardware infrastructure. Furthermore, this strategy could be used to recognize animals with similar color patterns. Nonetheless, growing animals are continuously changing body shape, which could limit its use as an invariant feature for pattern recognition. Thus, the objectives of this study were: (1) to compare algorithms for different 3D object representations to identify individual animals; and (2) to evaluate how short-term changes in body shape due to animal growth affect the predictive performance of these algorithms. For objective 1, the algorithms were trained (n = 4,558) and tested (n = 1,139) using images from 38 Holstein calves. For objective 2, we designed three different experiments using images (n = 2,347) from five Holstein calves taken over six weeks during their growing period, always training and testing on different weeks. Each experiment evaluated how changing a different parameter of the image capturing procedure affected the predictive ability of the trained algorithms. In the first experiment, we varied the total number of images per animal in the training set; in the second experiment, we varied the number of weeks while keeping a fixed number of images in the training set; and in the third experiment, we skipped weeks between images in the training and test sets. The F 1 score for objective (1) was up to 0.804 when testing with the last frames of each video, and up to 0.959 when using random frames for testing. For objective (2), the F 1 score was up to 0.947 for the first experiment when using 130 images per animal; up to 0.979 for the second experiment when using all five weeks; and up to 0.917 when not skipping weeks between training and testing. In conclusion, these results show that deep learning algorithms can be used to identify individual animals through their dorsal area 3D surfaces, and, from our experiments using calves in their growing period, that they are robust enough to account for changes in body shape and size, making them a promising tool for animal recognition during growth.

3D neural networks↗

DOE OSTI2022

Tungsten and molybdenum isotopic evidence for an impact origin of pallasites

The origin of pallasites—stony-iron meteorites mainly composed of olivine and Fe-Ni metal—is debated and proposed formation scenarios broadly range from models that explain pallasite formation by internal processes in the mantle of a differentiated planetesimal to those that involve impact–induced mixing of core and mantle materials. Here, the origin of pallasites is examined by studying the nebular source regions of their precursor material using Mo isotopes and their history of metal-silicate segregation using Hf-W chronometry. We report new Mo and W isotopic data for a large suite of pallasite metal samples, alongside Pt isotope data to quantify superimposed cosmic ray exposure effects. Most main-group pallasites exhibit uniform pre-exposure 182 W and Mo isotopic compositions that bear an excellent similarity to those of IIIAB iron meteorites. Four main-group pallasites and the IIIAB iron Thunda have more radiogenic pre-exposure 182 W compositions, but display the same Mo isotopic composition as other main-group pallasites and IIIAB irons. This strong chronological and genetic link strongly suggests that main-group pallasite metal originated in the IIIAB parent body core. This, combined with prior Pd-Ag chronometric evidence for an early collisional disruption of the IIIAB parent body, implies that main-group pallasites formed by impact–induced mixing of metal and silicates rather than by an internal process on the IIIAB parent body. This mixing led to elevated 182 W compositions in some pallasites, which are best accounted for by partial re-equilibration of IIIAB metal with radiogenic 182 W from the colliding body. Altogether, our results support models that explain main-group pallasite formation by injection of pallasite metal into the mantle of another differentiated body, implying that pallasite silicates did not primarily derive from the IIIAB mantle, but instead from that of the colliding body.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Scientific and stakeholder evidence-based assessment: Ecosystem response to floating solar photovoltaics and implications for sustainability

Floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) installations are increasing globally. However, their interaction with the hosting water body and implications for ecosystem function is poorly understood. Understanding potential impacts is critical as water bodies provide many ecosystem services on which humans rely and are integral for delivering the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Here, we used scientific evidence from a systematic review and stakeholder expertise, captured through an international survey and a workshop, alongside existing understanding of the role of water bodies in delivering ecosystem services and the SDGs. We found 22 evidence outcomes that indicated potential physical, chemical and biological impacts of FPV on water bodies. Assessment by stakeholders from across sectors indicated that reduced water evaporation is the greatest opportunity, whilst changes to water chemistry, including nitrification and deoxygenation, are the greatest threat. Despite these findings, FPV operators reported no observed water quality or ecosystem impacts. However, only 15% of respondents had performed water quality analysis; visual inspection alone cannot ascertain all water quality impacts. Based on the integration of these findings, we determined that FPV could impact nine ecosystem services. Furthermore, established linkages between ecosystem services and SDGs indicate the potential for impacts on eight SDGs, although whether the impact is positive or negative is likely to depend on FPV design and water body type. Our results further the understanding of the effects of FPVs on host water bodies and may help to ensure the anticipated growth in FPVs minimises threats and maximises opportunities, safeguarding overall sustainability.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗