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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 937 records · Page 52
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

THE MAGNETIC ENERGY-HELICITY DIAGRAM OF SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS

Using a recently proposed nonlinear force-free method designed for single-vector magnetograms of solar active regions, we calculate the instantaneous free magnetic energy and relative magnetic helicity budgets in 162 vector magnetograms corresponding to 42 different active regions. We find a statistically robust, monotonic correlation between the free magnetic energy and the relative magnetic helicity in the studied regions. This correlation implies that magnetic helicity, in addition to free magnetic energy, may be an essential ingredient for major solar eruptions. Eruptive active regions appear well segregated from non-eruptive ones in both free energy and relative helicity with major (at least M-class) flares occurring in active regions with free energy and relative helicity exceeding 4 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 31} erg and 2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 42} Mx{sup 2}, respectively. The helicity threshold agrees well with estimates of the helicity contents of typical coronal mass ejections.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Towards spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gas at a surface of an antiferromagnetic insulating oxide

Here, the surfaces of transition-metal oxides with the perovskite structure are fertile grounds for the discovery of novel electronic and magnetic phenomena. In this article, we combine scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to obtain the electronic and magnetic properties of the (001) surface of a (LaFeO 3 ) 8 /(SrFeO 3 ) 1 superlattice film capped with four layers of LaFeO 3 . Simultaneously acquired STEM images and electron-energy-loss spectra reveal the surface structure and a reduction in the oxidation state of iron from Fe 3+ in the bulk to Fe 2+ at the surface, extending over several atomic layers, which signals the presence of oxygen vacancies. The DFT calculations confirm the reduction in terms of oxygen vacancies and further demonstrate the stabilization of an exotic phase in which the surface layer is half metallic and ferromagnetic, while the bulk remains antiferromagnetic and insulating. Based on the calculations, we predict that the surface magnetism and conductivity can be controlled by tuning the partial pressure of oxygen.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Fast low-to-high confinement mode bifurcation dynamics in a tokamak edge plasma gyrokinetic simulation

Transport barrier formation and its relation to sheared flows in fluids and plasmas are of fundamental interest in various natural and laboratory observations and of critical importance in achieving an economical energy production in a magnetic fusion device. Here we report the first observation of an edge transport barrier formation event in an electrostatic gyrokinetic simulation carried out in a realistic diverted tokamak edge geometry under strong forcing by a high rate of heat deposition. Here, the results show that turbulent Reynolds-stress-driven sheared E x B flows act in concert with neoclassical orbit loss to quench turbulent transport and form a transport barrier just inside the last closed magnetic flux surface.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Self-Generated Plasma Rotation in a Z-Pinch Implosion with Preembedded Axial Magnetic Field

Using detailed spectroscopic measurements, highly resolved in both time and space, a self-generated plasma rotation is demonstrated using a cylindrical implosion with a preembedded axial magnetic field (B z0 ). The rotation direction is found to depend on the direction of B z0 and its velocity is found comparable to the peak implosion velocity, considerably affecting the force and energy balance throughout the implosion. Moreover, the evolution of the rotation is consistent with magnetic flux surface isorotation, a novel observation in a Z pinch, which is a prototypical time dependent system.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comprehensive Efficiency Analysis of Current Source Inverter Based SPM Machine Drive System for Traction Applications

A current-source inverter (CSI) has the natural capability of boosting the output voltage which is a notable advantage over voltage source inverter (VSI) in traction drive applications. This paper investigates the voltage boosting feature of the CSI to improve the overall efficiency of the CSI-based surface permanent magnet (SPM) machine drive system in the constant power region. The effects of the boost function on the total system losses, including the machine copper loss, core loss, and magnet loss, as well as the device conduction and switching loss in the CSI and dc/dc converter, are described using analytical models. The operating characteristics of the machine and CSI are validated by 2-D finite-element analysis (FEA) and simulations. Based on the loss model, the effects of the modulation index on the overall drive system losses and power factor have been analyzed. A genetic algorithm has been used to optimize the CSI's boost ratio, demonstrating that the drive system efficiency can be increased by 1% to 2.5% along the constant-power regime envelope by using the boost function.

current source inverter, genetic algorithm, SPM ma↗
DOE OSTI2023

Mechanical Analysis of Carbon Fiber Retaining Sleeve for A High-speed Outer Rotor SPM Electric Motor Design

Outer rotor motors can be designed with a larger airgap diameter than inner rotor motors for the same overall diameter and therefore provide higher torque which makes them ideal for high torque space constrained applications. This advantage fits well with the increasing demand of high-speed electric machines in many applications due to their inherent high-power density. However, increasing the motor speed results in significant centrifugal loads for the outer rotor motor design. Layers of carbon fiber sleeve winding on the rotor outer surface is necessary to guarantee its structural integrity without introducing too much weight on the motor itself. In this paper, we studied the mechanical stress of a carbon fiber retaining sleeve in a surface permanent magnet outer rotor motor that spins up to 20,000 RPM. Analytical results from finite element method (FEM) confirmed that the maximum stress experienced by the carbon fiber sleeve was under the material’s yield strength. The proposed sleeve will allow this outer rotor motor to operate at high speeds.

Lin, Lianshan↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Comparison of Outer Rotor Radial and Axial Flux Machines for Application in Electric Vehicles

Axial flux machines have attracted a lot of interest in the recent years as potential high torque low weight candidates for use as traction motors in electric vehicles (EV). This paper compares axial and radial flux machines for electric vehicle applications. An external rotor radial flux machine with a Halbach array surface permanent magnet rotor and concentrated windings is chosen as a baseline to compare with axial flux designs. Both axial and radial flux motors are sized to meet the EV same requirements. Multi-objective design optimization using differential evolution minimizing loss and volume is carried out for both types of machines. Hundreds of candidate designs for each type of machine are analyzed, pareto fronts are identified and compared. The potential advantages of axial flux machines are evaluated and quantified.

Rallabandi, Vandana↗
DOE OSTI2020

Current Source Inverter Based Large Constant Power Speed Ratio SPM Machine Drive for Traction Applications

A high-performance surface permanent magnet (SPM) machine drive with an extended constant power speed ratio is proposed using a current source inverter (CSI) for a traction application. The constant-power operation regions of an SPM machine can be extended in an appealing fashion by taking advantage of the output voltage boost capability of the CSI. The CSI is naturally a boost-type converter, in contrast to the voltage source inverter (VSI) which has buck-type characteristics. To investigate the value of the CSI voltage boost feature, a new traction motor with higher rated voltage and lower rated current has been designed and compared to the motor that would be used with a VSI. The lower CSI current makes it possible to reduce the mass of the inverter and output power cable, benefiting power density and cost reduction. The SPM machine is modeled in the synchronous reference frame including the effect of the ac filter capacitors at the CSI output terminals. The capability of extending the speed range of the proposed motor is verified via closed-form analysis and FEA simulation, and its performance characteristics are compared with those of a VSI-based SPM motor of the same type.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2015

Calculation of the Equilibrium Evolution of the ZaP Flow $Z$ -Pinch Using a Four-Chord Interferometer

For this study, a four-chord interferometer and measurements from an array of surface-mounted magnetic probes were used in conjunction with equations of radial heat conduction and radial force balance to calculate the equilibrium evolution of a pinch plasma in the ZaP Flow Z-Pinch. A multiple shooting method was used to solve the nonlinear coupled differential equation system, with Ohmic heating and bremsstrahlung radiation as sources and sinks, respectively. Data from a single ZaP pulse are reported including profiles of magnetic field and temperature and their evolution. Profiles are dominated by high thermal conductivity near the axis which quickly decreases with radius. This is due to the plasma being weakly magnetized near the axis which increases thermal conductivity and flattens the temperature profile, but strongly magnetized near the characteristic radius, significantly reducing thermal conductivity and resulting in a large temperature gradient. The equilibrium evolution indicates that plasmas in ZaP heat and compress with increasing current as a result of magnetic compression during the quiescent period.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

On the phase shift between electric potential and plasma density fluctuations in the edge turbulence

In some cases, the phase shift between fluctuations of the electric potential and plasma density helps to identify the instability that governs the turbulent state. In this paper, the basic experimental and theoretical results that denote the possibility (or impossibility) of such identification are briefly discussed. The experimental data based on measurements of the phase shift between the floating potential and ion saturation current fluctuations in the L-2M stellarator-a system with externally imposed magnetic surfaces-are presented (Shchepetov, Kholnov, Fedyanin, et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 50, 045001 (2008)). It is shown that the observed phase shift {Omega} varies in a wide range from {pi} to 0, gradually decreasing with deepening inside the plasma. A number of arguments are presented suggesting that {Omega} Almost-Equal-To {pi} can indicate that the process is nonlocal, i.e., oscillations at a given spatial point are driven and mainly determined by the processes localized outside of the observation point. We note that, within the framework of the magnetohydrodynamic theory, plasma was definitely unstable with respect to resistive interchange modes in all cases under study. It is demonstrated experimentally that the widespread notion that the phase shift {Omega} Almost-Equal-To {pi}/2 is characteristic of only resistive interchange modes is hardly universal. The experimental results are analyzed on the basis of analytical estimates.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Continuum Gyrokinetic Edge New Technology

COGENT is a simulation code that models the plasma evolution in the edge region of a tokamak fusion reactor, from the open field line scrape-off layer, across the separatrix, and into the core. The model is based on the 4D gyrokinetic closure of the kinetic equations for a plasma coupled to an electrostatic potential field. The background magnetic field is prescribed either analytically or generated from experimental data, and the grid is aligned with magnetic flux surfaces. Multiple collision operator options are provided, from Krook to fully nonlinear Fokker-Planck.

Dorr, M.R.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Final technical report

This final report covers the final year of the project. Reports from previous years were included in the group report for that year. The objective of this part of the project was to compare results from two large-scale, nonlinear plasma simulation codes based on magnetohydrodynamics, M3D and M3D-C1, for plasma edge instabilities. This is a difficult undertaking and the comparison was only partially successful because, while the MHD equations are standard, there are a number of valid MHD models of the plasma dissipation that make different approximations to their physics and the numerical implementation of a given model can be quite different depending on the way that the rest of the equations are solved. Large differences arise, and have major effects on the predicted plasma behavior, in the case of the greatest interest to this project, the plasma edge region under conditions where the plasma edge instabilities are strongest and the background plasma changes abruptly from interior hot, dense conditions to an unconfined, cool, diffuse plasma outside the magnetic boundary surface. Experimental observations only partially measure the background plasma and there are many non-MHD processes that can have important effects (studied in the rest of the project). Comparisons for edge instabilities at very small amplitude, the so-called linear modes, had showed good agreement for a few interior plasma instabilities, but strong differences between the default models for the plasma edge.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electron Activity (Secondary Electron & Field Emission ) Suppression by Magnetic Field Placed on the Surface of Metals And Dielectric [Slides]

Secondary electron emission happens when the surface is exposed to an oscillating electromagnetic field. It has extremely dangerous effect when resonance condition of this oscillating field and higher SEY conditions are met. The dependence of the secondary electron on primary electron energy is shown in the figure. This multiplication effect on the number of electrons in oscillating electromagnetic field is called multipacting. The problem with multipacting exist in many scientific fields like LHC, ISS, ITER involving particle accelerator, space science and fusion research. In high intensity proton rings this multiplies electron get trapped inside the potential created by proton beam called electron cloud. In High power microwave sources, rf couplers and rf window to couple the power also hugely affected by multipacting.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗