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MSGP Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan TA-60 Roads and Grounds Facility, Sigma Mesa Staging Areas, and Asphalt Batch Plant

This Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) was developed in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §§1251 et seq., as amended), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Multi-Sector General Permit for Stormwater Discharges Associated with Industrial Activity (MSGP) (U.S. EPA, June 2015) issued by EPA, and using the industry specific permit requirements for Sector P: Land Transportation and Warehousing and Sector D: Asphalt Paving and Roofing Material and Lubricant Manufacturing as a guides. The applicable stormwater discharge permit is EPA General Permit Tracing Number NMR050013 [Triad National Security, LLC (Triad)]. This SWPPP applies to discharges of stormwater from the operational areas of the TA-60 Roads and Grounds Facility, Sigma Mesa Staging Areas, and Asphalt Batch Plant at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Los Alamos National Laboratory (also referred to as LANL or the “Laboratory”) is owned by the Department of Energy (DOE), and is operated by Triad. Throughout this document, the term “facilities” refers to the TA-60 Roads and Grounds Facility, Sigma Mesa Staging Areas, and Asphalt Batch Plant. The current MSGP expires at midnight on June 4, 2020.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

National Educators' Workshop: Update 1996

This document contains a collection of experiments presented and demonstrated at the National Educators' Workshop: Update 96, held at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico on October 27-30, 1996. The experiments related to the nature and properties of engineering materials and provided information to assist in teaching about materials in the education community.

Gardner, James E.↗

Energy response characterization of current-mode MeV Cherenkov aerogel detectors

Current-mode Cherenkov aerogel detectors have been used to measure time resolved spectra of MeV radiographic x-ray sources and have been considered to replace gas Cherenkov systems. The simulations of the Cherenkov response of aerogel detectors have uncertainties in how to model the complex structure of aerogels. Data from three sites—the Idaho electron beam, the Los Alamos Site electron beam and microtron sources at Los Alamos—have been used to calibrate the relative energy response of 15 aerogels, varying in density from 10 to 430 mg/cm 3 , from incident electrons with energies from 1 to 12 MeV. Detector simulations need to introduce density variation in the aerogels to match the collected data.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Final Report: Part 1. In-Place Filter Testing Instrument for Nuclear Material Containers. Part 2. Canister Filter Test Standards for Aerosol Capture Rates.

A portable instrument has been developed to assess the functionality of filter sand o-rings on nuclear material storage canisters, without requiring removal of the canister lid. Additionally, a set of fifteen filter standards were procured for verifying aerosol leakage and pressure drop measurements in the Los Alamos Filter Test System. The US Department of Energy uses several thousand canisters for storing nuclear material in different chemical and physical forms. Specialized filters are installed into canister lids to allow gases to escape, and to maintain an internal ambient pressure while containing radioactive contaminants. Diagnosing the condition of container filters and canister integrity is important to ensure worker and public safety and for determining the handling requirements of legacy apparatus. This report describes the In-Place-Filter-Tester, the Instrument Development Plan and the Instrument Operating Method that were developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to determine the “as found” condition of unopened storage canisters. The Instrument Operating Method provides instructions for future evaluations of as-found canisters packaged with nuclear material. Customized stainless steel canister interfaces were developed for pressure-port access and to apply a suction clamping force for the interface. These are compatible with selected Hagan-style and SAVY-4000 storage canisters that were purchased from NFT (Nuclear Filter Technology, Golden, CO). Two instruments were developed for this effort: an initial Los Alamos POC (Proof-of-Concept) unit and the final Los Alamos IPFT system. The Los Alamos POC was used to create the Instrument Development Plan: (1) to determine the air flow and pressure characteristics associated with canister filter clogging, and (2) to test simulated configurations that mimicked canister leakage paths. The canister leakage scenarios included quantifying: (A) air leakage due to foreign material (i.e. dust and hair) fouling of o-rings, (B) leakage through simulated cracks in o-rings, and (C) air leakage due to inadequately tightened canister lids. The Los Alamos POC instrument determined pertinent air flow and pressure quantities, and this knowledge was used to specify a customized Isaac® (Z axis, Salt Lake City, UT) leak test module. The final Los Alamos IPFT (incorporating the Isaac® leak test module) was used to repeat the tests in the Instrument Development Plan (with simulated filter clogging tests and canister leak pathway tests). The Los Alamos IPFT instrument is capable of determining filter clogging and leak rate conditions, without requiring removal of the container lid. The IPFT measures pressure decay rate from 1.7E-03 in WC/sec to 1.7E-01 in WC/sec. On the same unit scale, helium leak testing of canisters has a range from 5.7E-07 in WC/sec to 1.9E-03 in WC/sec. For a 5-quart storage canister, the IPFT measures equivalent leak flow rates from 0.03 to 3.0 cc/sec. The IPFT does not provide the same sensitivity as helium leak testing, but is able to gauge the assembled condition of as-found and in-situ canisters.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project Conceptual Design Report

The accelerator complex now known as the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) began operation in 1972 as LAMPF, the Los Alamos Meson Production Facility. In the intervening 53 years, the complex has been expanded in capability several times, both in terms of its accelerator performance and the user facilities it supports.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

TA-16-306: A Plastics Components Development Facility (Volumes 1 & 2)

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), Los Alamos Field Office (Field Office), has prepared final documentation for the resolution of adverse effects to Building 306 in Technical Area (TA) 16 at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL or the Laboratory). This documentation is being submitted to the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). TA-16-306 was determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (Register) in 1995 in the report, TA-16 Heating System Replacement (LA-CP-95-0180). TA-16- 306 was identified as an excess property to be decontaminated, decommissioned, and demolished by the LANL Footprint Reduction Program in fiscal year 2021, an adverse effect to Register eligible building 16-306 requiring mitigation. To bring a resolution to the adverse effects to Building TA-16-306, the Field Office initiated consultation with the SHPO on December 4, 2017. The New Mexico Historic Preservation Division concurred with the mitigation actions outlined in the Programmatic Agreement among the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Los Alamos Field Office, the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Office, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Concerning Management of Historic Properties of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico (PA) in correspondence dated January 30, 2018. The PA states in Appendix D.2.A that adverse effects to Register-eligible buildings and structures will be resolved according to the procedures defined in A Plan for the Management of the Cultural Heritage at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico (CRMP) (LA-UR-19-21590, formerly LA-UR-15-27624) and within the PA itself. Volume 2 contains a collection of photos of building TA-16-306 with index.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Secure Storage: Historical Documentation of TA-08-0032, TA-11-0036, TA-22-0016, TA-22-0023, TA-22-0025, TA-22-0035, TA-37-0006, TA-37-0009, and TA-37-0020

The U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Los Alamos Field Office (NA-LA), is pursuing the decommissioning and demolition (D&D) of facilities contaminated with high-explosives residues at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (Laboratory or LANL). This effort affects nine facilities associated with high-explosives and detonator research, development, and storage: Technical Area (TA) 8 Facility 32 (TA-08-0032), TA-11-0036, TA-22-0016, TA-22-0023, TA-22-0025, TA-22-0035, TA-37-0006, TA-37-0009, and TA-37-0020. All nine facilities proposed for D&D have been evaluated for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and determined eligible. NA-LA previously requested the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) to concur with the NRHP-eligibility determinations of these nine properties presented in four reports: (1) TA-08-0032 was determined eligible for listing in the NRHP in the report, From Ranching to Radiography: An Assessment of Historic Buildings at Anchor West Site (TA-8), Vol. 1 (McGehee et al. 2008a). The SHPO concurred with this eligibility determination on November 26, 2008. (2) TA-11-0036 was determined eligible for listing in the NRHP in the report, ESA Division’s Five-Year Plan: Consolidation and Revitalization at Technical Areas 3, 8, 11, and 16, Vol. 1) (McGehee et al. 2003). The SHPO concurred with this eligibility assessment on June 22, 2003. (3) TA-22-0016, TA-22-0023, TA-22-0025, and TA-22-0035 were determined eligible for listing in the NRHP in the report, DX Division’s Facility Strategic Plan: Consolidation and Revitalization at Technical Areas 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 22, 36, 39, 40, 60, and 69, Vol. 1 (McGehee et al. 2005a). The SHPO concurred with these eligibility determinations on April 18, 2006. (4) TA-37-0006, TA-37-0009, and TA-37-0020 were determined eligible for listing in the NRHP in the report, High Explosives and the Nuclear Stockpile: An Assessment of Historic Buildings at Magazine Area C (TA-37), Vol. 1 (McGehee et al. 2008b). The SHPO concurred with these eligibility determinations on April 17, 2008. In a letter dated January 24, 2020, NA-LA acknowledged that the D&D of these nine NRHP-eligible facilities was an adverse effect that requires resolution through mitigation. NA-LA proposed the use of standard mitigation practices as defined in the Programmatic Agreement (PA) among the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Los Alamos Field Office, the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Office, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Concerning Management of the Historic Properties at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico. The PA states that adverse effects to NRHP-eligible buildings and structures will be resolved according to the standard practices defined in Part II, Section 10, of the Laboratory’s Cultural Resources Management Plan, A Plan for the Management of the Cultural Heritage at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico (Purtzer et al. 2019), and Section 2.B of Appendix D of the PA itself. The standard practice documentation package includes the following components: (1) Interior and exterior photography and production of archival-quality digital photographs; (2) Documentation and curation of historically significant equipment and artifacts; (3) A list of all known drawings for the property; (4) Reduced-scale reproductions of selected drawings for the property; (5) A location map that shows the location of the property relative to the entire Laboratory property; (6) Reproduction of historical TA maps; (7) A TA map that depicts the footprint of each eligible and non-eligible facility; and (8) An expanded historic context that uses oral-history interviews, if available. On March 3, 2020, the SHPO concurred with the adverse effect determination and the mitigation plan. The documentation package, as previously described, is provided in Volumes 1 and 2 of this report.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Eligibility Assessment of Items in the TA-60 Rack Assembly and Alignment Complex Legacy Storage Yard

The U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Los Alamos Field Office (NA-LA), documented and evaluated seven structures in the Technical Area 60 (TA-60) Rack Assembly and Alignment Complex (RAAC) legacy storage yard at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL or Laboratory) for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (National Register). This documentation and evaluation was conducted in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended; the Code of Federal Regulations (36 CFR 800); the Programmatic Agreement among the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, Los Alamos Field Office, the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Office and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Concerning Management of the Historic Properties at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos New Mexico (PA)1; and A Plan for the Management of the Cultural Heritage at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico (LANL’s Cultural Resources Management Plan (2017). NA-LA makes the following National Register eligibility determinations: la cuna; the rack transporter (jeep, rack trailer, and steering dolly); the Mexia diagnostic rack; the Mexia device canister; the Mexia device mounting stand; and the Mexia target stand are eligible for listing in the National Register, and the second steering dolly is not eligible for listing in the National Register. This National Register evaluation was completed because LANL proposes to develop a consolidated waste facility in TA-60 next to the former RAAC. Across 3.56 acres, LANL proposes to construct an 8,000-square-foot, pre-engineered waste storage building; a 1,500-square-foot office/warehouse building; and 28,500 square feet of covered storage. The development will also include access control features and fencing, parking spaces, and utilities. Additionally, the Laboratory will continue to use the southern part of TA-60-0017 and reuse TA-60-0086 and TA-60-0324 in the development. The consolidated waste facility will operate as a central accumulation area—storing universal waste, mixed low-level (radioactive) waste, hazardous chemicals, and New Mexico special waste—until the waste can be shipped off site.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Requirements and Overview of the LAMP PDM Vault

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is located at Technical Area 53 (TA-53) at Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico. LANSCE is driven by an 800 mega electron volt (MeV) proton accelerator that delivered first beam in 1972. The LANSCE accelerator is unique in that it accelerates both H- (to full energy of 800 MeV) and H+ ions (up to 100 MeV currently but has accelerated high-power H+ beam to 800 MeV in the past) and supports five separate experimental areas that operate simultaneously with each having different timing and beam current requirements.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

AOT & LANSCE Focus: Proton Radiography Facility

Invented at Los Alamos National Laboratory, proton radiography (pRad) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) employs a high-energy proton beam to image the properties and behavior of materials under a variety of conditions. The penetrating power of high-energy protons, like that of x-rays, makes them an excellent probe of a wide range of materials under extreme pressures, strains, and strain rates. The invention of proton radiography is the direct result of the synergy between the Laboratory’s defense mission and basic science research scientists and supports the Laboratory’s national security science mission as well as provides for fundamental science discoveries. This new capability has revolutionized dynamic materials science at Los Alamos, providing a new window for the study of shock physics, materials damage, and high explosives science. The Proton Radiograpy Facility, a national user facility, has performed more than 500 dynamic experiments in support of the Weapons program, Global Security, and other customers since it was commissioned more than a decade ago. This information helps Los Alamos maintain the reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile. The pRad capability is primarily supported by the NNSA Science Campaigns.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

LANL Bicycle Safety Committee - November 2018 Survey Results (Rev. 2)

In November of 2018, Los Alamos National Laboratory’s (LANL) Bicycle Safety Committee conducted a survey via SurveyMonkey. The survey was advertised via LANLToday, an email newsletter that is sent to all employees with approximately 4,800 readers. Articles in LANLToday are also linked on the main internal web page at LANL. It is estimated that there are approximately 12,000, in addition with contract employees and contractors it is estimated that approximately 17,500 people work on site at LANL in Los Alamos County. 319 people participated in the survey. LANL is located 35 miles northwest of Santa Fe, NM in Los Alamos. The population of Los Alamos County in April of 2010 per the United States Census Bureau was 17,950. The majority of the LANL’s employees work at facilities in Los Alamos County, and a significant number of those workers commute from surrounding communities and from other locations as far as Taos and Albuquerque. The majority of the respondents (75%) live in Los Alamos County with 14% of the respondents living in the City of Santa Fe. 47% of the respondents ride a bicycle multiple days per week. 156 respondents bicycle commute, with 118 commuting multiple days per week during the summer and 73 commuting multiple days per week during the winter.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, TA-03-38 Carpenter's Shop, Revision 4: LANS Archived 2019

This Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) was developed in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §§1251 et seq., as amended), and the Multi-Sector General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activity (U.S. EPA, June 2015) issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and using the industry specific permit requirements for Sector A–Timber Products, Subsector A4 (Wood Products Facilities not elsewhere classified) as a guide. The applicable stormwater discharge permit is EPA General Permit Registration # NMR053915 (Los Alamos National Security (LANS) (U.S. EPA, June 2015). This SWPPP applies to discharges of stormwater from the operational areas of the TA-03-38 Carpenter’s Shop at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Los Alamos National Laboratory (also referred to as LANL or the “Laboratory”) is owned by the Department of Energy (DOE), and is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS). Throughout this document, the term “facility” refers to the TA-03-38 Carpenter’s Shop and associated areas. The current permit expires at midnight on June 4, 2020. As the LANS contract ended for LANL MSGP facilities on October 31, 2018, a Notice of Termination (NOT) for permit coverage was filed and is effective as of 11/02/18. A copy of the NOT acknowledgment is located in Appendix C of this SWPPP. This is the archived and final revision of the SWPPP for LANS.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, TA-03-38 Metals Fabrication Shop, Revision 4: LANS Archived 2019

This Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) was developed in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §§1251 et seq., as amended), and the Multi-Sector General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activity (U.S. EPA, June 2015) issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and using the industry specific permit requirements for Sector AA-Fabricated Metal Products as a guide. The applicable stormwater discharge permit is EPA General Permit Registration Number NMR053915 (Los Alamos National Security (LANS) (U.S. EPA, June 2015).This SWPPP applies to discharges of stormwater from the operational areas of the TA-03-38 Metals Fabrication Shop at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Los Alamos National Laboratory (also referred to as LANL or the “Laboratory”) is owned by the Department of Energy (DOE), and is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS). Throughout this document, the term “facility” refers to the TA-03-38 Metals Fabrication Shop and associated areas. The current permit expires at midnight on June 4, 2020. As the LANS contract ended for LANL MSGP facilities on October 31, 2018, a Notice of Termination (NOT) for permit coverage was filed and is effective as of 11/02/18. A copy of the NOT acknowledgment is located in Appendix C of this SWPPP. This is the archived and final revision of the SWPPP for LANS.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, TA-03-22 Power and Steam Plant, Revision 4: LANS Archived 2019

This Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) was developed in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §§1251 et seq., as amended), and the Multi-Sector General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activity (U.S. EPA, June 2015) issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and using the industry specific permit requirements for Sector O-Steam Electric Generating Facilities as a guide. The applicable stormwater discharge permit is EPA General Permit Registration Number NMR053915 (Los Alamos National Security (LANS) (U.S. EPA, June 2015). This SWPPP applies to discharges of stormwater from the operational areas of the TA-03-22 Power and Steam Plant at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Los Alamos National Laboratory (also referred to as LANL or the “Laboratory”) is owned by the Department of Energy (DOE), and is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS). Throughout this document, the term “facility” refers to the TA-03-22 Power and Steam Plant and associated areas. The current permit expires at midnight on June 4, 2020.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, TA-60-02 Salvage/Warehouse, Revision 4: LANS Archived 2019

This Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) was developed in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §§1251 et seq., as amended), and the Multi-Sector General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activity (U.S. EPA, June 2015) issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and using the industry specific permit requirements for Sector P-Land Transportation and Warehousing as a guide. The applicable stormwater discharge permit is EPA General Permit Registration Number NMR053915 (Los Alamos National Security (LANS) (U.S. EPA, June 2015). This SWPPP applies to discharges of stormwater from the operational areas of the TA-60-02 Salvage and Warehouse facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Los Alamos National Laboratory (also referred to as LANL or the “Laboratory”) is owned by the Department of Energy (DOE), and is operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC (LANS). Throughout this document, the term “facility” refers to the TA-60-02 Salvage/ Warehouse and associated areas. The current permit expires at midnight on June 4, 2020. As the LANS contract ended for LANL MSGP facilities on October 31, 2018, a Notice of Termination (NOT) for permit coverage was filed and is effective as of 11/02/18. A copy of the NOT acknowledgment is located in Appendix C of this SWPPP. This is the archived and final revision of the SWPPP for LANS.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Configuration Management Plan

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is located at Technical Area 53 (TA-53) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in Los Alamos, New Mexico. LANSCE is driven by an 800 megaelectronvolt (MeV) proton accelerator that delivered its first beam in 1972. The LANSCE accelerator is unique in that it accelerates both H– (to full energy of 800 MeV) and H+ ions (up to 100 MeV currently but has accelerated high-power H+ beam to 800 MeV in the past) and supports five separate experimental areas that operate simultaneously, with each having different timing and beam current requirements. Many of the LANSCE accelerator front-end components date back to original commissioning in 1972, including the ion sources, Cockcroft-Walton (CW) generators, and the Drift Tube LINAC (DTL), which accelerates the beam up to 100 MeV.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Evaluation of the 239 Pu prompt fission neutron spectrum induced by neutrons of 500 keV and associated covariances

We present evaluations of the prompt fission neutron spectrum (PFNS) of (PU)-P-239 induced by 500 keV neutrons, and associated covariances. In a previous evaluation by Talon et al. (2010), surprisingly low evaluated uncertainties were obtained, partly due to simplifying assumptions in the quantification of uncertainties from experiment and model. Therefore, special emphasis is placed here on a thorough uncertainty quantification of experimental data and of the Los Alamos model predicted values entering the evaluation. In addition, the Los Alamos model was extended and an evaluation technique was employed that takes into account the qualitative differences between normalized model predicted values and experimental shape data These improvements lead to changes in the evaluated PENS and overall larger evaluated uncertainties than in the previous work. However, these evaluated uncertainties are still smaller than those obtained in a statistical analysis using experimental information only, due to strong model correlations. Hence, suggestions to estimate model defect uncertainties are presented. which lead to more reasonable evaluated uncertainties. The calculated k(eff) of selected criticality benchmarks obtained with these new evaluations agree with each other within their uncertainties despite the different approaches to estimate model defect uncertainties. The k(eff) one standard deviations overlap with some of those obtained using ENDF/B-VILl, albeit their mean values are further away from unity. Spectral indexes for the Jezebel critical assembly calculated with the newly evaluated PFNS agree with the experimental data for selected (n,) and (n,f) reactions, and show improvements for highenergy threshold (n,2n) reactions compared to ENDF/B-VII.l. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Neudecker, D.↗

Accomplishments in the Trident Laser Facility

Trident has been an extremely productive laser facility, despite its modest size and operating cost in the firmament of high-energy, high-power laser facilities worldwide. More than 150 peer-reviewed journal articles (in 39 different journals) have been published using Trident experimental data, many in high-impact journals such as Nature, Nature Physics, Nature Communications, and Physical Review Letters. More than 230 oral presentations involving research at Trident have been presented at national and international conferences. Trident publications have over 5000 citations in the literature with an h-index of 38. AT least 23 Los Alamos postdoctoral researchers have worked on Trident. In the period since its inception in 1992-2007, despite not issuing formal proposal calls for access nor functioning explicitly as a user facility until later, Trident has 170 unique users from more than 30 unique institutions, such as Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore, and Sandia national laboratories, various University of California campuses, General Atomic, Imperial College, and Ecole Polytechnique. To reinforce its role as an important Los Alamos point of connection to the external research community, at least 20 PhD students did a significant fraction of their thesis work on Trident. Such PhD students include Mike Dunne (Imperial College, 1995) - now director of LCLS and professor at Stanford; David Hoarty (IC, 1997) - scientist at Atomic Weapons Establishment, UK; Dustin Froula (UC Davis, 2002) - Plasma and Ultrafast Physics Group leader at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics and assistant professor at the Physics and Astronomy Department at the University of Rochester; Tom Tierney (UC Irvine, 2002) - scientist at Los Alamos; Eric Loomis (Arizona State U., 2005) - scientist at Los Alamos; and Eliseo Gamboa (University of Michigan, 2013) - scientist at the Linac Coherent Light Source. The work performed on Trident, besides its scientific impact, has also supported the Inertial Confinement Fusion and Weapons research programs at the Laboratory. It also has advanced technologies and techniques that hold significant promise for Los Alamos initiatives, such as MaRIE (the proposed Matter-Radiation Interactions in Extremes experimental facility), and more generally for important societal applications, such as defense, global security, advanced accelerators, fusion energy, radiotherapy, and laser technology. Specific research contributions based on Trident experiments are listed below.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗