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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 937 records · Page 52
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Hard color-singlet exchange in dijet events in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV

We present a measurement of events with two jets separated by a pseudorapidity gap (jet-gap-jet). The signature is expected from hard color-singlet exchange. The jets are reconstructed with the CMS detector. The highest p_\text{T} p T jets have p_\text{T}^\text{jet1,2} > 40 p T jet1,2 > 40 GeV, with 1.4 < |\eta^\text{jet1,2}| < 4.7 1.4 < | η jet1,2 | < 4.7 and \eta^\text{jet1} \eta^\text{jet2} < 0 η jet1 η jet2 < 0 . We measure the fraction of color-singlet exchange dijet events, f_\text{CSE} f CSE , and compare it to previous measurements and to predictions. We also study jet-gap-jet events where the colliding protons remain intact and are detected with the Roman pots of TOTEM. A larger fraction f_\text{CSE} f CSE is found in the latter subsample.

Baldenegro Barrera, Cristian↗
DOE OSTI2010

Proceedings of RIKEN BNL Research Center Workshop: Saturation, the Color Glass Condensate and the Glasma: What Have We Learned from RHIC?

The workshop "Saturation, the Color Glass Condensate and the Glasma: What Have We Learned from RHIC?" had as its goal to assess the evidence concerning the possible existence of exotic forms of matter that might affect the earliest stages of RHIC collisions. The Color Glass Condensate (CGC) is a very high energy density state of gluonic matter in the wavefunction of a hadron. This part ofthe wavefunction might be seen in high energy collision processes. It is argued in the workshop that the CGC might explain many features of electron-hadron collisions, and the initial conditions for high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Standardization of Color Palettes for Scientific Visualization

The purpose of this white paper is to demonstrate the importance of color palette choice in scientific visualizations and to promote an effort to convene an interdisciplinary team of researchers to study and recommend color palettes based on intended application(s) and audience(s).

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Search for the Color Transparency in Hall C at Jefferson Lab

Color transparency (CT) is a fundamental phenomenon of QCD postulating that at high momentum transfer hadrons fluctuate to a small color neutral transverse size in the nucleus, and final state interactions within the nuclear medium are suppressed. CT is observed experimentally as a rise in the measured nuclear transparency as a function of the momentum transferred. While CT has been observed for mesons, it remains unconfirmed in baryons. Observation of CT in baryons would provide a new handle for understanding the nuclear strong force and the first observations of hadrons fluctuating to a small size in the nucleus. An enhancement in the nuclear transparency was observed in A(p,2p) reactions at Brookhaven. This experiment seeks to confirm the measurement of proton transparency as well as to measure the onset. During the spring of 2018, this experiment was the first to run in Hall C at Jefferson Lab using the recently upgraded 12 GeV electron beam and obtained four kinematic points covering the region where Brookhaven previously observed an enhancement. This experiment used the High Momentum Spectrometer (HMS) and Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) in coincidence to measure A(e,e?p). This talk will summarize the status of the experiment since the completion of data taking this spring.

Szumila-Vance, Holly↗
DOE OSTI2019

Dynamic color mapping with a multi-scale histogram: A design study with physical scientists

Many research and development activities for scientific data analysis have focused on scalability challenges and data-driven features. Conversely, data visualization that focus on models requiring human interaction rarely involve practical and largescale scientific data analysis. Therefore, a gap exists between interactive data visualization and scientific data analysis applications. In this paper, we present a design study of interactive data visualization to support scientists who visually analyze data from neutron scattering experiments. This study was conducted in multiple phases: 1) problem characterization; 2) initial design and formative evaluation; and 3) iterative design. We characterize the problems and the design requirements for the analysis of the specific physical science data. We discuss the design, development, evaluation of our visual analytics tool and as well as our iterative developments with physical scientists. We show how to bridge the gap between the two disciplines uncovering new potential to solve their challenges in this design study. We focus on a specific challenge, finding an optimal color mapping, which plays a critical role in neutron scattering science and is broadly applicable to other scientific domains. To address the challenge, we propose two interactive visualization techniques: a dynamic color scale bar (DCSB) and a multi-scale histogram (MSH).

Chae, Junghoon↗
DOE OSTI2023

Using mechanistic models and machine learning to design single-color multiplexed nascent chain tracking experiments

mRNA translation is the ubiquitous cellular process of reading messenger-RNA strands into functional proteins. Over the past decade, large strides in microscopy techniques have allowed observation of mRNA translation at a single-molecule resolution for self-consistent time-series measurements in live cells. Dubbed Nascent chain tracking (NCT), these methods have explored many temporal dynamics in mRNA translation uncaptured by other experimental methods such as ribosomal profiling, smFISH, pSILAC, BONCAT, or FUNCAT-PLA. However, NCT is currently restricted to the observation of one or two mRNA species at a time due to limits in the number of resolvable fluorescent tags. In this work, we propose a hybrid computational pipeline, where detailed mechanistic simulations produce realistic NCT videos, and machine learning is used to assess potential experimental designs for their ability to resolve multiple mRNA species using a single fluorescent color for all species. Our simulation results show that with careful application this hybrid design strategy could in principle be used to extend the number of mRNA species that could be watched simultaneously within the same cell. We present a simulated example NCT experiment with seven different mRNA species within the same simulated cell and use our ML labeling to identify these spots with 90% accuracy using only two distinct fluorescent tags. We conclude that the proposed extension to the NCT color palette should allow experimentalists to access a plethora of new experimental design possibilities, especially for cell Signaling applications requiring simultaneous study of multiple mRNAs.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

RNAi-Mediated Manipulation of Cuticle Coloration Genes in Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Cuticle coloration in insects is a consequence of the accumulation of pigments in a species-specific pattern. Numerous genes are involved in regulating the underlying processes of melanization and sclerotization, and their manipulation can be used to create externally visible markers of successful gene editing. To clarify the roles for many of these genes and examine their suitability as phenotypic markers in Lygus hesperus Knight (western tarnished plant bug), transcriptomic data were screened for sequences exhibiting homology with the Drosophila melanogaster proteins. Complete open reading frames encoding putative homologs for six genes (aaNAT, black, ebony, pale, tan, and yellow) were identified, with two variants for black. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses supported preliminary annotations as cuticle pigmentation genes. In accord with observable difference in color patterning, expression varied for each gene by developmental stage, adult age, body part, and sex. Knockdown by injection of dsRNA for each gene produced varied effects in adults, ranging from the non-detectable (black 1, yellow), to moderate decreases (pale, tan) and increases (black 2, ebony) in darkness, to extreme melanization (aaNAT). Based solely on its expression profile and highly visible phenotype, aaNAT appears to be the best marker for tracking transgenic L. hesperus.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

The spatially resolved NUV–r color of local star-forming galaxies and clues for quenching

Using a sample of ∼6000 local face-on star-forming galaxies (SFGs) we examine the correlations between the NUV–r colors both inside and outside the half-light radius, stellar mass M{sub *}, and Sérsic index n to understand how the quenching of star formation is linked to galaxy structure. For these less dust-attenuated galaxies, NUV–r is found to be linearly correlated with D{sub n}4000, supporting NUV–r as a good photometric indicator of stellar age (or specific star formation rate). First, we find that at M{sub ∗}<10{sup 10.2}M{sub ⊙} the central NUV–r is on average only ∼0.25 mag redder than the outer NUV–r; the intrinsic value would be even smaller after accounting for dust correction. However, the central NUV–r becomes systematically much redder than the outer NUV–r for more massive galaxies at M{sub ∗}>10{sup 10.2}M{sub ⊙}. Second, the central NUV–r shows no dependence on Sérsic index n at M{sub ∗}<10{sup 10.2}M{sub ⊙}, while above this mass galaxies with a higher n tend to be redder in the central NUV–r color. These results suggest that galaxies with M{sub ∗}<10{sup 10.2}M{sub ⊙} exhibit similar star formation activity from the inner R R{sub 50} region. In contrast, a considerable fraction of the M{sub ∗}>10{sup 10.2}M{sub ⊙} galaxies, especially those with a high n, have harbored a relatively inactive bulge component.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

WHY ARE RAPIDLY ROTATING M DWARFS IN THE PLEIADES SO (INFRA)RED? NEW PERIOD MEASUREMENTS CONFIRM ROTATION-DEPENDENT COLOR OFFSETS FROM THE CLUSTER SEQUENCE

Stellar rotation periods ( P {sub rot}) measured in open clusters have proved to be extremely useful for studying stars’ angular momentum content and rotationally driven magnetic activity, which are both age- and mass-dependent processes. While P {sub rot} measurements have been obtained for hundreds of solar-mass members of the Pleiades, measurements exist for only a few low-mass (<0.5 M {sub ⊙}) members of this key laboratory for stellar evolution theory. To fill this gap, we report P {sub rot} for 132 low-mass Pleiades members (including nearly 100 with M ≤ 0.45 M {sub ⊙}), measured from photometric monitoring of the cluster conducted by the Palomar Transient Factory in late 2011 and early 2012. These periods extend the portrait of stellar rotation at 125 Myr to the lowest-mass stars and re-establish the Pleiades as a key benchmark for models of the transport and evolution of stellar angular momentum. Combining our new P {sub rot} with precise BVIJHK photometry reported by Stauffer et al. and Kamai et al., we investigate known anomalies in the photometric properties of K and M Pleiades members. We confirm the correlation detected by Kamai et al. between a star's P {sub rot} and position relative to the main sequence in the cluster's color–magnitude diagram. We find that rapid rotators have redder ( V − K ) colors than slower rotators at the same V , indicating that rapid and slow rotators have different binary frequencies and/or photospheric properties. We find no difference in the photometric amplitudes of rapid and slow rotators, indicating that asymmetries in the longitudinal distribution of starspots do not scale grossly with rotation rate.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

z ≳ 7 galaxies with red SPITZER/IRAC [3.6]–[4.5] colors in the full CANDELS data set: The brightest-known galaxies at z ∼ 7–9 and a probable spectroscopic confirmation at z = 7.48

We identify four unusually bright (H {sub 160,AB} < 25.5) galaxies from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Spitzer CANDELS data with probable redshifts z ∼ 7–9. These identifications include the brightest-known galaxies to date at z ≳ 7.5. As Y-band observations are not available over the full CANDELS program to perform a standard Lyman-break selection of z > 7 galaxies, we employ an alternate strategy using deep Spitzer/IRAC data. We identify z ∼ 7.1–9.1 galaxies by selecting z ≳ 6 galaxies from the HST CANDELS data that show quite red IRAC [3.6]−[4.5] colors, indicating strong [O iii]+Hβ lines in the 4.5 μm band. This selection strategy was validated using a modest sample for which we have deep Y-band coverage, and subsequently used to select the brightest z ≥ 7 sources. Applying the IRAC criteria to all HST-selected optical dropout galaxies over the full ∼900 arcmin{sup 2} of the CANDELS survey revealed four unusually bright z ∼ 7.1, 7.6, 7.9, and 8.6 candidates. The median [3.6]−[4.5] color of our selected z ∼ 7.1–9.1 sample is consistent with rest-frame [O iii]+Hβ EWs of ∼1500 Å in the [4.5] band. Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopy has been independently reported for two of our selected sources, showing Lyα at redshifts of 7.7302 ± 0.0006 and 8.683{sub −0.004}{sup +0.001}, respectively. We present similar Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopy for a third selected galaxy with a probable 4.7σ Lyα line at z {sub spec} = 7.4770 ± 0.0008. All three have H{sub 160}-band magnitudes of ∼25 mag and are ∼0.5 mag more luminous (M {sub 1600} ∼ −22.0) than any previously discovered z ∼ 8 galaxy, with important implications for the UV luminosity function (LF). Our three brightest and highest redshift z > 7 galaxies all lie within the CANDELS-EGS field, providing a dramatic illustration of the potential impact of field-to-field variance.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Stellar Mass and Stellar Mass-to-light Ratio–Color Relations for Low Surface Brightness Galaxies

We estimate the stellar mass for a sample of low surface brightness galaxies (LSBGs) by fitting their multiband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) to the stellar population synthesis model. The derived stellar masses (log M {sub *}/M {sub ⊙}) span from 7.1 to 11.1, with a mean of log M {sub *}/M {sub ⊙} = 8.5, which is lower than that for normal galaxies. The stellar mass-to-light ratio (γ*) in each band varies little with the absolute magnitude but increases with higher M {sub *}. This trend of γ* with M {sub *} is even stronger in bluer bands. In addition, the γ* for our LSBGs slightly declines from the r band to the longer-wavelength bands. The log γ{sub ∗}{sup j} (j = g, r, i, and z) have relatively tight relations with optical colors of g − r and g − i. Compared with several representative γ*–color relations (MLCRs) from the literature, our MLCRs based on LSBG data are consistently among those literature MLCRs previously defined on diverse galaxy samples, and the existing minor differences between the MLCRs are caused by the differences in the SED model ingredients (including initial mass function, star formation history, and stellar population model), line fitting techniques, galaxy samples, and photometric zero-point, rather than the galaxy surface brightness itself, which distinguishes LSBGs from high surface brightness galaxies. Our LSBGs would be very likely to follow those representative MLCRs previously defined in diverse galaxy populations, if those main ingredients were taken into account.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Photometry of Outer Solar System Objects from the Dark Energy Survey. II. A Joint Analysis of Trans-Neptunian Absolute Magnitudes, Colors, Light Curves and Dynamics

For the 696 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with absolute magnitudes 5.5 < H r < 8.2 detected in the Dark Energy Survey, we characterize the relationships between their dynamical state and physical properties—namely H r , indicating size; colors, indicating surface composition; and flux variation semiamplitude A, indicating asphericity and surface inhomogeneity. We seek “birth” physical distributions that can recreate these parameters in every dynamical class. We show that the observed colors of these TNOs are consistent with two Gaussian distributions in griz space, “near-infrared bright” (NIRB) and “near-infrared faint” (NIRF), presumably an inner and outer birth population, respectively. We find a model in which both the NIRB and NIRF H r and A distributions are independent of current dynamical states, supporting their assignment as birth populations. All objects are consistent with a common rolling p(H r ), but NIRF objects are significantly more variable. Cold classicals (CCs) are purely NIRF, while hot classical (HC), scattered, and detached TNOs are consistent with ≈ 70% NIRB and the resonance NIRB fractions show significant variation. The NIRB components of the HCs and of some resonances have broader inclination distributions than the NIRFs, i.e. their current dynamics retains information about birth location. We find evidence for radial stratification within the birth NIRB population, in that HC NIRBs are on average redder than detached or scattered NIRBs; a similar effect distinguishes CCs from other NIRFs. We estimate total object counts and masses of each class within our H r range. These results will strongly constrain models of the outer solar system.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Viewing Geometry of Brown Dwarfs Influences Their Observed Colors and Variability Amplitudes

In this paper we study the full sample of known Spitzer [3.6 μm] and J-band variable brown dwarfs. We calculate the rotational velocities, vsin i, of 16 variable brown dwarfs using archival Keck NIRSPEC data and compute the inclination angles of 19 variable brown dwarfs. The results obtained show that all objects in the sample with mid-IR variability detections are inclined at an angle >20{sup ∘}, while all objects in the sample displaying J-band variability have an inclination angle >35{sup ∘}. J-band variability appears to be more affected by inclination than Spitzer [3.6 μm] variability, and is strongly attenuated at lower inclinations. Since J-band observations probe deeper into the atmosphere than mid-IR observations, this effect may be due to the increased atmospheric path length of J-band flux at lower inclinations. We find a statistically significant correlation between the color anomaly and inclination of our sample, where field objects viewed equator-on appear redder than objects viewed at lower inclinations. Considering the full sample of known variable L, T, and Y spectral type objects in the literature, we find that the variability properties of the two bands display notably different trends that are due to both intrinsic differences between bands and the sensitivity of ground-based versus space-based searches. However, in both bands we find that variability amplitude may reach a maximum at ∼7–9 hr periods. Finally, we find a strong correlation between color anomaly and variability amplitude for both the J-band and mid-IR variability detections, where redder objects display higher variability amplitudes.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evidence for Black Holes in Green Peas from WISE Colors and Variability

We explore the presence of active galactic nuclei (AGNs)/black holes in Green Pea galaxies (GPs), motivated by the presence of high-ionization emission lines such as He ii and [Ne iii] in their optical spectra. In order to identify AGN candidates, we used mid-infrared (MIR) photometric observations from the all-sky Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission for a sample of 1004 GPs. Considering only >5σ detections with no contamination from neighboring sources in AllWISE, we select 31 GPs out of 134 as candidate AGNs based on a stringent three-band WISE color diagnostic. Using multi-epoch photometry in W1 and W2 bands based on time-resolved unWISE coadd images, we find two sources exhibiting variability in both the WISE bands among 112 GPs with W1 ≤16 mag and no contamination from neighboring sources in unWISE. These two variable sources were selected as AGNs by the WISE three-band color diagnostic as well. Compared to variable AGN fractions observed among low-mass galaxy samples in previous studies, we find a higher fraction (~1.8%) of MIR variable sources among GPs, which demonstrates the uniqueness and importance of studying these extreme objects. Through this work, we demonstrate that MIR diagnostics are promising tools to select AGNs that may be missed by other selection techniques (including optical emission-line ratios and X-ray emission) in star formation-dominated, low-mass, low-metallicity galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Lightcurves, Rotation Periods, and Colors for Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s First Asteroid Discoveries

We present lightcurves, rotation periods, and colors for the first asteroid discoveries made with the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory. These are the first science results derived from the 2103 asteroid discoveries released as part of the Rubin First Look (RFL) media event on 2025 June 23, in which the first LSST Camera commissioning images were released. The ∼340,000 observations in which the discoveries were made span nine nights between 2025 April 21 and May 5. With a limiting single-epoch 5σ depth of ∼23–25 mag and dense temporal sampling under an irregular, commissioning-driven cadence, the RFL observations provide an ideal test bed for determination of rotation periods, including sensitivity to rapid rotation. We model lightcurves and derive rotation periods and colors for the ∼2000 objects. We find 75 main-belt asteroids (MBAs) and one near-Earth object (NEO) with reliable rotation periods spanning 0.031–21.3 hr and a photometric precision in the range of 0.05–0.15 mag. We find 19 superfast rotators with periods shorter than the 2.2 hr spin barrier. Rubin-discovered MBA 2025 MN 45 is the fastest-rotating d > 0.5 km known asteroid with a rotation period of 1.9 minutes; along with NEO 2025 MJ 71 (1.9 minutes) and Rubin-discovered MBAs 2025 MK 41 (3.8 minutes), 2025 MV 71 (13 minutes), and 2025 MG 56 (16 minutes), these five super- to ultrafast rotators join a couple of NEOs as the fastest-spinning subkilometer asteroids known. As this study demonstrates, even in early commissioning, Rubin is successfully probing a previously sparsely sampled region of the subkilometer size−spin rate regime for MBAs.

Greenstreet, Sarah [NSF National Optical-Infrared ↗
DOE OSTI2018

An automated, high-throughput method for standardizing image color profiles to improve image-based plant phenotyping

High-throughput phenotyping has emerged as a powerful method for studying plant biology. Large image-based datasets are generated and analyzed with automated image analysis pipelines. A major challenge associated with these analyses is variation in image quality that can inadvertently bias results. Images are made up of tuples of data called pixels, which consist of R, G, and B values, arranged in a grid. Many factors, for example image brightness, can influence the quality of the image that is captured. These factors alter the values of the pixels within images and consequently can bias the data and downstream analyses. Here, we provide an automated method to adjust an image-based dataset so that brightness, contrast, and color profile is standardized. The correction method is a collection of linear models that adjusts pixel tuples based on a reference panel of colors. We apply this technique to a set of images taken in a high-throughput imaging facility and successfully detect variance within the image dataset. In this case, variation resulted from temperature-dependent light intensity throughout the experiment. Using this correction method, we were able to standardize images throughout the dataset, and we show that this correction enhanced our ability to accurately quantify morphological measurements within each image. We implement this technique in a high-throughput pipeline available with this paper, and it is also implemented in PlantCV.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1966

Slide rule-type color chart predicts reproduced photo tones

Slide rule-type color chart determines the final reproduced gray tones in the production of briefing charts that are photographed in black and white. The chart shows both the color by drafting paint manufacturers name and mixture number, and the gray tone resulting from black and white photographic reproduction.

Griffin, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1969

Shortened processing time technique for color industrial radiography

Improved processing method reduces time required to generate a color radiograph. Prior to, or after exposure to penetrating radiation, the emulsion side of the film is flashed to a colored light which produces the hue changes in the processed radiograph. Agitation of the film during processing assures uniformity of results.

Lapinski, N. P.↗