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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Probing Coherent States of Light and Matter in Two-Dimensional Semiconductors. Final Report

The ability to enhance light-matter interactions in engineered optical environments is well-established in micro- and nano-photonics. New classes of materials bring new rich correlations between spin, momentum, and light polarization that can be exploited in these photonic systems for information processing and low-power electronics. Interfacing these novel material features with strong optical interactions suggests the compelling capability to create hybrid light-matter systems harnessing low-energy and protected material properties such as spin. The long-term objective of this program was to investigate the interplay between pseudospin in 2D materials and light, revealing new coherent phenomena. The materials studied are the monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), which support polarization-sensitive optical transitions when isolated to a single sub-nanometer crystal layer in thickness. In particular, monolayer TMD semiconductors such as MoS 2 exhibit degenerate valleys in momentum space with distinct spin character. These valleys can be separately addressed by circularly polarized light, providing a tool for manipulation. Integrating this valley pseudospin of excitons in monolayer TMDs with engineered strong optical excitations to create novel coherent phenomena was a key long-term goal of this research. The scope of this research primarily focused on studying light-matter interactions of valley-sensitive excitations in monolayer TMDs. The scope also included the integration of monolayer materials that support valley-polarized emission into photonic devices. This approach extends prior work on exciton-polaritons in 2D materials toward a platform with far more control and improved light input and output characteristics to aid scalability of these polarization-sensitive phenomena to many-body, long-range optical networks. During the course of the five-year Early Career program, the approaches led to successful progress on each proposed aim. Initial successful work seeded additional research that developed from the main themes, while this program focus evolved toward coherent manipulation of valley polaritons and integration with photonics. Both of these advanced topics set the stage for new capabilities in future innovative research. The results of this project provide advances in materials and methods relevant for new visions of opto-electronics and photonics that can improve information processing in an era of increased focus on quantum and coherent phenomena. The research has also contributed to the training of two postdoctoral scholars and five graduate students.

2D Materials↗
DOE OSTI2014

Fuel Fabrication Capability Research and Development Plan

The purpose of this document is to provide a comprehensive review of the mission of the Fuel Fabrication Capability (FFC) within the Global Threat Reduction Initiative Convert Program, along with research and development (R&D) needs that have been identified as necessary to ensuring mission success. The design and fabrication of successful nuclear fuels must be closely linked endeavors. Therefore, the overriding motivation behind the FFC R&D program described in this plan is to foster closer integration between fuel design and fabrication to reduce programmatic risk. These motivating factors are all interrelated, and progress addressing one will aid understanding of the others. The FFC R&D needs fall into two principal categories, 1) baseline process optimization, to refine the existing fabrication technologies, and 2) manufacturing process alternatives, to evaluate new fabrication technologies that could provide improvements in quality, repeatability, material utilization, or cost. The FFC R&D Plan examines efforts currently under way in regard to coupon, foil, plate, and fuel element manufacturing, and provides recommendations for a number of R&D topics that are of high priority but not currently funded (i.e., knowledge gaps). The plan ties all FFC R&D efforts into a unified vision that supports the overall Convert Program schedule in general, and the fabrication schedule leading up to the MP-1 and FSP-1 irradiation experiments specifically. The fabrication technology decision gates and down-selection logic and schedules are tied to the schedule for fabricating the MP-1 fuel plates, which will provide the necessary data to make a final fuel fabrication process down-selection. Because of the short turnaround between MP-1 and the follow-on FSP-1 and MP-2 experiments, the suite of specimen types that will be available for MP-1 will be the same as those available for FSP-1 and MP-2. Therefore, the only opportunity to explore parameter space and alternative processing is between now and 2016 when the candidate processes are down-selected in preparation for the MP-1, FSP-1, and MP-2 plate manufacturing campaigns. A number of key risks identified by the FFC are discussed in this plan, with recommended mitigating actions for those activities within FFC, and identification of risks that are impacted by activities in other areas of the Convert Program. The R&D Plan does not include discussion of FFC initiatives related to production-scale manufacturing of fuel (e.g., establishment of the Pilot Line Production Facility), rather, the goal of this plan is to document the R&D activities needed ultimately to enable high-quality and cost-effective production of the fuel by the commercial fuel fabricator. The intent is for this R&D Plan to be a living document that will be reviewed and updated on a regular basis (e.g., annually) to ensure that FFC R&D activities remain properly aligned to the needs of the Convert Program. This version of the R&D Plan represents the first annual review and revision.

Convert Program↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-J-11: A New Optical Method to Register Patient External Motion

Purpose: To devise and implement a new system to measure and register the patient motion during radiotherapy treatments. Methods: The system can obtain the position of several points in the 3D-space, through their projections in the 2D-images recorded by two cameras. The algorithm needs a series of constants, that are obtained using the images of a calibrated phantom.To test the system, some adhesive labels were placed on the surface of an object. Two cameras recorded the moving object over time. An in-house developed software localized the labels in each image. In the first pair of images, the program used a first approximation given by the user. In the subsequent images, it used the last position as an approximate location. The final exact coordinates of the point were obtained in a two-step process using the contrast of the images. From the 2D-positions of the point in each frame, the 3D-trajectories of each of these marks were obtained.The system was tested with linear displacements, oscillations of a mechanical oscillator, circular trajectories of a rotating disk, and with respiratory motion of a volunteer. Results: Trajectories of several points were reproduced with sub-millimeter accuracy in the three directions of the space. The system was able to follow periodic motion with amplitudes lower than 0.5mm; and trajectories of rotating points at speeds up to 200mm/s. The software could also track accurately the respiration motion of a person. Conclusion: A new, inexpensive optical tracking system for patient motion has been demonstrated. The system detects motion with high accuracy. Installation and calibration of the system is simple and quick. Data collection is not expected to involve any discomfort for the patient, nor any delay for the treatment. The system could be also used as a method of warning for patient movements, and for gating. We acknowledge financial support from Fundacion Mutua Madrilena, Madrid, Spain.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Robust Automatic EXAFS First-Shell Fits

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) is a widely used technique for atomic structure determination. Fourier transformation connects EXAFS in k space and R space. However, determining the appropriate k-range for the transformation can be challenging, but critical for the first-shell fit. In this study, we present an automatic method to determine the k-range using the Larch package and a Python program. The first step is to estimate spectral noise across a series of k-ranges with a fixed minimum value and identify the optimal maximum value in the k-range (k max ). The k max is determined by an empirical noise threshold that marks the point where the noise level in the Fourier transformed spectrum changes dramatically. Using the obtained k max value, the first shell is modeled to determine the minimum k value (k min ) by optimizing the background function through alignment of the spectrum with theory. The optimal k min corresponds to the point of the minimum R-factor, which quantifies the difference between the experimental and fitted spectrum. Our method was tested on various typical datasets and yielded suitable k-ranges for Fourier transformation and accurate first-shell fits. This approach helps avoid unreliable, irreproducible data analysis, especially for noisy data from diluted samples, and enables robust automatic first-shell EXAFS fitting.

EXAFS analysis↗
DOE OSTI2017

Assessment of the US Department of Energy's Sustainable Energy Resources for Consumers Grant Program

This report presents the results of an assessment of the Sustainable Energy Resources for Consumers (SERC) grant program that was administered by the US Department of Energy Weatherization and Intergovernmental Program Office. Grants totaling $90 million were awarded to 101 local weatherization agencies located in 27 states. More than 15,000 housing units were touched by the SERC program. Close to 29,000 SERC technologies were installed and/or services delivered. The report summarizes the results of site visits to 27 agencies in which the following 14 technologies were observed: solar photovoltaic panels, solar hot water heaters, solar thermal air panels for space heating, tankless water heaters, heat pump water heaters, geothermal heat pumps, super-evaporative cooling systems, combination boilers and indirect water heaters, small-scale residential wind systems, cool roofs, masonry spray foam insulation, attic radiant barriers, mini-split heat pumps, and in-home energy monitors. The evaluation found that the national weatherization network is capable of installing and delivering a wide range of new and innovative technologies, but the usability and adoptability of some technologies may prove impractical for the weatherization network and the demographic for which it serves.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modifications to Sandia's MDT and WNTR tools for ERMA

ERMA is leveraging Sandia’s Microgrid Design Toolkit (MDT) [1] and adding significant new features to it. Development of the MDT was primarily funded by the Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Microgrid Program with some significant support coming from the U.S. Marine Corps. The MDT is a software program that runs on a Microsoft Windows PC. It is an amalgamation of several other software capabilities developed at Sandia and subsequently specialized for the purpose of microgrid design. The software capabilities include the Technology Management Optimization (TMO) application for optimal trade-space exploration, the Microgrid Performance and Reliability Model (PRM) for simulation of microgrid operations, and the Microgrid Sizing Capability (MSC) for preliminary sizing studies of distributed energy resources in a microgrid.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Neutrino-Argon Cross-Section Measurements from the MicroBooNE Experiment

MicroBooNE is a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detector located along the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam and 8 degrees off-axis to the Neutrinos at the Main Injector beam. MicroBooNE collected data from both beams accumulating a large neutrino-argon scattering dataset with a mean neutrino energy of approximately 0.8 GeV. Understanding neutrino-argon interactions is crucial for the next generation of neutrino oscillation experiments including DUNE. MicroBooNE has developed pioneering methodologies and novel reconstruction tools in order to benchmark models at very high sensitivity across the interaction phase space, including for ultra-rare channels. This talk will give an overview of the most recent MicroBooNE neutrino interaction results. These measurements provide invaluable datasets for constraining backgrounds and improving the modelling of neutrino scattering critical for the broader LArTPC neutrino physics program.

Liu, Liang [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2020

Brilliant Execution of Smart Labs: Employing Best Practices to Improve Safety and Reduce Energy for Sustainable Labs: Preprint

Laboratory buildings often dominate the energy use on research campuses, consuming three to four times the energy of a typical office building. In most cases, these facilities are defined as “mission critical,” with excessive energy use as simply an unfortunate truth that cannot be avoided without compromising safety. However, case studies indicate cost savings opportunities of up to 40% in laboratories (compared to standard practices) by employing energy efficient design strategies that also improve the safety of lab spaces (Better Buildings 2018). To help stakeholders implement improvement measures, the Smart Labs Toolkit describes a proven approach to optimizing performance of laboratories and critical control environments in new or existing facilities. The Toolkit outlines distinct phases for building a successful Smart Labs program that include: Plan, Assess, Optimize, and Manage. Each phase has specific tasks, training videos, and resources to educate users, support the efforts of key stakeholders, and maximize benefits for the organization in implementing high-performance labs. The Toolkit also includes case studies from the 17 Better Buildings Smart Labs Accelerator partners, sharing lessons learned and supporting the Smart Labs approach to safe, efficient world class science. This paper reviews the technology choices for implementing Smart Labs ventilation strategies, controls, and other efficiency measures. Better Building Smart Lab Accelerator partners provide case study examples of safety and energy-savings results of using Smart Labs approaches.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Field Validation of a Building Operating System Platform

The U.S General Services Administration's (GSA's) Green Proving Ground program, in partnership with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. completed a large pilot study of an Energy Management Information Systems (EMIS) with Automated System Optimization (ASO). Four test bed facilities, each with different building characteristics and systems, were chosen for the implementation of cloud-based EMIS with ASO. Depending on functionality, this tool can be extremely effective in energy management and energy optimization in buildings. The capabilities evaluated in the pilot ranged from energy savings and energy consumption predictions to evaluations of user acceptance, operability, and ease of installation. This report presents the methodology, lessons learned and best practices, and deployment recommendations for the GSA's portfolio of commercial office space, comprising more than 8,500 properties.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

THE SDSS-IV EXTENDED BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: OVERVIEW AND EARLY DATA

In a six-year program started in 2014 July, the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) will conduct novel cosmological observations using the BOSS spectrograph at Apache Point Observatory. These observations will be conducted simultaneously with the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) designed for variability studies and the Spectroscopic Identification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS) program designed for studies of X-ray sources. In particular, eBOSS will measure with percent-level precision the distance-redshift relation with baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the clustering of matter. eBOSS will use four different tracers of the underlying matter density field to vastly expand the volume covered by BOSS and map the large-scale-structures over the relatively unconstrained redshift range 0.6 < z < 2.2. Using more than 250,000 new, spectroscopically confirmed luminous red galaxies at a median redshift z = 0.72, we project that eBOSS will yield measurements of the angular diameter distance d{sub A}(z) to an accuracy of 1.2% and measurements of H(z) to 2.1% when combined with the z > 0.6 sample of BOSS galaxies. With ∼195,000 new emission line galaxy redshifts, we expect BAO measurements of d{sub A}(z) to an accuracy of 3.1% and H(z) to 4.7% at an effective redshift of z = 0.87. A sample of more than 500,000 spectroscopically confirmed quasars will provide the first BAO distance measurements over the redshift range 0.9 < z < 2.2, with expected precision of 2.8% and 4.2% on d{sub A}(z) and H(z), respectively. Finally, with 60,000 new quasars and re-observation of 60,000 BOSS quasars, we will obtain new Lyα forest measurements at redshifts z > 2.1; these new data will enhance the precision of d{sub A}(z) and H(z) at z > 2.1 by a factor of 1.44 relative to BOSS. Furthermore, eBOSS will provide improved tests of General Relativity on cosmological scales through redshift-space distortion measurements, improved tests for non-Gaussianity in the primordial density field, and new constraints on the summed mass of all neutrino species. Here, we provide an overview of the cosmological goals, spectroscopic target sample, demonstration of spectral quality from early data, and projected cosmological constraints from eBOSS.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Am-241 Nuclear Safety and Environmental Interactions

NASA’s supply of radioisotopes for Radioisotope Heat Units (RHU) and Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) power sources is facing a crisis due to shortages of Pu-238 for future missions. Am-241 is a possible replacement for Pu-238 since its stockpile from the nuclear weapons program has remained relatively intact. The purpose of this project was to assess the safety of Am-241 and the risks associated with it as compared with PU-238. The project has resulted in a journal article, F. De-La-Torre-Aguilar, N. White, M. Prelas, R. V. Tompson, and S. K. Loyalka "Space nuclear power system accidents: Doses from Pu-238 and Am- 241 inhalation," Progress in Nuclear Energy vol.100C (2017), pp.171-182, which showed that the radiation dosage resulting from Am-241 inhalation are about 1/2.5 of the dosage resulting from Pu-238 inhalation per KW of Pu-238 power. Considerable progress was also made on the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method (DSMC) for simulation of aerosol evolution during accidents resulting in three publications: 1.I. Saldivar, F. De-La-Torre-Aguilar, M. Boraas, and S. K. Loyalka “Benchmark problems in aerosol evolution: Comparison of some exact and DSMC results” in Annals of Nuclear Energy vol.117 (2018), pp.213-222. 2. I. Saldivar and S. K. Loyalka, “Evolution of Aerosols Coupled to Environments: Verification of Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC)”, Nuclear Technology 204 (2018), pp.172-183. 3. M. Boraas and S. K. Loyalka, “Mesh Free Simulation of Spatially Inhomogeneous aerosols in Arbitrary Geometries” Nuclear Science and Engineering (2018). Further, we have computations on Am-241/Pu-238 vapor and aerosol interactions, and found that the vapor condensation rate is relatively insensitive to the mass effects, confirming some previous results. We have also completed computations of charge effects on evolution of different species aerosols and a manuscript is in preparation. Additionally, we have compared atmospheric dispersion and deposition of Pu-238 and Am-241 using the HYSPLIT code. We have also used a real lung model and the CFD program FLUENT to compute PuO2 and AmO2 deposition to explore improvements upon the ICPR-66 model. We have found that the deposition efficiencies of PuO2 and AmO2 are similar. These results (four manuscripts) will be submitted for publication in the post project period. We have made progress using framework of Mars 2020 mission nuclear risk assessment model to integrate all results, but our progress has been limited as the improved consequence modeling itself has been quite involved and challenging. We will integrate and complete the more extensive risk modeling computations and publish the results in the post-project period. In addition to the above, the project has resulted in research training of four PhD students

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Massively parallel axisymmetric fluid model for streamer discharges

A highly parallelizable fluid plasma simulation tool based upon the first-order drift-diffusion equations is discussed. Atmospheric pressure plasmas have densities and gradients that require small element sizes in order to accurately simulate the plasm resulting in computational meshes on the order of millions to tens of millions of elements for realistic size plasma reactors. To enable simulations of this nature, parallel computing is required and must be optimized for the particular problem. Here, a finite-volume, electrostatic drift-diffusion implementation for low-temperature plasma is discussed. The implementation is built upon the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library in C++ using Object Oriented Programming. The underlying numerical method is outlined in detail and benchmarked against simple streamer formation from other streamer codes. Electron densities, electric field, and propagation speeds are compared with the reference case and show good agreement. Convergence studies are also performed showing a minimal space step of approximately 4 μm required to reduce relative error to below 1% during early streamer simulation times and even finer space steps are required for longer times. Additionally, strong and weak scaling of the implementation are studied and demonstrate the excellent performance behavior of the implementation up to 100 million elements on 1024 processors. Lastly, different advection schemes are compared for the simple streamer problem to analyze the influence of numerical diffusion on the resulting quantities of interest.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Review of Equation-of-State Models for Inertial Confinement Fusion Materials

Material equation-of-state (EOS) models, generally providing the pressure and internal energy for a given density and temperature, are required to close the equations of hydrodynamics. As a result they are an essential piece of physics used to simulate inertial con nement fusion (ICF) implosions. Historically, EOS models based on different physical/chemical pictures of matter have been developed for ICF relevant materials such as the deuterium (D2) or deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel, as well as candidate ablator materials such as polystyrene (CH), glow-discharge polymer (GDP), Berylium (Be), Carbon (C), and boron carbide (B 4 C). The accuracy of these EOS models can directly affect the reliability of ICF target design and understanding, as shock timing and material compressibility are essentially determined by what EOS models are used in ICF simulations. Systematic comparisons of current EOS models, benchmarking with experiments, not only help us to understand what model differences are and why they occur, but also to identify the state-of-the-art EOS models for ICF target designers to use. For this purpose, the first Equation of- State Workshop, supported by the US Department of Energy's ICF program, was held at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE), University of Rochester on 31 May - 2nd June, 2017. Finally, this paper presents a detailed review on the findings from this workshop: (1) 5-10% model-model variations exist throughout the relevant parameter space, and can be much larger in regions where ionization and dissociation are occurring, (2) the D 2 EOS is particularly uncertain, with no single model able to match the available experimental data, and this drives similar uncertainties in the CH EOS, and (3) new experimental capabilities such as Hugoniot measurements around 100 Mbar and high-quality temperature measurements are essential to reducing EOS uncertainty.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Food resources affect territoriality of invasive wild pig sounders with implications for control

Abstract Interest in control methods for invasive wild pigs ( Sus scrofa ) has increased due to their range expansion, population growth, and an improved understanding of their destructive ecological and economic effects. Recent technological advances in traps for control of pig populations facilitate capture of entire social groups (sounders), but the efficacy of “whole-sounder” trapping strategies is heavily dependent on the degree of territoriality among sounders, a topic little research has explored. We assessed territoriality in wild pig sounders on the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA, and examined whether availability of food resources provided by a municipal-waste landfill affected among-sounder territoriality. We estimated utilization distribution overlap and dynamic interactions among 18 neighboring sounders around a landfill. We found that although neighboring sounders overlapped in space, intensity of use in shared areas was uniformly low, indicating territorial behavior. Neighbors tended to share slightly more space when closer to the landfill waste cells, indicating availability of a super-abundant resource somewhat weakens the degree of territoriality among sounders. Nevertheless, we conclude that sounders behaved in a generally territorial manner, and we discuss implications for whole-sounder trapping programs, particularly near concentrated resources such as landfills and crop fields.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Benchmarking noise extrapolation with the OpenPulse control framework

Distilling precise estimates from noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) data has recently attracted considerable attention Kandala et al., Nature (London) 567, 491 (2019). In order to augment digital qubit metrics, such as gate fidelity, we discuss analog error mitigability, i.e., the ability to accurately distill precise observable estimates, as a hybrid quantum classical computing benchmarking task. Specifically, using Rabi oscillations as a test program, we characterize single qubit error rates on IBM's Poughkeepsie superconducting quantum hardware, incorporate control-mediated noise dependence into a generalized rescaling protocol, and analyze how noise characteristics influence Richardson extrapolation-based error mitigation. Finally, our results identify regions in the space of Hamiltonian control fields and circuit depth which are most amenable to reliable noise extrapolation, as well as shed light on how low-level hardware characterization can be used as a predictive tool for uncertainty quantification in error-mitigated NISQ computations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

ICF Integrated Experiments Hypothesis Workshop Report

In late FY17, Integrated Experiments finalized the development of four different low gas-fill hohlraum implosion designs around CH, HDC, and Be ablators. These designs were primarily targeted towards achieving better implosion symmetry control than was exhibited in high gas-fill hohlraums, in order to minimize deleterious residual kinetic energy, while also continuing the control stability with moderate adiabats as was done with the high-foot design that came into existence in 2013. These designs built upon the exploration of low gas-fill hohlraum parameter space during the period between 2015-2016 and utilized (in some cases) the recent target fabrication advance of the smaller 5 μm diameter fill-tube. In order to capitalize on the investment made in developing these low gas-fill hohlraums, the ICF Program laid out a milestone for FY18 where we would “push” (in velocity) these platforms to the maximum power/energy delivery of NIF or until the platform breaks. By pushing these platforms in velocity we obtain scaling information about fusion performance, distinguish the strengths and weaknesses of each design as they are stressed further, and generate hypotheses that motivate further research to eventually learn how and why they fail when stressed too far. This information as it becomes available gets folded into our next generation of designs and into our predictive capability. Moreover, these velocity pushes resulted in record-setting levels of ICF performance. The workshop summarized in this document, covers the data obtained using these designs and the hypotheses generated from observing their performance cliffs. These hypotheses and the associated research ideas that were discussed are now being digested and sifted for incorporation into go forward plans.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electronic Structure Theories of Singlet Fission and Multiple Exciton Generation (Final Report)

This DOE grant supported the development of electronic structure theory, algorithms, and computer programs for simulating singlet fission and multiple excision generation processes from Sept. 2013 to Aug. 2018 (which was terminated due to the PI’s departure from Northwestern University to industry). One of the main achievements is the development of the so-called active space decomposition (ASD) method hat describes exciton dynamics in organic semiconductors and spin dynamics in strongly correlated materials. The resulting software was interfaced with the Brilliantly Advanced General Electronic-structure Library (BAGEL) package and widely disseminated to the research community.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

The experimental program for high pressure gas filled radio frequency cavities for muon cooling channels

An intense beam of muons is needed to provide a luminosity on the order of 10 34 cm -2 s -1 for a multi-TeV collider. Because muons produced by colliding a multi-MW proton beam with a target made of carbon or mercury have a large phase space, significant six dimensional cooling is required. Through ionization cooling—the only cooling method that works within the lifetime of the muon—and emittance exchange, the desired emittances for a Higgs Factory or higher energy collider are attainable. A cooling channel utilizing gas filled radio frequency cavities has been designed to deliver the requisite cool muon beam. Technology development of these RF cavities has progressed from breakdown studies, through beam tests, to dielectric loaded and reentrant cavity designs. The results of these experiments are summarized.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗