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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 937 records · Page 52
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Divergent predictions of carbon storage between two global land models: Attribution of the causes through traceability analysis

Representations of the terrestrial carbon cycle in land models are becoming increasingly complex. It is crucial to develop approaches for critical assessment of the complex model properties in order to understand key factors contributing to models' performance. In this study, we applied a traceability analysis which decomposes carbon cycle models into traceable components, for two global land models (CABLE and CLM-CASA') to diagnose the causes of their differences in simulating ecosystem carbon storage capacity. Driven with similar forcing data, CLM-CASA' predicted – 31 % larger carbon storage capacity than CABLE. Since ecosystem carbon storage capacity is a product of net primary productivity (NPP) and ecosystem residence time ( τ E ), the predicted difference in the storage capacity between the two models results from differences in either NPP or τ E or both. Our analysis showed that CLM-CASA'simulated 37 % higher NPP than CABLE. On the other hand, τ E , which was a function of the baseline carbon residence time ( τ ' E ) and environmental effect on carbon residence time, was on average 11 years longer in CABLE than CLM-CASA'. This difference in τ E was mainly caused by longer τ ' E of woody biomass (23 vs. 14 years in CLM-CASA'), and higher proportion of NPP allocated to woody biomass (23 vs. 16 %). Differences in environmental effects on carbon residence times had smaller influences on differences in ecosystem carbon storage capacities compared to differences in NPP and τ ' E . Altogether, the traceability analysis showed that the major causes of different carbon storage estimations were found to be parameters setting related to carbon input and baseline carbon residence times between two models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

GCAM–GLORY v1.0: representing global reservoir water storage in a multi-sector human–Earth system model

Abstract. Reservoirs play a significant role in modifying the spatiotemporal availability of surface water to meet multi-sector human demands, despite representing a relatively small fraction of the global water budget. Yet the integrated modeling frameworks that explore the interactions among climate, land, energy, water, and socioeconomic systems at a global scale often contain limited representations of water storage dynamics that incorporate feedbacks from other systems. In this study, we implement a representation of water storage in the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) to enable the exploration of the future role (e.g., expansion) of reservoir water storage globally in meeting demands for, and evolving in response to interactions with, the climate, land, and energy systems. GCAM represents 235 global water basins, operates at 5-year time steps, and uses supply curves to capture economic competition among renewable water (now including reservoirs), non-renewable groundwater, and desalination. Our approach consists of developing the GLObal Reservoir Yield (GLORY) model, which uses a linear programming (LP)-based optimization algorithm and dynamically linking GLORY with GCAM. The new coupled GCAM–GLORY approach improves the representation of reservoir water storage in GCAM in several ways. First, the GLORY model identifies the cost of supplying increasing levels of water supply from reservoir storage by considering regional physical and economic factors, such as evolving monthly reservoir inflows and demands, and the leveled cost of constructing additional reservoir storage capacity. Second, by passing those costs to GCAM, GLORY enables the exploration of future regional reservoir expansion pathways and their response to climate and socioeconomic drivers. To guide the model toward reasonable reservoir expansion pathways, GLORY applies a diverse array of feasibility constraints related to protected land, population, water sources, and cropland. Finally, the GLORY–GCAM feedback loop allows evolving water demands from GCAM to inform GLORY, resulting in an updated supply curve at each time step, thus enabling GCAM to establish a more meaningful economic value of water. This study improves our understanding of the sensitivity of reservoir water supply to multiple physical and economic dimensions, such as sub-annual variations in climate conditions and human water demands, especially for basins experiencing socioeconomic droughts.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2019

Terrestrial Water Storage

Terrestrial water storage can be defined as the summation of all water on the land surface and in the subsurface. It includes surface soil moisture, root zone soil moisture, groundwater, snow,ice, water stored in the vegetation, river and lake water. Terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes have been observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission since 2002. GRACE has provided an unprecedented view of the terrestrial water storage variations at large scales. Extremes in water storage often are associated with droughts and flooding events because they are driven by the surplus or deficit of water. Few hydrologic observing networks yield sufficient data for comprehensive monitoring of changes in the total amount of water stored in a region. GRACE observations have helped to fill this gap. This book chapter is divided into 4 sections.Section 1 provides an overview of the GRACE mission. Section 2 reviews the terrestrial water storage solutions that are available. Section 3 describes regional to global applications of GRACE for monitoring extremes in the terrestrial water storage, including droughts and flooding events. Conclusions and future directions are reported in Section 4.

Terrestrial Water Storage↗
DOE OSTI2017

Energy storage cell impedance measuring apparatus, methods and related systems

Energy storage cell impedance testing devices, circuits, and related methods are disclosed. An energy storage cell impedance measuring device includes a sum of sinusoids (SOS) current excitation circuit including differential current sources configured to isolate a ground terminal of the differential current sources from a positive terminal and a negative terminal of an energy storage cell. A method includes applying an SOS signal comprising a sum of sinusoidal current signals to the energy storage cell with the SOS current excitation circuit, each of the sinusoidal current signals oscillating at a different one of a plurality of different frequencies. The method also includes measuring an electrical signal at a positive terminal and a negative terminal of the energy storage cell, and computing an impedance of the energy storage cell at each of the plurality of different frequencies using the measured electrical signal.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Systems and related methods for determining self-discharge currents and internal shorts in energy storage cells

Systems and methods for determining self-discharge currents in an energy storage cell and detecting internal shorts are disclosed. A system includes a DC voltage source configured to provide a constant test voltage selected to be less than an open-circuit voltage of an energy storage cell to the energy storage cell. The system also includes a current measuring device operably coupled between the DC voltage source and the energy storage cell, and control circuitry operably coupled to the current measuring device. A method includes applying the constant test voltage, and measuring the test current flowing between the DC voltage source and the energy storage cell until after the test current switches from a negative current to a positive current. The method also includes determining a self-discharge current of the energy storage cell by analyzing the measured test current with computational models that capture physical processes tied to the test methods.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Update on the use of Neutron Absorbers for Storage Applications at Y-12

The Y-12 National Security Complex has a high density enriched uranium storage system at the Highly Enriched Uranium Materials Facility (HEUMF) that has been deployed for nearly 10 years. A robust neutron absorber system is provided through the design of Rackable Can Storage Boxes (RCSBs) and their configuration into storage racks. The requirements from ANSI/ANS-8.21, Use of Fixed Neutron Absorbers in Nuclear Facilities outside Reactors, are met with the RCSB and rack system at HEUMF through various design aspects, verification criteria, functional testing, and simulation modeling. Previous publications on a neutron absorber storage system at Y-12 were present at ANS in 2001 and 2002, when the RCSBs were still in a conceptual phase. The publications focused on ongoing studies at the time of what materials worked best for storage applications and how to test those materials, as well the practical design of the unit. The RCSBs have proven to provide a safe, static, and low maintenance storage system, with some minor design issues and several opportunities for future improvement.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Analysis on the Influence of an Energy Storage System and Its Impact to the Grid for a Wave Energy Converter: Preprint

This paper presents an analysis on the cost of and how a battery storage system can be used to further reduce the variation of power generated from the wave energy converter (WEC) due to the fluctuating nature of waves and its impact to the grid. The electrical power output from WEC-Sim simulations for the six sea states used in the Wave Energy Prize was analyzed to compute the peak power and power time history. The results were used to evaluate the battery storage capacity that is needed for a WEC system to provide reasonable power flow to the grid and estimate its cost based on the latest cost information for battery technologies published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Finally, a preliminary grid integration analysis was performed to demonstrate how WEC-generated power would contribute to a small island electricity system. As shown in the study, the instantaneous peak power is the primary cost driver for the battery storage and the power take-off system, and reducing the power fluctuations is essential for reducing the overall levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The power flow variation from WECs can be significantly reduced using battery storage without adding significant overall system costs, and the implementation of battery storage is essential for grid integration applications. There may also be additional opportunities to further investigate energy storage technologies that are specific to WEC applications to reduce these costs even further.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2019

REopt: Enabling Renewable Energy, Storage, and Combined Heat and Power

Deployment of distributed energy resources including combined heat and power (CHP), photovoltaics (PV), and battery storage is growing as building and campus owners seek to reduce energy costs and increase resilience to grid outages. While deployment of a single technology is widespread, integrated systems of multiple technologies are also becoming more common to provide maximum economic and resilience benefits. To accelerate deployment, decision makers require tools to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of these integrated systems. This paper presents a framework for optimizing the size and dispatch strategy of CHP with PV and battery storage to minimize life-cycle cost of energy. The modeling methodology is presented, with a particular focus on the linearization of cost and performance metrics required for implementation in a mixed integer linear program. A case study is used to examine the technical and economic viability of integrated CHP, PV, and battery systems, compared to CHP-only or PV+battery storage systems. In the case study we show how the integrated systems can provide increased economic and resilience benefits compared to single technologies on their own. The case study presented shows the combined CHP, PV, and battery system resulted in a 7% lower life cycle cost than CHP only, and a 22% lower life cycle cost than PV+battery storage. The life cycle emissions for CHP, PV, and battery storage resulted in a 24% reduction than CHP only and a 17% increase than PV+battery storage.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Method and system for carbon dioxide energy storage in a power generation system

A CO2 energy storage system includes a storage tank that stores a CO2 slurry, including dry ice and liquid CO2, at CO2 triple point temperature and pressure conditions. The storage system also includes a first pump coupled in flow communication with the storage tank. The first pump is configured to receive the CO2 slurry from the storage tank and to increase a pressure of the CO2 slurry to a pressure above the CO2 triple point pressure. The energy storage system further includes a contactor coupled in flow communication with the first pump. The contactor is configured to receive the high pressure CO2 slurry from the pump and to receive a first flow of gaseous CO2 at a pressure above the CO2 triple point pressure. The gaseous CO2 is contacted and then condensed by the melting dry ice in the slurry to generate liquid CO2.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Thermoelectric energy storage system and an associated method thereof

Thermoelectric energy storage system and an associated method are disclosed. The thermoelectric energy storage system includes a first refrigeration system, a power system, a first thermal storage unit, and a second thermal storage unit. The first refrigeration system includes a first heat exchanger, a first compressor, a second heat exchanger, and a first expander. The first heat exchanger is disposed upstream relative to the first compressor. The power system includes a third heat exchanger, a second compressor, a fourth heat exchanger, a fifth heat exchanger, and a second expander. The third heat exchanger is disposed upstream relative to the fourth heat exchanger. The fifth heat exchanger is disposed downstream relative to the second expander. The first thermal storage unit is coupled to the first heat exchanger and the fifth heat exchanger. The second thermal storage unit is coupled to the first refrigeration system and the power system.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Multifunctional energy storage composites

Described here is a multifunctional energy storage (MES) composite comprising (a) a stack of energy storage materials and (b) one or more structural facesheets sandwiching the stack of energy storage materials, wherein the stack of battery materials is perforated by (c) one or more reinforcements, and wherein the reinforcements are bonded to the structural facesheets. Also described here is a MES composite comprising (a) a stack of energy storage materials, (b) one or more structural facesheets sandwiching the stack of energy storage materials, and (c) one or more reinforcements perforated by the stack of energy storage materials, wherein the reinforcements are bonded to the structural facesheets.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Enabling the Write-Once Read-Many (WORM) Dashboard and Web Interface for HPC Data Storage

Idaho National Laboratory (INL), supported by the Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) through the Nuclear Science User Facilities, provides access to supercomputer systems and data storage along with support staff for system management, software installation, cybersecurity, and user support to the broader DOE-NE user community. A key component of this is providing long-term or perpetual data storage as part of efforts to improve reproducibility in modeling and simulation in addition to supporting simulations with regulatory compliance requirements. This milestone details the deployment of a new type of storage option for users requiring tamper resistant perpetual storage of data and the associated support for data control and release via the data storage web interface. The perpetual data storage system is integrated within the Open OnDemand framework deployed at INL and is called the ?WORM? in recognition of its write-once read-many characteristics.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Opportunities and limits of Decay storage based on Dismantled Materials in Nuclear Power Plants - 17650

We investigate the potential of decay storage of low and intermediate radioactive waste for release procedures. We present the Safetec software tool HL3 and its application to data from the German nuclear power plant at the site in Stade. In general, during the dismantling process of nuclear power plants, waste of slightly contaminated and/or activated systems is produced in large amounts. These are in particular demolition rubble from concrete structures and ingots from the melting process of metals. If, at the time of disposal, the nuclear inventory is near or slightly above federal clearance limits, the material cannot be released as conventional waste. However, due to the decline of the nuclear inventory over time, a significant amount of that waste could qualify for the release procedure in the future. Although this concept of decay storage is well known, specific predictions of the mass flow to be released is non-trivial. The mass flow over time depends on the composition of known and assumed nuclides (nuclide vector), as well as on the underlying threshold values for release. To handle the waste stream as a function of time, the nuclide composition and specific threshold values, Safetec developed a bespoke software tool named HL3. Its primary function is to visualize and to test/analyze various nuclide vectors and its decompositions over time. For the application within German law, threshold values according to the different disposal routes can be considered. Using the batch interface in the software tool HL3, large amounts of data can be automatically analyzed in a traceable and quick way. To test both, the tool and the benefit for the concept of decay storage, we have applied our code HL3 to material from the dismantling of the pressurized-water reactor at the site in Stade, Germany. We set the focus on concrete debris and metal ingots, which in principle are best suited for decay storage over years. The assignment and the packaging of that waste from Stade were based on application documents for decommissioning of the Year 2000 and according to the state of art conditioning technique at that time. Based on the data of that waste and the appropriate disposal routes, we calculate and discuss the amount of waste releasable after decay storage. As for the situation in Germany, we find that only a negligible amount would be releasable, mainly due to other reasons. These are the deterioration of detectability of radionuclides with time, and other regulatory conditions. However, on an international scale, a different assessment can be drawn. Our results thus motivate to reconsider the option of interim decay storage to reduce radioactive waste in large amounts. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2016

Overview of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy's Nuclear Fuel Storage and Transportation Planning Project

The U.S. Department Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) is laying the groundwork for implementing interim storage, including associated transportation, per the Administration's Strategy for the Management and Disposal of Used Nuclear Fuel and High- Level Radioactive Waste, and to develop a foundation for a new nuclear waste management organization. The organization within DOE-NE that is responsible for this planning is the Office of Nuclear Fuels Storage and Transportation (NFST). The technical work to support this planning effort is being conducted by DOE's national laboratories. DOE's overarching goal is to develop options for decision-makers on the design of an integrated waste management system. The goal is to develop an integrated plan to (1) implement interim storage; (2) improve the overall integration of storage as a planned part of the waste management system; (3) prepare for the large-scale transportation of SNF and high-level waste (HLW), with an initial focus on removing SNF from the shutdown reactor sites; and (4) develop the foundational information, resources, and capabilities needed to support future implementation decisions and actions. Near-term objectives are to (1) develop and maintain an integrated plan to accomplish the Administration's Strategy goals, (2) improve integration of storage as a planned part of the waste management system, (including evaluating standardization of dry cask storage systems), (3) develop and evaluate design options for an integrated waste management system, (4) develop and apply systems analyses to provide quantitative estimates of system impacts of utility actions' impacts on the system and inform future decisions, (5) prepare for the large-scale transportation of SNF and HLW, (with an initial focus on removing SNF from the shutdown reactor sites), and (6) establish and maintain a unified, integrated SNF database and analysis system to characterize the input to the waste management system. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Experimental and analytical evaluation of a hydro-pneumatic compressed-air Ground-Level Integrated Diverse Energy Storage (GLIDES) system

In recent times, there has been a significant increase in intermittent renewable electricity capacity additions to the generation mix. This, coupled with an aging electrical grid that is poorly equipped to handle the ensuing mismatch between generation and use, has created a strong need for flexible, advanced bulk energy storage technologies. In this paper, one such technology recently invented and demonstrated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is introduced and characterized. Similar to compressed-air energy storage, the Ground-Level Integrated Diverse Energy Storage (GLIDES) technology is based on gas compression/expansion, however, liquid-piston compression and expansion are utilized. In common with pumped-storage hydroelectricity, hydraulic turbomachines (pump/turbine) are utilized for energy storage and recovery, however, pressure vessels are utilized to create artificial elevation (head) difference, allowing pressure head of several thousands of feet to be reached. Furthermore, this paper reports on the experimental performance of the first GLIDES proof-of-concept prototype, and presents formulation and results from a validated physics-based simulation model.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Refractory-based thermal energy storage for industrial process heat: one-dimensional modeling, control, and optimization

The variable and weather-dependent output of wind and solar power plants present a substantial challenge for planning and operating electricity-systems, particularly in the absence of cost-effective and dispatchable energy storage technologies. This study investigates a high-temperature, electrically heated, refractory-based thermal energy storage (RTES) system that stores electrical energy as sensible heat in dense ceramic bricks over the 950–1800 °C range. The stored heat can be discharged as a controlled hot-gas stream for industrial heating, fuel substitution in high-temperature processes, or electricity generation. The main novelty is a comprehensive modelling, control, mapping, and optimization framework that integrates one-dimensional transient gas–solid heat transfer, fan-assisted discharge, bypass-flow regulation, reheating logic, fan-power evaluation, insulation-loss assessment, and genetic-algorithm-based design optimization. The model uses feedback from outlet temperature and delivered power to regulate discharge, while a two-stage genetic algorithm optimizes brick-channel geometry, gas-flow operation, and multilayer insulation thicknesses. Storage capacities below 50 MWh and discharge powers of 5–30 MW are analyzed to evaluate hold time, thermal delivery, fan-power penalty, heat loss, state-of-charge evolution, and indicative capital cost. Results demonstrate that optimized and well-insulated refractory-based thermal energy storage units can provide stable, efficient, and repeatable heat delivery over multiple discharge cycles. The generated performance and cost maps support modular refractory thermal energy storage as a practical option for large-scale integration of wind and solar generation and for high-temperature industrial process heat.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

On the operational characteristics and economic value of pumped thermal energy storage

Pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) systems use an electrically-driven heat pump to store electricity in the form of thermal energy, and subsequently dispatch the stored thermal energy to generate electricity using a thermodynamic heat engine. Optimal day-ahead operational scheduling and annual value of a PTES system based on Joule-Brayton thermodynamic cycles and two-tank molten salt hot thermal storage is evaluated in this work. Production cost models, which simultaneously optimize commitment and dispatch schedules for an entire set of generators to minimize the cost of satisfying electricity demand, are employed to determine system-optimal operation and day-ahead energy value of the PTES system within each of six hypothetical near-future grid scenarios intended to approximately represent the U.S. Western Interconnection or the Texas Interconnection. Sensitivity to grid scenario (including the contribution of variable renewable energy sources), thermal storage capacity, relative heat pump and heat engine capacities, and startup/shutdown cycling costs are evaluated. PTES energy value and heat engine annual capacity factor increase strongly as the contribution of variable renewable resources increases, heat pump capacity increases relative to heat engine capacity, or PTES cycling costs decrease. Grid scenarios in which the contribution of variable renewable energy is dominated by solar photovoltaics (PV) vs. wind produce inherently different PTES operational patterns. Annual PTES energy value within PV-dominated scenarios increased with storage capacity only up to approximately seven hours of full-load discharge capacity, whereas that within wind-dominated scenarios exhibited a continual increase with storage duration up to at least 16 hours.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2015

Metal hydride based thermal energy storage system requirements for high performance concentrating solar power plants

High temperature concentrating solar power plants require suitable thermal energy storage systems to produce electric power efficiently. Thermochemical energy storage based on metal hydrides represents a very appealing prospect for low cost and high efficient solar storage systems. The objective of the paper is to assess the properties required by the metal hydride systems to achieve the U.S. Department of Energy’s SunShot techno-economic targets. A simplified model has been developed to evaluate the cost and the exergetic efficiency of hydridebased storage systems. Results demonstrate that metal hydride materials, operating at temperatures higher than 650 °C, with reaction enthalpy on the order of 95-110 kJ/molH 2 , raw material cost on the order of 1.4-2 $/kg, weight capacities on the order of 3-4% and operating pressures on the order of tens of bars have the potential to closely approach the targets. Selected sensitivity analyses have also been carried out showing that the raw material cost, the material weight capacity and the metal hydride reaction enthalpy are the properties that strongly affect the performance of the storage system.

08 HYDROGEN↗