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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Assessment of Benefits of Solid-State Advanced Manufacturing Processes for Nuclear Energy Products

The Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology (AMMT) program develops cross cutting technologies in support of a broad range of nuclear reactor technologies and maintains U.S. leadership in materials and manufacturing technologies for nuclear energy applications. This overall project provides the U.S. Department of Energy a critical feasibility study comparison of three solid-state processes to other AM processes, thereby providing the feasibility of the solid-state processes examined to manufacture 316H SS and ODS steel components: • Fused-filament fabrication (FFF): This work provides an initial evaluation of the impact of powder morphology and sizes on the FFF process, and the feasibility and adaptability for different material systems, to use FFF for ODS steels and 316 SS. • Shear-assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE): Specifically for this portion of the project on ShAPE tube forming, the objectives will be to determine the feasibility to direct tube forming of high tensile strength steel tubing, specifically for ODS steel to determine the effect of the patented extrusion process on the dispersoids of the ODS material. Additionally, as often ODS powders are mechanically alloyed and therefore more platelike or angular, this feasibility was to explore the impact on the optimization process and initial feasibility of direct tube forming. • Cold spray and friction stir additive manufacturing as a stretch goal: Bulk and near net shape manufacturing processes for high-temperature, high-strength alloys are needed. Additionally, cold spray techniques can be applied in-situ at the operational level for repair and can provide multiple benefits to the nuclear industry. These tasks aim to provide information to show benefits of cold spray during the full life cycle, namely research and development, product manufacturing, and repair to mention a few key points.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain

The Detroit Big Three General Motors (GMs), Ford, and Stellantis predict that electric vehicle (EV) sales will comprise 40–50% of the annual vehicle sales by 2030. Among the key components of LIBs, the LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 cathode, which comprises nickel, manganese, and cobalt (NMC) in various stoichiometric ratios, is widely used in EV batteries. This review reveals NMC cathodes from laboratory research. Furthermore, this study examines the environmental effect of NMC cathode production for EV batteries (including coating technologies), encompassing aspects such as energy consumption, water usage, and air emissions. Although gaps persist in NMC cathode environmental assessments (NMC111, NMC532, NMC622, and NMC811), limited life cycle assessments “(LCA)” have been conducted. Most available data originate from Asia (primarily China), accounting for 85% of the production of EV LIB cathode materials. The concept of battery passports for data collection on LIB components has been proposed to facilitate material traceability as a system for ensuring a sustainable supply chain for critical minerals. The automotive industry’s shift to electrification necessitates a sustainable supply chain from mine to vehicle end-of-life. As the critical mineral supply moves from Asia to North America, environmentally friendly industrial methods must be studied to provide this supply chain direction.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Rheological survey of carbon fiber-reinforced high-temperature thermoplastics for big area additive manufacturing tooling applications

Carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced thermoplastic composites have been widely used in different structural applications due to their superior thermal and mechanical properties. The big area additive manufacturing (BAAM) system, developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, has been used to manufacture several composite components, demonstration vehicles, molds, and dies. These components have been designed and fabricated using various CF-reinforced thermoplastics. In this study, the dynamic rheological and mechanical properties of a material commonly used in additive manufacturing, 20 wt% CF-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), as well as three CF-reinforced high-temperature polymers, 25 wt% CF-polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), 35 wt% CF-polyethersulfone (PES), and 40 wt% CF-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), used to print molds were investigated. The viscoelastic properties, namely storage modulus, loss modulus, tan delta, and complex viscosity, of these composites were studied, and the rheological behavior was related to the BAAM extrusion and bead formation process. The results showed 20 wt% CF-ABS and 40 wt% CF-PPS to display a more dominant elastic component at all frequencies tested while 25 wt% CF-PPSU and 35 wt% CF-PES have a more dominant viscous component. This viscoelastic behavior is then used to inform the deposition and bead formation process during extrusion on the BAAM system.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Estimates of Southern Hemispheric Gravity Wave Momentum Fluxes across Observations, Reanalyses, and Kilometer-Scale Numerical Weather Prediction Model

Abstract Gravity waves (GWs) are among the key drivers of the meridional overturning circulation in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere. Their representation in climate models suffers from insufficient resolution and limited observational constraints on their parameterizations. This obscures assessments of middle atmospheric circulation changes in a changing climate. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of stratospheric GW activity above and downstream of the Andes from 1 to 15 August 2019, with special focus on GW representation ranging from an unprecedented kilometer-scale global forecast model (1.4 km ECMWF IFS), ground-based Rayleigh lidar (CORAL) observations, modern reanalysis (ERA5), to a coarse-resolution climate model (EMAC). Resolved vertical flux of zonal GW momentum (GWMF) is found to be stronger by a factor of at least 2–2.5 in IFS compared to ERA5. Compared to resolved GWMF in IFS, parameterizations in ERA5 and EMAC continue to inaccurately generate excessive GWMF poleward of 60°S, yielding prominent differences between resolved and parameterized GWMFs. A like-to-like validation of GW profiles in IFS and ERA5 reveals similar wave structures. Still, even at ∼1 km resolution, the resolved waves in IFS are weaker than those observed by lidar. Further, GWMF estimates across datasets reveal that temperature-based proxies, based on midfrequency approximations for linear GWs, overestimate GWMF due to simplifications and uncertainties in GW wavelength estimation from data. Overall, the analysis provides GWMF benchmarks for parameterization validation and calls for three-dimensional GW parameterizations, better upper-boundary treatment, and vertical resolution increases commensurate with increases in horizontal resolution in models, for a more realistic GW analysis. Significance Statement Gravity wave–induced momentum forcing forms a key component of the middle atmospheric circulation. However, complete knowledge of gravity waves, their atmospheric effects, and their long-term trends are obscured due to limited global observations, and the inability of current climate models to fully resolve them. This study combines a kilometer-scale forecast model, modern reanalysis, and a coarse-resolution climate model to first compare the resolved and parameterized momentum fluxes by gravity waves generated over the Andes, and then evaluate the fluxes using a state-of-the-art ground-based Rayleigh lidar. Our analysis reveals shortcomings in current model parameterizations of gravity waves in the middle atmosphere and highlights the sensitivity of the estimated flux to the formulation used.

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Molten Salt Electrochemical Process for the Preparation of Cost-Effective p-Block (Coating) Materials

Solar energy applications rely heavily on p-block elements and transition metals. Silicon is, by far, the most commonly used material in photovoltaic cells and accounts for about 85% of modules sold presently. Of late, thin film photovoltaic cells have gained momentum because of their higher efficiencies. Most of these thin film devices are made out of just five elements, namely, cadmium, tellurium, selenium, indium, gallium and copper. The present manuscript describes an elegant and inexpensive molten salt-based electrolytic process for fabricating a tellurium-coated metallic substrate. A three-electrode set up was employed to coat iridium with tellurium from a molten bath containing lithium chloride, lithium oxide and tellurium tetrachloride (LiCl-Li 2 O-TeCl 4 ) at 650 °C for a duration ranging from 30 to 120 min under a galvanostatic mode. The tellurium coating was observed to be thick, uniform, smooth and homogeneous. Additionally, the deposited tellurium did not chemically react with the iridium substrate to form intermetallic compounds, which is a good feature from the standpoint of the device’s performance characteristics. The present process, being generic in nature, shows the potential for the manufacture of both the coated substates and high-purity elements not just for tellurium but also for other p-block elements.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

EXSCLAIM!

Due to recent improvements in image resolution and acquisition speed, materials microscopy is experiencing an explosion of published imaging data. The standard publication format, while sufficient for traditional data ingestion scenarios where a select number of images can be critically examined and curated manually, is not conducive tolarge-scale data aggregation or analysis, hindering data sharing and reuse. Most images in publications are presented as components of a larger figure with their explicit context buried in the main body or caption text, so even if aggregated, collections of images with weak or no digitized contextual labels have limited value. To solve the problem of curating labeled microscopy data from literature, we introduce the EXSCLAIM! Python toolkit for the automatic EXtraction, Separation, and Caption-based natural Language Annotation of IMages from scientific literature. The software is implemented through a three part pipeline: the JournalScraper, which searches the web and downloads figures and captions based on a user provided query, the CaptionDistributor, which separates caption text based on the subfigure each portion of the caption refers to, and the FigueSeparator, which separates figures into component subfigures and extracts other visual information. Also included is a Django user interface for exploring the resulting dataset.

CHAN, MARIA↗
DOE OSTI2021

Boosting photovoltaic performance of ternary organic solar cells by integrating a multi-functional guest acceptor

Constructing ternary structure is one of the most effective design strategies to break the efficiency ceiling of traditional binary organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, a new Y-series non-fullerene acceptor (Y-T) featuring 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid (DTBA) end groups is developed as a third component for the classical PM6:Y6 binary system. The champion power conversion efficiency of ternary OSCs is increased from 15.64% to 17.37% via incorporating 10 wt% Y-T, with the simultaneously enhanced open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.865 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 26.90 mA/cm 2 , and a fill factor (FF) of 74.97%. The positive contribution of Y-T in the ternary blend can be ascribed to the improved spectroscopic complementarity and enhanced exciton utilization ratio due to the additional energy transfer process. Moreover, Y-T guest acceptor plays a critical role in adjusting the active layer morphology and facilitating three-dimension phase separation, resulting in a balanced charge transport and enhanced FF of ternary OSCs. Overall, this work provides insight into the molecular design of non-fullerene acceptor and suggest guidelines to rationally select guest component for ternary OSCs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and evolved gas analysis of aged plutonium tetrafluoride (PuF4)

A 30 year-old PuF4 sample consisting of brown powder (PuF4-b) and pink granules (PuF4-p) was analyzed. X-ray difraction shows the bulk is comprised of three compounds: PuF4, PuO2, and PuF4·1.6H2O. Broadening of PuF4 XRD peaks suggests possible a-damage. After annealing at 650 °C, crystalline PuF4 and PuO2 remain. Thermogravimetric analysis and diferential scanning calorimetry—with simultaneous evolved gas analysis—of the separated PuF4-p and PuF4-b components reveal a distinct sequence of reactions. Dehydration occurs between~90 and 300 °C. Exothermic annealing of the a-damage occurs in two stages: at 350–355 °C and at 555–558 °C. Hydrofuoric acid, fuorine and helium desorb during the frst exotherm. Above 700 °C, PuF4 reacts with PuO2, resulting in oxygen release and mass loss.

PuF4, dsc, differential scanning calorimetry, plut↗
DOE OSTI2020

Processing and properties of SiC composites made via binder jet 3D printing and infiltration and pyrolysis of preceramic polymer

The effect of polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) cycles with polycarbosiloxane on the microstructure, air leak rate, and properties of SiC composites manufactured by a combination of binder jet 3D printing and PIP are reported. The density, Young’s modulus and flexural strength of disk-shaped components increased with the number of PIP cycles. In the case of density, it increased from 2.05 g/cm 3 in one PIP cycle to 2.33 g/cm 3 after three PIP cycles, while values of flexural strength and Young’s modulus at room temperature after three PIP cycles reached 66.8 ± 2.5 MPa and 69.5 ± 2.8 GPa, respectively. Conversely, the air leak rate was found to decrease with number of PIP cycles, and it reached a value of 4 mbar-liter/s after three cycles. The instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite was found to change minimally with the number of PIP cycles and had a value of 4 ± 1.2 ppm/°C between 200°C and 1,000°C. Thermal conductivity was found to increase with number of PIP cycles and to decrease with temperature. For example, after 3 PIP cycles it was found to change from 6.72 ± 0.08 to 6.98 ± 0.08 W/mK at 25°C and 7.36 ± 0.08 to 7.96 ± 0.08 W/mK at 300°C. These values were lower than those of crystalline SiC because of the amorphous nature of the matrix and the presence of pores and cracks.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Advances in benchmarking and round robin testing for PEM water electrolysis: Reference protocol and hardware

While the number of publications in the PEM water electrolysis community increases each year, no common ground concerning reference hardware (test cells and test bench) and testing protocols has been yet established. This would, however, be necessary for the comparability of experimental results. First attempts for such reference hardware and procedures have been made in the framework of the Task 30 Electrolysis within the Technology Collaboration Programme on Advanced Fuel Cells (AFC TCP) of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Since then, improvements of both the test hardware (test cell and components) as well as the measurement protocol were identified, and a revised methodology and key results based on a comprehensive measurement series have been obtained. A detailed protocol for testing commercial reference components with a reference laboratory test cell developed in-house by Fraunhofer ISE is presented. For evaluation of the protocol and the hardware, it was tested at three different institutions at the same time. Impedance spectroscopic and polarization data was acquired and analyzed. The obtained differences in performance were calculated to give the community an expectation window to compare own data to. Finally, the importance of a thorough temperature control and the conditioning phase are demonstrated.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effect of nickel on the kinematic stability of retained austenite in carburized bearing steels – In-situ neutron diffraction and crystal plasticity modeling of uniaxial tension tests in AISI 8620, 4320 and 3310 steels

The presence of kinematically metastable retained austenite in the microstructure of bearing components can significantly affect the macro and micro-mechanical material response. In the present work, the influence of Ni on the stability of the retained austenite within three different grades of high carbon bearing steel using in-situ neutron diffraction is investigated. For the first time, the results show that presence of Ni increases the stability of the austenite in the elastic regime whereas the transformation rate remains unaffected. Crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) modeling was used to study the deformation in these three steels and shows that the predominant factor causing the difference in mechanical behavior of these steels is the austenite stability. Finally, the elastic and plastic response of the matrix martensite was found to be identical among all specimens while the austenite demonstrates similar elastic behavior but remarkably different stabilities under monotonic loading.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Solution-processable copper(I) iodide-based inorganic-organic hybrid semiconductors composed of both coordinate and ionic bonds

Three new one-dimensional (1D) All-In-One (AIO) type CuI-based hybrid semiconductors with both dative and ionic bonds between the inorganic and organic components have been successfully designed and synthesized by using the ligands containing both cationic center and coordination available sites. Structural analysis confirms that all compounds share the same formula of Cu 4 I 6 (L) 2 (L = ligand) and are composed of 1D-Cu 4 I 6 2- anionic chains that coordinate to cationic ligands. Additionally, these materials demonstrate high stability towards heat and moisture and excellent solution processability due to their unique bonding nature. They emit low energy light ranging from green to orange color (530-590 nm). The origin and mechanism of their emissions were studied by both experimental and theoretical methods. More importantly, all compounds can be easily fabricated into films by solution process, a desired but rare feature for most of CuI-based hybrids built of extended networks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental investigation of low velocity and high temperature solid particle impact erosion wear

Next generation Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants utilizing solid particles as the heat transfer medium (HTM) are expected to achieve greater operational efficiencies. However, the erosion from the solid particles can cause significant damage to component materials. Low particle speeds (1–2 m/s) are proposed as a means of preventing excessive damage to containment materials. Within the current investigation, solid particle erosion of three potential containment materials, stainless-steel grade 316L, a nickel alloy (Inconel 740H), and a refractory material (Tufcrete 60 M), are examined at a particle impact speed of 1.6 m/s. CarboBead-HSP 40/70 particles, a candidate HTM for CSP systems, impact the specimens at a relatively high impact angle of 60° based on containment design criteria. Experiments were conducted at ambient temperature and 800 °C to examine erosion of the materials at very low impact speeds and determine how temperature effects erosion. Initial results revealed surprising outcomes inconsistent with available literature: ambient temperature erosion of SS316L is an order of magnitude lower than IN740H, but erosion (erosion-corrosion) of SS316L at 800 °C surpasses IN740H by two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, results suggest removal of oxide layers (erosion-corrosion) is responsible for the significant erosion that was observed even at these low particle speeds.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Degradation of Anion Exchange Membranes by Cation Elimination: Impact on Water Uptake, Nanostructure, and Ionic Mobility

Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are an attractive platform for fuel cell and electrolysis technologies since they enable the use of cheaper, nonplatinum group metal electrodes and components. However, the widespread adoption of AEM-based devices is limited by chemical degradation of the AEM in the highly alkaline medium of operation. Experimental studies report three major pathways of degradation, including substitution (S N 2), elimination (E2), and backbone cleavage. The decline in membrane performance is likely due to a cumulative effect of several pathways, which has proven to be difficult to disentangle through experiments. Here we use coarse-grained molecular simulations to isolate the impact of E2 degradation, where cationic sites are replaced by an alkene group, on AEM water uptake, nanoscale morphology, structure of the ion-conducting channels, water mobility, and ionic conductivity. Our studies focus on the well-studied model AEM polyphenylene oxide with tetraalkylammonium cationic sites (PPO-TMA). We find that about half of the hydrophobic groups resulting from the degradation retract into the hydrophobic domains of the membrane. The reduction in ion exchange capacity (IEC) and the hydrophobicity of the alkene groups decrease both the equilibrium water uptake (%WU) and the number of water molecules per cation (λ) of the membrane. Interestingly, the evolution of λ with the IEC seems to follow that of undegraded PPO-TMA membranes. Additionally, we ascribe this to the similarity between the structure of the degraded monomer and the neutral one in the polymer. We conclude that most of the performance losses originate in the lower hydration of the degraded membrane.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Machine Learning Bias Correction on Large–Scale Environment of High–Impact Weather Systems in E3SM Atmosphere Model

Large–scale dynamical and thermodynamical processes are common environmental drivers of high–impact weather systems causing extreme weather events. However, such large–scale environmental conditions often display systematic biases in climate simulations, posing challenges to evaluating high–impact weather systems and extreme weather events. In this paper, a machine learning (ML) approach was employed to bias correct the large–scale wind, temperature, and humidity simulated by the atmospheric component of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) at ~1° resolution. The usefulness of the ML approach for extreme weather analysis was demonstrated with a focus on three high–impact weather systems, including tropical cyclones (TCs), extratropical cyclones (ETCs), and atmospheric rivers (ARs). We show that the ML model can effectively reduce climate bias in large–scale wind, temperature, and humidity while preserving their responses to imposed climate change perturbations. The bias correction is found to directly improve water vapor transport associated with ARs, and representations of thermodynamical flows associated with ETCs. When the bias–corrected large–scale winds are used to drive a synthetic TC track forecast model over the Atlantic basin, the resulting TC track density agrees better with that of the TC track model driven by observed winds. In addition, the ML model insignificantly interferes with the mean climate change signals of large–scale storm environments as well as the occurrence and intensity of three weather systems. This study suggests that the proposed ML approach can be used to improve the downscaling of extreme weather events by providing more realistic large–scale storm environments simulated by low–resolution climate models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Seeking regularity from irregularity: unveiling the synthesis–nanomorphology relationships of heterogeneous nanomaterials using unsupervised machine learning

Nanoscale morphology of functional materials determines their chemical and physical properties. However, despite increasing use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to directly image nanomorphology, it remains challenging to quantify the information embedded in TEM data sets, and to use nanomorphology to link synthesis and processing conditions to properties. We develop an automated, descriptor-free analysis workflow for TEM data that utilizes convolutional neural networks and unsupervised learning to quantify and classify nanomorphology, and thereby reveal synthesis–nanomorphology relationships in three different systems. While TEM records nanomorphology readily in two-dimensional (2D) images or three-dimensional (3D) tomograms, we advance the analysis of these images by identifying and applying a universal shape fingerprint function to characterize nanomorphology. After dimensionality reduction through principal component analysis, this function then serves as the input for morphology grouping through unsupervised learning. We demonstrate the wide applicability of our workflow to both 2D and 3D TEM data sets, and to both inorganic and organic nanomaterials, including tetrahedral gold nanoparticles mixed with irregularly shaped impurities, hybrid polymer-patched gold nanoprisms, and polyamide membranes with irregular and heterogeneous 3D crumple structures. In each of these systems, unsupervised nanomorphology grouping identifies both the diversity and the similarity of the nanomaterial across different synthesis conditions, revealing how synthetic parameters guide nanomorphology development. Our work opens possibilities for enhancing synthesis of nanomaterials through artificial intelligence and for understanding and controlling complex nanomorphology, both for 2D systems and in the far less explored case of 3D structures, such as those with embedded voids or hidden interfaces.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Endowing low fatigue for elastocaloric effect by refined hierarchical microcomposite in additive manufactured NiTiCuCo alloy

Abstract NiTiCu-based shape memory alloys have been considered as ideal materials for solid-state refrigeration due to their superb cycling stability for elastocaloric effect. However, the embrittlement and deterioration caused by secondary phase and coarse grains restrict their applications, and it is still challenging since the geometric components are required. Here, bulk NiTiCuCo parts with excellent forming quality were fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique. The as-fabricated alloy exhibits refined three-phases hierarchical microcomposite formed based on the rapid cooling mode of LPBF, composed of intricate dendritic Ti 2 Ni–NiTi composite and nano Ti 2 Cu embedded inside the NiTi-matrix. This configuration endows far superior elastocaloric stability compared to the as-cast counterpart. The low fatigue stems from the strong elastic coupling between the interphases with reversible martensite transformation, revealed byin-situsynchrotron high-energy x-ray diffraction. The fabrication of NiTiCuCo alloy via LPBF fills the bill of complex geometric structures for elastocaloric NiTiCu alloys. The understanding of interphase micro-coupling could provide the guide for designing LPBF fabricated shape memory-based composites, enabling their applications for special demands on other functionalities.

Engineering↗
DOE OSTI2026

From photosynthetic electron flow to gene regulation: redox signal transduction in cyanobacteria

In cyanobacteria, the free-living ancestors of chloroplasts, photosynthesis simultaneously sustains growth and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage proteins, lipids, and DNA when light capture outpaces carbon fixation. Maintaining redox balance, therefore, requires cells to read photosynthetic electron flow as a signal that continuously tunes gene expression and protein activity. This review traces how these redox signals are transduced to transcription machinery through three routes: membrane-localized sensors, cytoplasmic redox sensors downstream of photosystem I, and ROS generated when electron sinks are saturated. Membrane-bound histidine kinases (two-component systems) relay the redox state of the plastoquinone pool to control photosystem remodeling, pigment biosynthesis, and circadian timing. Cytoplasmic one-component regulators, by contrast, sense redox directly through thiol-disulfide switches, glutathionylation, iron-sulfur clusters, and metal-catalyzed oxidation to control photosystem-cofactor, electron-carrier, and transition-metal homeostasis. Because many of these regulators persist in algal and plant chloroplasts, cyanobacteria illuminate principles of redox control across photosynthetic eukaryotes. Post-transcriptional and translational control further shapes redox-dependent gene expression programs through transcript stability, ribosome assembly, and translation initiation, extending redox regulation beyond transcription to every step of protein synthesis and even activity modulation. Finally, we connect redox regulation to photosynthetic physiology, stress resilience, and the rational engineering of cyanobacteria for sustainable bioproduction.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗