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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Development and Performance of RFD Crab Cavity Prototypes for HL-LHC AUP

The US will be contributing to the HL-LHC upgrade at CERN with the fabrication and qualification of RFD crabbing cavities in the framework of the HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP) managed by Fermilab. AUP received Critical Decision 3 (CD-3) approval by DOE in December 2020 launching the project into the production phase. The electro-magnetic design of the cavity was inherited from the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) but needed to be revised to meet new project requirements and to prevent issues encountered during beam tests performed at CERN in the R&D phase. Two prototype cavities were manufactured in industry and cold tested. Challenges specific to the RFD cavity were the stringent interface tolerances, the pole symmetry, and the higher-order-mode impedance spectrum. Chemical pro-cessing and heat treatments were performed initially at FNAL/ANL and are now being transferred to industry for the production phase. HOM dampers are manufactured and validated by JLAB. A summary of cold test results with and without HOM dampers is presented.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development and Performance of RFD Crab Cavity Prototypes for HL-LHC AUP

The US will be contributing to the HL-LHC upgrade at CERN with the fabrication and qualification of RFD crabbing cavities in the framework of the HL-LHC Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP) managed by Fermilab. AUP received Critical Decision 3 (CD-3) approval by DOE in December 2020 launching the project into the production phase. The electro-magnetic design of the cavity was inherited from the LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) but needed to be revised to meet new project requirements and to prevent issues encountered during beam tests performed at CERN in the R&D phase. Two prototype cavities were manufactured in industry and cold tested. Challenges specific to the RFD cavity were the stringent interface tolerances, the pole symmetry, and the higher-order-mode impedance spectrum. Chemical processing and heat treatments were performed initially at FNAL/ANL and are now being transferred to industry for the production phase. HOM dampers are manufactured and validated by JLAB. A summary of cold test results with and without HOM dampers is presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Performance of prototype GE1/1 chambers for the CMS muon spectrometer upgrade

The high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) will result in ten times higher particle background than measured during the first phase of LHC operation. In order to fully exploit the highly-demanding operating conditions during HL-LHC, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration will use Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector technology. The technology will be integrated into the innermost region of the forward muon spectrometer of CMS as an additional muon station called GE1/1. The primary purpose of this auxiliary station is to help in muon reconstruction and to control level-1 muon trigger rates in the pseudo-rapidity region 1.6 ≤ |η| ≤ 2.2. The new station will contain trapezoidal-shaped GEM detectors called GE1/1 chambers. The design of these chambers is finalized, and the installation is in progress during the Long Shutdown phase two (LS-2) that started in 2019. Several full-size prototypes were built and operated successfully in various test beams at CERN. Here, we describe performance measurements such as gain, efficiency, and time resolution of these prototype chambers, developed after years of R&D, and summarize their behavior in different gas compositions as a function of the applied voltage.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Full Length Assembly Testing in PELICAN (Final Report)

In support of the development of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Versatile Test Reactor (VTR), a thermal hydraulics test facility was constructed to generate experimental measurement of the pressure drop across a single full-scale assembly containing prototypic axial reflectors, fuel, and plena components. Constructed and operated at Argonne National Laboratory, the Pressure drop Experimental Loop for Investigations of Core Assemblies in Nuclear reactors (PELICAN) facility was designed to achieve hydraulic conditions identical to those anticipated for a full-scale fuel assembly located in the VTR core in the region with the highest flow rate. Using water as surrogate for liquid sodium, the flow loop was operated at elevated temperatures and pressures to match the thermophysical properties of liquid sodium and ensure matching Reynolds and Euler numbers. The measurement objectives for data generated from this test facility was driven primarily by the validation needs for code calculations and simulations of the reference VTR core. These objectives focused on the need to validate pressure drop results across the various segments of the fuel assembly as they relate directly to the pumping power and safety of the reactor. Presented in this report are experimental results and analytical comparisons based on testing of a full-length assembly in PELICAN. Housed within a hexagonal test section extending 3.4 m in length, the tested assembly features a prototypic lower reflector, grid plates, wire-wrapped rod bundle, upper reflector, and exit region. The rod bundle extends over 1.5 m in length and contains 217 individual wire-wrapped rods with dimensions that best reflect the reference VTR design. The as-tested bundle assembly was fabricated using 316 stainless steel 0.25-inch (6.35-mm) diameter rods wrapped with 0.04-inch (1.016-mm) diameter wire at a helical pitch of 10.51 inch (26.6 cm). Details of the method for in-house wire-wrapping, assembly, and installation are provided later in this report. Experimental measurements of pressure drop at 19 positions along the test assembly were recorded for a range of flow conditions, with special attention paid to key locations within the assembly, including component inlet and outlet, transition, and wire-wrapped rod bundle regions. Testing conditions were based on 110°C water with flow rates ranging from 50 to 450 GPM (3 to 27 kg/s) at the inlet of the test assembly generating Reynolds numbers and velocities up to ~8.0×10 4 and ~7.8 m/s, respectively, within the rod bundle region. Non-dimensional values for the friction factor were then calculated based on these experimental measurements and compared against those predicted by various analytical correlations available from open literature. Predictions by the upgraded Cheng and Todreas, Rehme, and Novendstern correlations fell within 4% to those values measured experimentally.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

A new active base of photomultiplier R4125 designed for the PbWO4 calorimeter

This paper presents the design, performance, and results of the radiation tests of an active base for Hamamatsu R4125 photomultiplier tube. The active base was designed at Jefferson Lab and comprises of a high voltage divider and an on-board amplifier. The photomultiplier with the active base is used to detect light from lead tungstate scintillating crystals of the forward electromagnetic calorimeter of the GlueX detector. The active base amplifier allows to operate the tube at lower high voltage and thus to limit the photomultiplier anode current to a few micro ampereres at the maximum counter rate of 1 MHz counter, while retaining the dynamic range of output signals. The performance of calorimeter modules instrumented with the active base was studied using detector prototypes positioned into the beam of photons. The key performance parameters such as the linearity, high-rate capability, and the energy resolution verified that the active base design meets the detector specifications

Somov, Alexander [Thomas Jefferson National Accele↗
DOE OSTI2022

van der Waals Semiconductor Empowered Vertical Color Sensor

We report biomimetic artificial vision is receiving significant attention nowadays, particularly for the development of neuromorphic electronic devices, artificial intelligence, and microrobotics. Nevertheless, color recognition, the most critical vision function, is missed in the current research due to the difficulty of downscaling of the prevailing color sensing devices. Conventional color sensors typically adopt a lateral color sensing channel layout and consume a large amount of physical space, whereas compact designs suffer from an unsatisfactory color detection accuracy. In this work, we report a van der Waals semiconductor-empowered vertical color sensing structure with the emphasis on compact device profile and precise color recognition capability. More attractive, we endow color sensor hardware with the function of chromatic aberration correction, which can simplify the design of an optical lens system and, in turn, further downscales the artificial vision systems. Also, the dimension of a multiple pixel prototype device in our study confirms the scalability and practical potentials of our developed device architecture toward the above applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Elliptic Aperture CCT Coils for HTS Dipole Magnets

High-temperature REBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{7-x}$ (REBCO) superconductors are a route to increase the field of accelerator magnets beyond the 15-16T practical limit of Nb$_{3}$Sn. REBCO cabled in a CORC geometry is a promising fit for this application, enabling the design of low inductance magnets with conductor transposition. However, the use of CORC in coils with the tight conductor bending radii typical of accelerator magnets remains a key challenge, with on-going research both on the conductor development and coil design fronts seeking to address this issue. Here, in this work we explore the tradeoffs between circular and elliptic aperture canted-cosine-theta (CCT) coils when the conductor minimum bending radius is a key consideration, concluding that aperture ellipticity is an important free parameter in the optimization of magnetically efficient CORC dipole magnets. In particular, we show that elliptic bore designs enable a regime of smaller aperture HTS coils, an important result for LTS-HTS hybrid magnets and more generally for accelerator applications benefiting from non-circular magnet apertures. To this end we present an elliptic aperture dipole design optimized for hybrid testing within the US Magnet Development Program (US-MDP) and share 77 K test results of a prototype coil which provides first experimental confirmation of the advantages.

Brouwer, L. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development of Tunable, Precision Permanent Magnet Phase Shifter for X-Ray FEL

In an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL), a high quality relativistic electron beam from a linear accelerator traverses an array of undulator magnets to generate a high power X-ray beam by allowing the FEL to reach saturation. In many XFELs, phase shifters haven’t been commonly used or included in their designs. The importance of the phase shifter was recognized only recently. A phase shifter can be constructed using either an electromagnet (EM) or a permanent magnet (PM). EM phase shifters are heavy, complex to operate, and take more valuable longitudinal space between the undulators. Compared to EMs, the PMs have several outstanding advantages, including compactness, lighter weights, simple operation, and low maintenance. This project has developed an innovative design of fixed-gap, tunable PM-based compact phase shifter for the XFEL. While keeping the poles and gap fixed, the new design incorporates proven features from the prior work, along with novel field tuning methods, which allow the field strength to be adjusted within a reasonably large range to achieve the desired range of the phase delay control. The PM design without electric currents and power electronics associated with EMs improves reliability by reducing the number of possible points of failure and lowers the operation cost. The compactness makes it possible to use PM phase shifters in the existing XFELs with small gaps between adjacent undulators, as well as in the new XFELs without significantly increasing the FEL length. In Phase I we have accomplished the followings; 1) determined the optimum physics parameters for both weak and strong phase shifters; 2) conducted magnetic design with concrete magnetic and geometrical parameters of actual produced PM materials; 3) provided solutions to achieve precision fine tuning of the magnetic fields with unique methods; 4) elaborated a design based upon ease of manufacturing and cost analysis; and 5) produced rare-earth PM materials, which will be used for prototyping in Phase II. The phase I results provide a foundation for the research and development in the Phase II project, which will aim at building two full-size PM phase shifters and testing at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This project will significantly provide the potential to bring a paradigm change in accelerator technology, replacing conventional electromagnets for many existing accelerator applications and allowing the development of new applications in completely new areas. For example, the PM FEL phase shifters can help significantly improve coherence and power of an XFEL. The proposed use of PM phase shifters will also bring significant cost savings to the construction, operation and maintenance of FEL facilities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Water Recovery From Cooling Tower Plumes

According to studies by the UN and the US State Department, we are on the path to an extreme freshwater shortage by 2030. The US’s largest water withdrawal source is power plants, which account for 39% of total US freshwater withdrawals, mostly for cooling. Cooling towers are the most common cooling system. To solve these problems and enable efficient water- based cooling – Infinite Cooling’s novel technology uses electric fields to ionize the air, charge the escaping water leaving cooling towers and direct the water toward mesh collectors where it collects and gets recycled for use in the cooling system. This technology was developed at MIT and was reduced to practice on a lab-scale prototype, and a prototype at the MIT Cogeneration Power Plant. This DOE award funded taking this technology from a lab-scale prototype to TRL 5 on an operating cooling tower in the field at the MIT Nuclear Research Laboratory. The funding helped to design and optimize an electrostatic plume collection system and test it in high-fidelity lab setting and in actual field conditions on a cooling tower. Throughout the award, Infinite Cooling investigated the formation of plumes on cooling towers, used that information to optimize the design, material and electrical properties of the collection device and quantified the collection yield via flow rate and water quality.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Decarbonizing Cooking Appliances With Hydrogen

A novel hydrogen compatible heterogeneous burner prototype was engineered, fabricated, and evaluated for applications in cooking appliances. The key features targeted and accomplished under this effort included fuel flexibility, tolerance to high hydrogen concentrations (up to 85% in atmospheric design and 100% in premixed design), wide range of thermal power ratings, thermal cycling, reliability, and most importantly safety. The burner was operated in the range of 3000 – 12,000 Btu/h under all practical operating conditions (cold start, hot restart, fuel concentration variance). The heterogeneous oxidation burner technology was evaluated for overall performance targeting safety, reliability, emissions, fuel flexibility, and energy efficiency in a commercial RV and residential cooking range appliance prototypes. The burner demonstrated safe and reliable performance generating infrared heating energy without the consumption of any parasitic energy while using low-cost materials. Performance evaluation testing of the novel IR burner demonstrated fuel flexibility with hydrogen blended natural gas while significantly eliminating air pollutants like NOx and methane and increasing the energy efficiency by up to 20%.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

SoLID Program at JLab

An overview of the Solenoidal Large Intensity Device (SoLID) and its scientific program will be given in this talk. SoLID is a spectrometer/detector system proposed to exploit the full potential of the Jefferson Lab (JLab) 12 GeV energy upgrade. SoLID will push the limit of luminosity frontier in hadronic physics with its unique capability to handle very high rates with large acceptance under high luminosity (1037-39/cm2/s). A rich and vibrant scientific program has been developed for SoLID, including but not limited to the precision study of the 3d nucleon structure in both momentum space using Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) and coordinate space using Deep Virtual Exclusive Reactions (DVER), probing physics beyond the Standard Model with Parity Violating Deep Inelastic Scattering (PVDIS), and investigating the gluonic field contribution to the proton structure and proton mass via J/¿ threshold production. The SoLID collaboration has developed a robust, low risk and flexible conceptual design, with a base line design capable of accomplishing its scientific goals and flexibility to adopt the cutting-edge technology. Detector subsystems have been tested with prototypes in realistic high luminosity conditions and are demonstrated to function well under extremely challenging environment to satisfy the requirements of planned experiments.

Chen, Jian-Ping [Thomas Jefferson National Acceler↗
DOE OSTI2024

Challenges and Solutions for Leave-One-Out Biosensor Design in the Context of a Rugged Fitness Landscape

The leave-one-out (LOO) green fluorescent protein (GFP) approach to biosensor design combines computational protein design with split protein reconstitution. LOO-GFPs reversibly fold and gain fluorescence upon encountering the target peptide, which can be redefined by computational design of the LOO site. Such an approach can be used to create reusable biosensors for the early detection of emerging biological threats. Enlightening biophysical inferences for nine LOO-GFP biosensor libraries are presented, with target sequences from dengue, influenza, or HIV, replacing beta strands 7, 8, or 11. An initially low hit rate was traced to components of the energy function, manifesting in the over-rewarding of over-tight side chain packing. Also, screening by colony picking required a low library complexity, but designing a biosensor against a peptide of at least 12 residues requires a high-complexity library. This double-bind was solved using a “piecemeal” iterative design strategy. Also, designed LOO-GFPs fluoresced in the unbound state due to unwanted dimerization, but this was solved by fusing a fully functional prototype LOO-GFP to a fiber-forming protein, Drosophila ultrabithorax, creating a biosensor fiber. One influenza hemagglutinin biosensor is characterized here in detail, showing a shifted excitation/emission spectrum, a micromolar affinity for the target peptide, and an unexpected photo-switching ability.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2025

PROTOCALC, a W -band Polarized Calibrator for Cosmic Microwave Background Telescopes: Application to Simons Observatory and CLASS

Current- and next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments will measure polarization anisotropies with unprecedented sensitivities. The need for high precision in these measurements underscores the importance of gaining a comprehensive understanding of instrument properties, with a particular emphasis on the study of the beam properties, and especially their polarization characteristics and the measurement of the polarization angle. In this context, a major challenge lies in the scarcity of millimeter polarized astrophysical sources with sufficient brightness and calibration knowledge to meet the stringent accuracy requirements of future CMB missions. This led to the development of a drone-borne calibration source designed for the frequency band centered on approximately 90 GHz, matching a commonly used channel in ground-based CMB measurements. The Prototype Calibrator for Cosmology, PROTOCALC, has undergone thorough in-lab testing, and its properties have been subsequently modeled through simulation software integrated into the standard Simons Observatory analysis pipeline. Moreover, the PROTOCALC system has been tested in the field, having been deployed twice on calibration campaigns with CMB telescopes in the Atacama Desert. The data collected constrain the roll angle of the source with a statistical accuracy of 0$^°_•$045.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Detailed Laboratory Evaluation of Electric Demand Load Shifting Potential of Controlled Heat Pump Water Heaters

The demand profile management of electric end uses is vital research for utilities and policymakers planning greenhouse gas emission reductions. In this study, detailed laboratory research was conducted on the load shifting potential of 4 grid-connected HPWHs and one electric resistance water heaters (ERWH). The testing applied different CTA-2045 shed and critical peak command designs under three water draw profiles. Highly-controlled laboratory experiments were conducted in Florida. One of the four HPWHs was a prototype incorporating the new CTA-2045-B protocol feature allowing ‘advanced’ load-up above tank setpoint. A three-hour morning (6 – 9 AM) and four-hour evening curtailment (4 – 8 PM) were defined as the shed or critical peak periods reflecting high-value control periods for utility coincident load for system-wide electric demand reductions. Tests were performed under baseline conditions (no load shift) and under varied load-shifting schemes, including load up and advanced load up, ahead of shed and critical peak commands. Data were collected from December 2020 – February 2022 in the laboratory and compared with field experiments in Florida and the Pacific Northwest. Grid-connected HPWHs were found to reduce peak demand by up to 0.47 kW compared to uncontrolled HPWH units, depending on time of day, control scheme, draw profile, and temperature cluster. The load up strategy demonstrated the ability of all units to utilize heat pump mode for extended periods ahead of peak events. Demand reductions for the HPWHs were much larger when compared with the ERWH— up to 1.64 kW with large hot water draws in winter.

Fenaughty, Karen↗
DOE OSTI2020

An Experimental Feasibility Study on Applying Neutron Tomography to Encapsulated Spent Nuclear Fuel - 20050

Visual inspection makes easier to ensure the integrity and safety of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) than any classical techniques. Various classical techniques have been applied but there are no reliable methods to qualitatively and quantitatively verify spent fuel in dry storage. Thus, the present authors have developed the prototype safeguards apparatus for dry storage employing the array of He-4 gas scintillation detectors (S670E, Arktis Radiation Detectors Ltd., Switzerland), newly designed to simultaneously measure thermal and fast neutrons without any moderators. The S670E detector has a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 52 mm and active length of 600 mm (total length: 875 mm). The detector is filled by He-4 gas with an approximate pressure of 180 bar for fast neutron detection, and its inner wall is coated by Li-6 for thermal neutron detection. The scintillation lights generated via Li-6 nuclear reaction and elastic scattering are collected by 24 SiPMs linearly paired at the center of the detector. The detector delivers a TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) output for pulse readout and UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) for device control. In order to assess feasibility of the apparatus, an experimental system has been designed, built, and optimized via computational studies. Cf-252 neutron sources and linearly arrayed detectors, working as a single detector, were occupied for this study due to the difficulties in working with SNF. The laboratory scale cask (diameter: 0.67 m, height: 1.5 m), minimized by a factor of 10 compared to the actual thickness of a commercial TN-32 cask, was also manufactured. The detector array was designed to rotate the lab-scale cask and obtain 36 image profiles at every 10 degrees. All profiles were aligned in single frame image called a sinogram, and the cross-sectional image was then fabricated by the inverse radon transform algorithm. These experiments have been repeated with different configurations and numbers of sources. Some gamma-ray sources were also measured with neutron sources in order to distinguish between neutron and gamma-ray pulses. Basically, a He-4 detector is designed to run on Linux OS so it is difficult to directly apply to Windows-based equipment widely used in S. Korea. Therefore, a new data acquisition board working on Windows OS was designed and built. The board mainly consists of FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and SoC (System on Chip) for TTL pulse readout, sorting measured data, and transferring data to a user interface. In conclusion, the tomographic system at lab-scale has shown considerable potential to detect a partial or gross defect of encapsulated assemblies in dry storage. Next steps of this study will be to 1) repeatedly carry out experiments to demonstrate scientific reliability and validity, and 2) numerically integrate signals with weight factors to enhance the image quality since the suggested system based on passive interrogation method requires longer measurement time. Finally, the system will apply to a commercial dry storage phased out soon in S. Korea. (authors)

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Scalable DAQ system operating the CHIPS-5 neutrino detector

The CHIPS R&D project focuses on development of low-cost water Cherenkov neutrino detectors through novel design strategies and resourceful engineering. This work presents an end-to-end DAQ solution intended for a recent 5 kt CHIPS prototype, which is largely based on affordable mass-produced components. Much like the detector itself, the presented instrumentation is composed of modular arrays that can be scaled up and easily serviced. A single such array can carry up to 30 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) accompanied by electronics that generate high voltage in-situ and deliver time resolution of up to 0.69 ns. In addition, the technology is compatible with the White Rabbit timing system, which can synchronize its elements to within 100 ps. While deployment issues did not permit the presented DAQ system to operate beyond initial evaluation, the presented hardware and software successfully passed numerous commissioning tests that demonstrated their viability for use in a large-scale neutrino detector, instrumented with thousands of PMTs.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling of the effectiveness of novel edge seal designs for fast, low‐Cap‐Ex manufacturing

Abstract In the manufacturing of photovoltaic (PV) modules, the lamination process can take up to 20 min to complete. In this work, new lamination processes are being developed, and have been prototyped, which hope to be able to cut this time down to as little as 30 s. This could provide significant savings in the cost of lamination equipment, floor space, and energy. PV modules are expected to have a lifespan exceeding 20 to 30 years. For moisture‐sensitive PV technologies, the edge seal between the two layers of glass can be the weakest point of its reliability. There is an inherent challenge when evaluating edge seal materials due to their low permeation rates. As part of Colorado State University's Photovoltaic Research and Development 2, work at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has developed models to evaluate edge seal configurations in glass‐glass PV modules. Here, this new manufacturing process is evaluated for long‐term moisture durability. Different edge seal design options within glass–glass PV modules are explored. Most of these designs are targeting a superstrate on glass configuration, e.g CdTe, but some designs could be used on conventional crystalline Si cells. Using COMSOL finite element simulation software, we investigated the edge seal and interlayer design configurations containing silicone perimeter edge adhesive, desiccated polyisobutylene‐based edge seal, air, and polyolefin while integrating climate conditions equivalent to a hot and humid environment such as Miami, Florida. We found optimized configurations that will allow the module to prevent moisture ingress over 50 years minimizing the amount of time and material used while utilizing polymers that are easily dispensed.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Pervaporative Dehydration of 2,3-Butanediol by Dense Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Hollow Fiber Membranes: Parameter Estimation, Process Design, and Technoeconomic Evaluation under Uncertainty

Pervaporation, combined with other separation processes, can effectively remove water from fermentation product streams, making it highly suitable for purifying alcohols like 2,3-butanediol (BDO). In this study, a dense poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane module prototype was fabricated for BDO dehydration, achieving >0.2 LMH total flux and >95% BDO rejection. With a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach, Bayesian inference was used to quantify the uncertainty of the permeance parameters. A membrane cascade model was developed to scale up a process that purifies a preconcentrated BDO feed (70 wt %) to high purity (90 wt %). Through propagation of the uncertainty of the parameters and sensitivity analyses of the process variables, a cascade design was recommended. Despite data and model limitations, the framework enabled a reliable system analysis and economic evaluation, validated through tight confidence intervals in key process metrics, establishing the foundation for future applications of Bayesian methods in membrane-based processes.

Animal feed↗