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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

Design and initial application of the extended aircraft interrogation and display system: Multiprocessing ground support equipment for digital flight systems

A pipelined, multiprocessor, general-purpose ground support equipment for digital flight systems has been developed and placed in service at the NASA Ames Research Center's Dryden Flight Research Facility. The design is an outgrowth of the earlier aircraft interrogation and display system (AIDS) used in support of several research projects to provide engineering-units display of internal control system parameters during development and qualification testing activities. The new system, incorporating multiple 16-bit processors, is called extended AIDS (XAIDS) and is now supporting the X-29A forward-swept-wing aircraft project. This report describes the design and mechanization of XAIDS and shows the steps whereby a typical user may take advantage of its high throughput and flexible features.

Glover, Richard D.↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-I-10: Spatially Local Statistics for Adaptive Image Filtering

Purpose: To facilitate adaptive image filtering operations, addressing spatial variations in both noise and signal. Such issues are prevalent in cone-beam projections, where physical effects such as X-ray scattering result in spatially variant noise, violating common assumptions of homogeneous noise and challenging conventional filtering approaches to signal extraction and noise suppression. Methods: We present a computational mechanism for probing into and quantifying the spatial variance of noise throughout an image. The mechanism builds a pyramid of local statistics at multiple spatial scales; local statistical information at each scale includes (weighted) mean, median, standard deviation, median absolute deviation, as well as histogram or dynamic range after local mean/median shifting. Based on inter-scale differences of local statistics, the spatial scope of distinguishable noise variation is detected in a semi- or un-supervised manner. Additionally, we propose and demonstrate the incorporation of such information in globally parametrized (i.e., non-adaptive) filters, effectively transforming the latter into spatially adaptive filters. The multi-scale mechanism is materialized by efficient algorithms and implemented in parallel CPU/GPU architectures. Results: We demonstrate the impact of local statistics for adaptive image processing and analysis using cone-beam projections of a Catphan phantom, fitted within an annulus to increase X-ray scattering. The effective spatial scope of local statistics calculations is shown to vary throughout the image domain, necessitating multi-scale noise and signal structure analysis. Filtering results with and without spatial filter adaptation are compared visually, illustrating improvements in imaging signal extraction and noise suppression, and in preserving information in low-contrast regions. Conclusion: Local image statistics can be incorporated in filtering operations to equip them with spatial adaptivity to spatial signal/noise variations. An efficient multi-scale computational mechanism is developed to curtail processing latency. Spatially adaptive filtering may impact subsequent processing tasks such as reconstruction and numerical gradient computations for deformable registration. NIH Grant No. R01-184173.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-J-23: Characteristics of X-Rays From ExacTrac and Patient Dose From Imaging Procedures

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is 1) provide the beam characteristics of x-rays produced by a Novalis TX ExacTrac system; 2) present a method to commission such beams, 3) present radiation dose to patients resulting from the imaging procedures. Methods: The Monte Carlo simulations were used to obtain the characteristics of kV beams and validated by measurements. The calculated beam HVLs, profiles and depth-dose curves were benchmarked against measurements. Twelve different image acquisition protocols were studied. The x-ray tube voltage ranges from 70 - 145 kV and milliampere-second (mAs) ranges from 8 - 80 mAs depending on the selection of Cranium, Head & Neck, Thorax or Abdomen imaging protocols. The beam output of each image acquisition protocol was determined by using an ionization chamber. The air kerma calibration factors of the ion chamber were obtained from an Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory for specified HVLs. Results: The agreements between measured and simulated results were within the uncertainties for HVLs, dose profiles and depth-dose curves. When %dd was normalized at 1 cm depth, its values at depth of 5 cm ranged from 45% to 66% of in water for kV beams range from 70 kVp to 145 kVp respectively. For head images, a typical dose to eye resulting from single projection ranged from 0.008 cGy to 0.025 cGy depending on the cranial image protocols selected. For a single pelvic image the skin dose could reach up to 0.1 cGy from an abdominal protocol. Conclusion: Although multiple pairs of x-ray images are commonly acquired during a daily patient treatment, the imaging doses to patients resulting from the sum of these projected x-rays are generally much less than 0.5 cGy. The knowledge obtained from this investigation can be used to estimate the image dose and optimize the used of the system.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Image reconstruction from sparse data ion synchrotron-radiation-based micro-tomography.

Synchrotron-radiation-based microcomputed-tomography (SR-{micro}CT) is a powerful tool for yielding 3D structural information of high spatial and contrast resolution about a specimen preserved in its natural state. A large number of projection views are required currently for yielding SR-{micro}CT images by use of existing algorithms without significant artifacts. When a wet biological specimen is imaged, synchrotron x-ray radiation from a large number of projection views can result in significant structural deformation within the specimen. A possible approach to reducing imaging time and specimen deformation is to decrease the number of projection views. In the work, using reconstruction algorithms developed recently for medical computed tomography (CT), we investigate and demonstrate image reconstruction from sparse-view data acquired in SR-{micro}CT. Numerical results of our study suggest that images of practical value can be obtained from data acquired at a number of projection views significantly lower than those used currently in a typical SR-{micro}CT imaging experiment.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
NASA NTRS2000

X-33, Stepping Stone ot Low Cost Access to Space

In response to the Access to Space Study, which was conducted in 1993 through the Office of Space Systems Development, an advanced technology Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) was selected for demonstration. The X-33 was advanced as an demonstration project, to build and test a 53-percent scale prototype of an operational RLV, it would also demonstrate new technologies which would be required to assure the operation of the new RLV. This presentation reviews the progress of the X-33 development and supporting sites. The X-33 design has been completed and fabrication and assembly is progressing well. The X-33 launch site has been completed. The first LH2 tank and engine is in testing. This will lead to the full scale development of VentureStar(tm).

Naftel, J. Chris↗
DOE OSTI2016

2014 Runtime Systems Summit. Runtime Systems Report

This report summarizes runtime system challenges for exascale computing, that follow from the fundamental challenges for exascale systems that have been well studied in past reports, e.g., [6, 33, 34, 32, 24]. Some of the key exascale challenges that pertain to runtime systems include parallelism, energy efficiency, memory hierarchies, data movement, heterogeneous processors and memories, resilience, performance variability, dynamic resource allocation, performance portability, and interoperability with legacy code. In addition to summarizing these challenges, the report also outlines different approaches to addressing these significant challenges that have been pursued by research projects in the DOE-sponsored X-Stack and OS/R programs. Since there is often confusion as to what exactly the term “runtime system” refers to in the software stack, we include a section on taxonomy to clarify the terminology used by participants in these research projects. In addition, we include a section on deployment opportunities for vendors and government labs to build on the research results from these projects. Finally, this report is also intended to provide a framework for discussing future research and development investments for exascale runtime systems, and for clarifying the role of runtime systems in exascale software.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS2000

Chandra and the Emission Line Project

Calibration data obtained for the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating and the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometers are allowing us to test plasma spectral models against bright coronal sources with a range of electron temperatures. The three Emission Line Project targets - Capella, Procyon, and HR 1099 - are bright, well-studied X-ray and EUV emitters. The goals of the Emission Line Project are to determine and verify accurate and robust diagnostics; to identify and prioritize problems in fundamental spectroscopy; and to accelerate the improvement of the atomic database needed for modeling.

Brickhouse, N. S.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Seeing Red and Shooting Blanks: Study of Red Quasars and Blank X-Ray Sources

A major paper describing the technique and providing a list of 'blanks' was published in the Astrophysical Journal (abstract below). The results revealed a fascinating trove of novel X-ray sources: high redshift clusters of galaxies found efficiently; X-ray absorbed, optically clean AGN, which may be the bright prototypes of Chandra Deep Survey sources; and several with a still unknown nature. Recent XMM-Newton results confirm the existence of this class of X-ray source with much refined positions. During the first year of this project we have made a major discovery. The second 'blanks' X-ray source observed with Chandra was found to be extended. Using Chandra data and ground-based R and K band imaging we estimated this to be a high redshift cluster of galaxies with z approx. 0.85. Spectroscopy agrees with this estimate (z=0.89). This success shows that our method of hunting down 'blank' field X-ray sources is a highly efficient method of finding the otherwise elusive high redshift clusters. With extensive follow-up we should be able to use 'blanks' to make cosmological tests. The paper is now in press in the Astrophysical Journal (abstract below.) The other Chandra source is point-like, showing that there are a variety of 'blank' source types. Other follow-up observations with XMM-Newton, and (newly approved in cycle 2) with Chandra are eagerly awaited. A follow-up paper uses a large amount of supporting data for the remaining blanks. A combination of ROSAT, Chandra and ground based data convincingly identified one of the blanks as a Ultra-luminous X-ray source (ULX) in a spiral galaxy (abstract below). This program resulted in 3 refereed papers in major journals, 4 conference proceedings and a significant fraction of the PhD thesis of Dr. Ilaria Cagnoni. Details of the publications are given.

Oliversen, Ronald↗
DOE OSTI2016

Projective toric polynomial generators in the unitary cobordism ring

According to Milnor and Novikov's classical result, the unitary cobordism ring is isomorphic to a graded polynomial ring with countably many generators: Ω{sub ∗}{sup U}≃Z[a{sub 1},a{sub 2},…], deg(a{sub i})=2i. In this paper we solve the well-known problem of constructing geometric representatives for the a{sub i} among smooth projective toric varieties, a{sub n}=[X{sup n}], dim{sub C} X{sup n}=n. Our proof uses a family of equivariant modifications (birational isomorphisms) B{sub k}(X)→X of an arbitrary complex manifold X of complex dimension n (n≥2, k=0,…,n−2). The key fact is that the change of the Milnor number under these modifications depends only on the dimension n and the number k and does not depend on the manifold X itself. Bibliography: 22 titles. (paper)

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2010

THE SOFT X-RAY AND NARROW-LINE EMISSION OF Mrk 573 ON KILOPARSEC SCALES

We present a study of the circumnuclear region of the nearby Seyfert galaxy Mrk 573 using Chandra, XMM-Newton, and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data. We have studied the morphology of the soft (<2 keV) X-rays comparing it with the [O III] and H{alpha} HST images. The soft X-ray emission is resolved into a complex extended region. The X-ray morphology shows a biconical region extending up to 12 arcsec (4 kpc) in projection from the nucleus. A strong correlation between the X-rays and the highly ionized gas seen in the [O III]{lambda}5007 A image is reported. Moreover, we have studied the line intensities detected with the XMM-Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) and used them to fit the low-resolution EPIC/XMM-Newton and ACIS/Chandra spectra. The RGS/XMM-Newton spectrum is dominated by emission lines of C VI, O VII, O VIII, Fe XVII, and Ne IX, among other highly ionized species. A good fit is obtained using these emission lines found in the RGS/XMM-Newton spectrum as a template for Chandra spectra of the nucleus and extended emission, coincident with the cone-like structures seen in the [O III]/H{alpha} map. The photoionization model Cloudy provides a reasonable fit for both the nuclear region and the cone-like structures showing that the dominant excitation mechanism is photoionization. For the nucleus the emission is modeled using two phases: a high ionization [log (U) = 1.23] and a low ionization [log (U) = 0.13]. For the high-ionization phase the transmitted and reflected components are in a 1:2 ratio, whereas for the low ionization the reflected component dominates. For the extended emission, we successfully reproduced the emission with two phases. The first phase shows a higher ionization parameter for the northwest (log (U) = 0.9) than for the southeast cone (log (U) = 0.3). Moreover, this phase is transmission dominated for the southeast cone and reflection dominated for the northwest cone. The second phase shows a low-ionization parameter (log (U) = -3) and is rather uniform for northwest and southeast cones and equally distributed in reflection and transmission components. In addition, we have also derived the optical/infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) of the nucleus from high spatial resolution images of Mrk 573. The nuclear optical/infrared SED of the nucleus has been modeled by a clumpy torus model. The torus bolometric luminosity agrees very well with the active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity inferred from the observed hard X-ray spectrum. The optical depth along the line of sight expected from the torus modeling indicates a high neutral hydrogen column density in agreement with the classification of the nucleus of Mrk 573 as a Compton-thick AGN.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

THE XMM-NEWTON WIDE FIELD SURVEY IN THE COSMOS FIELD: REDSHIFT EVOLUTION OF AGN BIAS AND SUBDOMINANT ROLE OF MERGERS IN TRIGGERING MODERATE-LUMINOSITY AGNs AT REDSHIFTS UP TO 2.2

We present a study of the redshift evolution of the projected correlation function of 593 X-ray selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with I{sub AB} < 23 and spectroscopic redshifts z < 4, extracted from the 0.5-2 keV X-ray mosaic of the 2.13 deg{sup 2} XMM- Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS). We introduce a method to estimate the average bias of the AGN sample and the mass of AGN hosting halos, solving the sample variance using the halo model and taking into account the growth of the structure over time. We find evidence of a redshift evolution of the bias factor for the total population of XMM-COSMOS AGNs from b-bar (z-bar =0.92)=2.30{+-}0.11 to b-bar (z-bar =1.94)=4.37{+-}0.27 with an average mass of the hosting dark matter (DM) halos log M{sub 0}(h{sup -1} M{sub sun}) {approx} 13.12 {+-} 0.12 that remains constant at all z < 2. Splitting our sample into broad optical line AGNs (BL), AGNs without broad optical lines (NL), and X-ray unobscured and obscured AGNs, we observe an increase of the bias with redshift in the range z-bar = 0.7-2.25 and z-bar = 0.6-1.5 which corresponds to a constant halo mass of log M{sub 0}(h{sup -1} M{sub sun}) {approx} 13.28 {+-} 0.07 and log M{sub 0}(h{sup -1} M{sub sun}) {approx} 13.00 {+-} 0.06 for BL/X-ray unobscured AGNs and NL/X-ray obscured AGNs, respectively. The theoretical models, which assume a quasar phase triggered by major mergers, cannot reproduce the high bias factors and DM halo masses found for X-ray selected BL AGNs with L{sub BOL} {approx} 2 x 10{sup 45} erg s{sup -1}. Our work extends up to z {approx} 2.2 the z {approx}< 1 statement that, for moderate-luminosity X-ray selected BL AGNs, the contribution from major mergers is outnumbered by other processes, possibly secular ones such as tidal disruptions or disk instabilities.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

First neutral beam experiments on Wendelstein 7-X

In the previous divertor campaign, the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) device injected 3.6 MW of neutral beam heating power allowing for the achievement of densities approaching 2 × 10 20 m -3 , and providing the first initial assessment of fast ion confinement in a drift optimized stellarator. The neutral beam injection (NBI) system on W7-X is comprised of two beam boxes with space for four radio frequency sources each. The 3.6 MW of heating reported in this work was achieved with two sources in the NI21 beam box. The effect of combined electron-cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and NBI was explored through a series of discharges varying both NBI and ECRH power. Discharges without ECRH saw a linear increase in the line-integrated plasma density, and strong peaking of the core density, over the discharge duration. The presence of 1 MW of ECRH power was found to be sufficient to control a continuous density rise during NBI operation. Simulations of fast ion wall loads were found to be consistent with experimental infrared camera images during operation. In general, NBI discharges were free from the presence of fast ion induced Alfvénic activity, consistent with low beam betas. These experiments provide data for future scenario development and initial assessment of fast-ion confinement in W7-X, a key topic of the project.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Land-based wind plant wake characterization using dual-Doppler radar measurements at AWAKEN

Wind plant wakes have been shown to persist for tens of kilometers downstream in offshore environments, reducing the power output of neighboring plants, but their behavior on land remains relatively unexplored through observation. This study capitalizes on the unique and extensive field data collected for the American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) project underway in northern Oklahoma. X-band dual-Doppler radars deployed at this site measure wind speed and direction at 25-m and 2-min resolution within a 30-km range, capturing the interactions between three neighboring wind plants. These measurements show that the wake of one wind plant extends at least 15 km downstream under easterly wind and stable atmospheric conditions. Though the wake wind speed increases within the first 10 km, it plateaus at 90% of the freestream wind speed. The spanwise velocity distribution within the wake initially shows the clear signature of the wind plant layout, which is smoothed as it propagates downstream, indicating spanwise momentum transfer is a key mechanism in wind plant wake development and recovery. These findings have important implications for wind plant siting decisions and resource assessments, and provide insights into atmospheric interactions at the wind plant scale.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Low dose tomographic fluoroscopy: 4D intervention guidance with running prior

Purpose: Today's standard imaging technique in interventional radiology is the single- or biplane x-ray fluoroscopy which delivers 2D projection images as a function of time (2D+T). This state-of-the-art technology, however, suffers from its projective nature and is limited by the superposition of the patient's anatomy. Temporally resolved tomographic volumes (3D+T) would significantly improve the visualization of complex structures. A continuous tomographic data acquisition, if carried out with today's technology, would yield an excessive patient dose. Recently the authors proposed a method that enables tomographic fluoroscopy at the same dose level as projective fluoroscopy which means that if scanning time of an intervention guided by projective fluoroscopy is the same as that of an intervention guided by tomographic fluoroscopy, almost the same dose is administered to the patient. The purpose of this work is to extend authors' previous work and allow for patient motion during the intervention.Methods: The authors propose the running prior technique for adaptation of a prior image. This adaptation is realized by a combination of registration and projection replacement. In a first step the prior is deformed to the current position via affine and deformable registration. Then the information from outdated projections is replaced by newly acquired projections using forward and backprojection steps. The thus adapted volume is the running prior. The proposed method is validated by simulated as well as measured data. To investigate motion during intervention a moving head phantom was simulated. Real in vivo data of a pig are acquired by a prototype CT system consisting of a flat detector and a continuously rotating clinical gantry.Results: With the running prior technique it is possible to correct for motion without additional dose. For an application in intervention guidance both steps of the running prior technique, registration and replacement, are necessary. Reconstructed volumes based on the running prior show high image quality without introducing new artifacts and the interventional materials are displayed at the correct position.Conclusions: The running prior improves the robustness of low dose 3D+T intervention guidance toward intended or unintended patient motion.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Utilizing a simple CT dosimetry phantom for the comprehension of the operational characteristics of CT AEC systems

Purpose: To investigate the utility of the nested polymethylacrylate (PMMA) phantom (which is available in many CT facilities for CTDI measurements), as a tool for the presentation and comparison of the ways that two different CT automatic exposure control (AEC) systems respond to a phantom when various scan parameters and AEC protocols are modified.Methods: By offsetting the two phantom's components (the head phantom and the body ring) half-way along their longitudinal axis, a phantom with three sections of different x-ray attenuation was created. Scan projection radiographs (SPRs) and helical scans of the three-section phantom were performed on a Toshiba Aquilion 64 and a Philips Brilliance 64 CT scanners, with different scan parameter selections [scan direction, pitch factor, slice thickness, and reconstruction interval (ST/RI), AEC protocol, and tube potential used for the SPRs]. The dose length product (DLP) values of each scan were recorded and the tube current (mA) values of the reconstructed CT images were plotted against the respective Z-axis positions on the phantom. Furthermore, measurements of the noise levels at the center of each phantom section were performed to assess the impact of mA modulation on image quality.Results: The mA modulation patterns of the two CT scanners were very dissimilar. The mA variations were more pronounced for Aquilion 64, where changes in any of the aforementioned scan parameters affected both the mA modulations curves and DLP values. However, the noise levels were affected only by changes in pitch, ST/RI, and AEC protocol selections. For Brilliance 64, changes in pitch affected the mA modulation curves but not the DLP values, whereas only AEC protocol and SPR tube potential selection variations affected both the mA modulation curves and DLP values. The noise levels increased for smaller ST/RI, larger weight category AEC protocol, and larger SPR tube potential selection.Conclusions: The nested PMMA dosimetry phantom can be effectively utilized for the comprehension of CT AEC systems performance and the way that different scan conditions affect the mA modulation patterns, DLP values, and image noise. However, in depth analysis of the reasons why these two systems exhibited such different behaviors in response to the same phantom requires further investigation which is beyond the scope of this study.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-J-23: Field-Of-View Expansion in Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction by Use of Prior Information

Purpose: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) has become an integral part of online patient setup in an image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). In addition, the utility of CBCT for dose calculation has actively been investigated. However, the limited size of field-of-view (FOV) and resulted CBCT image with a lack of peripheral area of patient body prevents the reliability of dose calculation. In this study, we aim to develop an FOV expanded CBCT in IGRT system to allow the dose calculation. Methods: Three lung cancer patients were selected in this study. We collected the cone-beam projection images in the CBCT-based IGRT system (X-ray volume imaging unit, ELEKTA), where FOV size of the provided CBCT with these projections was 410 × 410 mm{sup 2} (normal FOV). Using these projections, CBCT with a size of 728 × 728 mm{sup 2} was reconstructed by a posteriori estimation algorithm including a prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS). The treatment planning CT was used as a prior image. To assess the effectiveness of FOV expansion, a dose calculation was performed on the expanded CBCT image with region-of-interest (ROI) density mapping method, and it was compared with that of treatment planning CT as well as that of CBCT reconstructed by filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm. Results: A posteriori estimation algorithm with PICCS clearly visualized an area outside normal FOV, whereas the FBP algorithm yielded severe streak artifacts outside normal FOV due to under-sampling. The dose calculation result using the expanded CBCT agreed with that using treatment planning CT very well; a maximum dose difference was 1.3% for gross tumor volumes. Conclusion: With a posteriori estimation algorithm, FOV in CBCT can be expanded. Dose comparison results suggested that the use of expanded CBCTs is acceptable for dose calculation in adaptive radiation therapy. This study has been supported by KAKENHI (15K08691).

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Report on the completion of the procurement of the first heat of Alloy 709

This report provides details on the completion of the procurement of the first commercial-sized heat of Alloy 709. The report is a Level 3 deliverable in FY17 (M3AT- 17OR1602053), under the Work Package AT-17OR160205, “Advanced Alloy Development” performed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, as part of Advanced Structural Materials Program for the Advanced Reactor Technologies (ART). This work project supports the fabrication scale up effort for Alloy 709 that was started in FY16. The effort culminated in the placement of a Purchase Order in August 2016 with a commercial vendor to melt an Alloy 709 heat using industrial melt practice. Four ingots, totaling about 45,000 lb, had been bottom-poured from the melt in September 2016. Two of the ingots were hot rolled into 1.2”x60”x155” and 1.1”x60”x100” plates using standard hot rolling process in FY17. Some small test pieces were cut from the asrolled plates and sent to Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for archival. The plates were then heat treated and surface pickled by the vendor. The plates were subsequently delivered to ANL and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Properties and microstructure screening were performed on these plates upon delivery in February 2017 at ANL. Several samples were cut from the as-rolled and heattreated plates and were analyzed for their microstructures, hardness values, grain sizes, and room temperature tensile properties. The results indicate that the scaled-up heat of Alloy 709 fabricated using commercial practice exhibit tensile properties that exceed the minimum values specified in the ASME Code Case for commercial heat of NF709. These plates will be used to support base metal testing for the 650°C, 100,000-h Alloy 709 Code Case development, for fabrication of weldments, and for the NEUP projects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗