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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 991 records · Page 55
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Design and Optimization of High-frequency Transformer for Isolated Single-Stage Three-Phase AC/DC Converter using Bidirectional Switches

This paper presents the design and optimization of the high-frequency transformer for an isolated single-stage threephase AC/DC converter enabled by the 4H-SiC BiDirectional Field Effect Transistor (BiDFET). Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is used to perform a multiobjective optimization to minimize loss, weight, and volume. A 20 kW, 50 kHz hardware prototype based on the selected optimal point is characterized by a power amplifier. The finite element analysis simulation results are also presented to validate the core magnetic flux density and winding electric field strength. The experimental prototype was tested at 800 Vdc/480 Vrms at 10 kW rated power.

BiDFET, High-frequency transformer, Multiobjective↗
DOE OSTI2015

Magnetostructural, mechanical and electronic properties of manganese tetraboride

Magnetostructural stabilities, mechanical behaviors and electronic structures of various phases of manganese tetraboride (MnB{sub 4}) have been investigated systematically by density functional theory (DFT) based first-principles methods. It is found that MnB{sub 4} undergoes temperature-induced phase transitions from the nonmagnetic (NM) monoclinic mP20 structure to the ferromagnetic (FM) orthorhombic oP10 structure at 438 K, then to the antiferromagnetic (AFM) orthorhombic oP10 structure at 824 K. We reveal that the NM insulating mP20 phase stabilizes by the Peierls distortion breaking the structural degeneracy, while the FM and AFM metallic oP10 phases stabilize by the Stoner magnetism lifting the spin degeneracy. Furthermore, the calculated mechanical properties show that the NM mP20, FM oP10, and AFM oP10 phases exhibit low compressibility and high hardness, which originate from their three-dimensional covalent boron networks. Therefore, this unique temperature-assisted insulator-metal transition, strong stiffness and high hardness suggest that MnB{sub 4} may find promising technological applications as thermoelectric switches and field effect transistors at the extreme conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

A superconducting nanowire binary shift register

We present a design for a superconducting nanowire binary shift register, which stores digital states in the form of circulating supercurrents in high-kinetic-inductance loops. Adjacent superconducting loops are connected with nanocryotrons, three-terminal electrothermal switches, and fed with an alternating two-phase clock to synchronously transfer the digital state between the loops. A two-loop serial-input shift register was fabricated with thin-film NbN and a bit error rate of less than 10 –4 was achieved, when operated at a maximum clock frequency of 83 MHz and in an out-of-plane magnetic field of up to 6 mT. A shift register based on this technology offers an integrated solution for low-power readout of superconducting nanowire single photon detector arrays and is capable of interfacing directly with room-temperature electronics and operating unshielded in high magnetic field environments.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Effects of spin-lock field direction on the quantitative measurement of spin-lattice relaxation time constant in the rotating frame (T1ρ) in a clinical MRI system

Purpose: To investigate whether the direction of spin-lock field, either parallel or antiparallel to the rotating magnetization, has any effect on the spin-lock MRI signal and further on the quantitative measurement of T1ρ, in a clinical 3 T MRI system. Methods: The effects of inverted spin-lock field direction were investigated by acquiring a series of spin-lock MRI signals for an American College of Radiology MRI phantom, while the spin-lock field direction was switched between the parallel and antiparallel directions. The acquisition was performed for different spin-locking methods (i.e., for the single- and dual-field spin-locking methods) and for different levels of clinically feasible spin-lock field strength, ranging from 100 to 500 Hz, while the spin-lock duration was varied in the range from 0 to 100 ms. Results: When the spin-lock field was inverted into the antiparallel direction, the rate of MRI signal decay was altered and the T1ρ value, when compared to the value for the parallel field, was clearly different. Different degrees of such direction-dependency were observed for different spin-lock field strengths. In addition, the dependency was much smaller when the parallel and the antiparallel fields are mixed together in the dual-field method. Conclusions: The spin-lock field direction could impact the MRI signal and further the T1ρ measurement in a clinical MRI system.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Transport, Magnetic, and Memristive Properties of a Nanogranular (CoFeB){sub x}(LiNbO{sub y}){sub 100–x} Composite Material

The properties of (CoFeB){sub x}(LiNbO{sub y}){sub 100–x} nanocomposite films with a ferromagnetic alloy content x = 6–48 at % are comprehensively studied. The films are shown to consist of ensembles of CoFe granules 2–4 nm in size, which are strongly elongated (up to 10–15 nm) in the nanocomposite growth direction and are located in an LiNbO{sub y} matrix with a high content of Fe{sup 2+} and Co{sup 2+} magnetic ions (up to 3 × 1022 cm{sup –3}). At T ≤ 25 K, a paramagnetic component of the magnetization of nanocomposites is detected along with a ferromagnetic component, and the contribution of the former component is threefold that of the latter. A hysteresis of the magnetization is observed below the percolation threshold up to x ≈ 33 at %, which indicates the appearance of a superferromagnetic order in the nanocomposites. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites in the range T ≈ 10–200 K on the metallic side of the metal–insulator transition (44 at % < x < 48 at %) is described by a logarithmic law σ(T) ∝ lnT. This law changes into the law of “1/2” at x ≤ 40 at %. The tunneling anomalous Hall effect is strongly suppressed and the longitudinal conductivity turns out to be lower than in a (CoFeB){sub x}(AlO{sub y}){sub 100–x} composite material by an order of magnitude. The capacitor structures based on (CoFeB){sub x}(LiNbO{sub y}){sub 100–x} films exhibit resistive switching effects. They are related to (i) the formation of isolated chains of elongated granules and an anomalously strong decrease in the resistance in fields E > 10{sup 4} V/cm because of the suppression of Coulomb blockage effects and the generation of oxygen vacancies V{sub O} and (ii) the injection (or extraction) of V{sub O} vacancies (depending on the sign of voltage) into a strongly oxidized layer in the nanocomposites, which is located near an electrode of the structure and controls its resistance. The number of stable resistive switchings exceeds 10{sup 5} at a resistance ratio R{sub off}/R{sub on} ~ 50.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Structural and metabolic responses of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms to hyperosmotic and antibiotic stress

Biofilms alter their metabolism in response to environmental stress. This study explores the effect of a hyperosmotic agent–antibiotic treatment on the metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms through the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. To determine the metabolic activity of S. aureus, we quantified the concentrations of metabolites in spent medium using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Biofilm porosity, thickness, biovolume, and relative diffusion coefficient depth profiles were obtained using NMR microimaging. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was measured to determine the availability of oxygen within the biofilm. Under vancomycin-only treatment, the biofilm communities switched to anaerobic fermentation, as evidenced by high concentrations of formate, acetate, and lactate, and there was no detectable dissolved oxygen in the biofilm. Anaerobic conditions such as fermentation can signify that biofilm is combating antibiotic stress by developing resistance. In addition, we observed the highest consumption of pyruvate, the sole carbon source, under the vancomycin-only treatment. On the other hand, relative effective diffusion coefficients increased under vancomycin-only treatment but decreased under maltodextrin-only and combined treatments. No change was observed in either biofilm thickness or biovolume for biofilms treated with maltodextrin-only or in combination with vancomycin. This indicates that biofilm growth was halted during maltodextrin-only and combined treatments. Overall, we demonstrated that the metabolic activity of S. aureus biofilm is affected by hyperosmotic and antibiotic stress.

biofilm↗
DOE OSTI2022

Topological current divider in a Chern insulator junction

A Chern insulator is a two-dimensional material that hosts chiral edge states produced by the combination of topology with time reversal symmetry breaking. Such edge states are perfect one-dimensional conductors, which may exist not only on sample edges, but on any boundary between two materials with distinct topological invariants (or Chern numbers). Engineering of such interfaces is highly desirable due to emerging opportunities of using topological edge states for energy-efficient information transmission. Here, we report a chiral edge-current divider based on Chern insulator junctions formed within the layered topological magnet MnBi 2 Te 4 . We find that in a device containing a boundary between regions of different thickness, topological domains with different Chern numbers can coexist. At the domain boundary, a Chern insulator junction forms, where we identify a chiral edge mode along the junction interface. We use this to construct topological circuits in which the chiral edge current can be split, rerouted, or switched off by controlling the Chern numbers of the individual domains. Our results demonstrate MnBi 2 Te 4 as an emerging platform for topological circuits design.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Multiple striated heat fluxes patterns on the EAST first wall generated by lower hybrid wave absorption in the scrape-off layer

Multiple striated heat fluxes on the EAST first wall are observed with lower hybrid wave (LHW) heating on the EAST device. Our analysis indicates that the heat source for the striated heat flux is from LHW absorption in the scrape-off layer (SOL). Magnetic field line tracing from the front of the LHW antenna grills is in good agreement with the striated heat flux profile. In addition the relative intensity of the LHW absorption in the SOL is consistent with the measured striated heat flux. However, the heat flux at inner strike points and outer strike points significantly decreased when the ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) wave was switched off, while there was no change for the striated heat flux, suggests that the striated heat flux is independent on the injected power to the core plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tool Chain for Simulations of Bi-Filar Coil Winding for Fast Quench Protection

The advancement of high-field magnets utilizing high-temperature superconductors (HTS) brings about complex challenges, especially in quench detection and protection. Traditional methods often fall short due to the inherently slow quench propagation in HTS materials. One promising approach to overcome this involves using a bifilar winding configuration, where two conductors are placed side by side. Under normal operation, they function in series, but during a quench event, they switch to an anti-parallel mode. This shift reduces the differential inductance of the coil to near zero, enabling rapid current oscillations through a capacitor discharge. The resulting high-frequency current flow leads to swift, uniform heating, triggering a full-coil quench within microseconds. Moreover, the strong mutual coupling between the two windings significantly reduces electrical noise in voltage measurements. In this work, we explore the viability of this concept by designing, constructing, and testing a REBCO bifilar racetrack coil in liquid nitrogen. We also present a validated simulation model that closely mirrors the coil's dynamic behavior under these conditions, aligning well with experimental observations.

Jayathilaka, Rehan [Northern Illinois U.]↗
DOE OSTI2014

Studies of adsorption characteristics of activated carbons down to 4.5 K for the development of cryosorption pumps for fusion systems

Cryosorption pump is the only possible device to pump helium, hydrogen and its isotopes in fusion environment, such as high magnetic field and high plasma temperatures. Activated carbons are known to be the most suitable adsorbent in the development of cryosorption pumps. For this purpose, the data of adsorption characteristics of activated carbons in the temperature range 4.5 K to 77 K are needed, but are not available in the literature. For obtaining the above data, a commercial micro pore analyzer operating at 77 K has been integrated with a two stage GM cryocooler, which enables the cooling of the sample temperature down to 4.5 K. A heat switch mounted between the second stage cold head and the sample chamber helps to raise the sample chamber temperature to 77 K without affecting the performance of the cryocooler. The detailed description of this system is presented elsewhere. This paper presents the results of experimental studies of adsorption isotherms measured on different types of activated carbons in the form of granules, globules, flake knitted and non-woven types in the temperature range 4.5 K to 10 K using Helium gas as the adsorbate. The above results are analyzed to obtain the pore size distributions and surface areas of the activated carbons. The effect of adhesive used for bonding the activated carbons to the panels is also studied. These results will be useful to arrive at the right choice of activated carbon to be used for the development of cryosorption pumps.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Layer resolved magnetic domain imaging of epitaxial heterostructures in large applied magnetic fields

In this work, we use X-ray Excited Luminescence Microscopy to investigate the elemental and layer resolved magnetic reversal in an interlayer exchange coupled (IEC) epitaxial Fe/Cr wedge/Co heterostructure. The transition from strongly coupled parallel Co-Fe reversal for Cr thickness t(Cr) < 0.34 nm to weakly coupled layer independent reversal for t(Cr) > 1.5 nm is punctuated at 0.34 < t(Cr) < 1.5 nm by a combination of IEC guided domain wall motion and stationary zig zag domain walls. Domain walls nucleated at switching field minima are guided by IEC spatial gradients and collapse at switching field maxima.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Electrodeposited Nanolaminated CoNiFe Cores for Ultracompact DC-DC Power Conversion

Laminated metallic alloy cores (i.e., alternating layers of thin film metallic alloy and insulating material) of appropriate lamination thickness enable suppression of eddy current losses at high frequencies. Magnetic cores comprised of many such laminations yield substantial overall magnetic volume, thereby enabling high-power operation. Previously, we reported nanolaminated permalloy (Ni-80 Fe-20) cores based on a sequential electrodeposition technique, demonstrating negligible eddy current losses at peak flux densities up to 0.5 T and operating at megahertz frequencies. This paper demonstrates improved performance of nanolaminated cores comprising tens to hundreds of layers of 300-500-nm-thick CoNiFe films that exhibit superior magnetic properties (e.g., higher saturation flux density and lower coercivity) than permalloy. Nanolaminated CoNiFe cores can be operated up to a peak flux density of 0.9 T, demonstrating improved power handling capacity and exhibiting 30% reduced volumetric core loss, attributed to lowered hysteresis losses compared to the nanolaminated permalloy core of the same geometry. Operating these cores in a buck dc-dc power converter at a switching frequency of 1 MHz, the nanolaminated CoNiFe cores achieved a conversion efficiency exceeding 90% at output power levels up to 7 W, compared to an achieved permalloy core conversion efficiency below 86% at 6 W.

Kim, J↗
DOE OSTI2016

A mobile test facility based on a magnetic cumulative generator to study the stability of the power plants under impact of lightning currents

The report presents the results of the development and field testing of a mobile test facility based on a helical magnetic cumulative generator (MCGTF). The system is designed for full-scale modeling of lightning currents to study the safety of power plants of any type, including nuclear power plants. Advanced technologies of high-energy physics for solving both engineering and applied problems underlie this pilot project. The energy from the magnetic cumulative generator (MCG) is transferred to a high-impedance load with high efficiency of more than 50% using pulse transformer coupling. Modeling of the dynamics of the MEG that operates in a circuit with lumped parameters allows one to apply the law of inductance output during operation of the MCG, thus providing the required front of the current pulse in the load without using any switches. The results of field testing of the MCGTF are presented for both the ground loop and the model load. The ground loop generates a load resistance of 2–4 Ω. In the tests, the ohmic resistance of the model load is 10 Ω. It is shown that the current pulse parameters recorded in the resistive-inductive load are close to the calculated values.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Frontier Orbital Degeneracy: A New Concept for Tailoring the Magnetic State in Organic Semiconductor Adsorbates

Kondo resonances in molecular adsorbates are an important building block for applications in the field of molecular spintronics. Here, we introduce the novel concept of using frontier orbital degeneracy for tailoring the magnetic state, which is demonstrated for the case of the organic semiconductor 1,4,5,8,9,11-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile (HATCN, C 18 N 12 ) on Ag(111). Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (LT-STM/STS) measurements reveal the existence of two types of adsorbed HATCN molecules with distinctly different appearances and magnetic states, as evident from the presence or absence of an Abrikosov-Suhl-Kondo resonance. Our DFT results show that HATCN on Ag(111) supports two almost isoenergetic states, both with one excess electron transferred from the Ag surface, but with magnetic moments of either 0 or 0.65 μ B . Therefore, even though all molecules undergo charge transfer of one electron from the Ag substrate, they exist in two different molecular magnetic states that resemble a free doublet or an entangled spin state. We explain how the origin of this behavior lies in the twofold degeneracy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of gas phase HATCN, lifted upon adsorption and charge-transfer from Ag(111). In conclusion, our combined STM and DFT study introduces a new pathway to tailoring the magnetic state of molecular adsorbates on surfaces, with significant potential for spintronics and quantum information science.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Deterministic switching of a magnetoelastic single-domain nano-ellipse using bending

In this paper, a fully coupled analytical model between elastodynamics with micromagnetics is used to study the switching energies using voltage induced mechanical bending of a magnetoelastic bit. The bit consists of a single domain magnetoelastic nano-ellipse deposited on a thin film piezoelectric thin film (500 nm) attached to a thick substrate (0.5 mm) with patterned electrodes underneath the nano-dot. A voltage applied to the electrodes produces out of plane deformation with bending moments induced in the magnetoelastic bit modifying the magnetic anisotropy. To minimize the energy, two design stages are used. In the first stage, the geometry and bias field (H{sub b}) of the bit are optimized to minimize the strain energy required to rotate between two stable states. In the second stage, the bit's geometry is fixed, and the electrode position and control mechanism is optimized. The electrical energy input is about 200 (aJ) which is approximately two orders of magnitude lower than spin transfer torque approaches.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Strong nonlinear current–voltage behaviour in iron oxyborate

Strong nonlinear resistance has been found in the charge ordered ferroelectric iron oxyborate (Fe{sub 2}OBO{sub 3}) with a high dielectric constant and giant converse magnetoelectric effect. In low temperature range the I-V nonlinearity increases quickly with decreasing temperature. Transport measurements on polycrystalline and single crystal Fe{sub 2}OBO{sub 3} indicate that the nonlinearity is not induced by grain boundaries. The nonlinear I-V behavior is intrinsically correlated with the charge order phase melting in Fe{sub 2}OBO{sub 3} by detailed in-situ TEM investigations. These results provide an insight into structure-activity relationship of resistance switching effects at atomic and electric scales, which is essential for its potential application as varistors and storage media.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

All-optical spin switching under different spin configurations

All-optical spin switching represents a new frontier in femtomagnetism. However, its underlying principles are quite different from traditional thermal activated spin switching. In this work, we employ a atomic spin model and present a systematic investigation from a single spin to a large system of over a million spins. We find that for a single spin in absence of external laser excitation, the conservation of total angular momentum requires that the spin change exactly matches the orbital momentum change, but a laser pulse significantly alters this relation, where the spin change does not necessarily follow the orbital change. This is reflected in the strong dependence of switching on laser polarization. To have an efficient spin switching, the electron initial momentum direction must closely follow the spin’s orientation, so the orbital angular momentum is transverse to the spin and consequently the spin-orbit torque lies in the same direction as the spin. These findings are manifested in a much larger system. We find that the spin response depends on underlying spin structures. Linearly polarized laser pulses creates a dip in a uniform inplane magnetized thin film, but has little effects on Neel and Bloch walls. Both right- and left- circularly polarized light (σ+ and σ-) have stronger but different effects in both uniform spin domains and Neel walls. While σ+ light creates a basin of spins pointing down, σ- light creates a mound of spins pointing up. At the vicinity of the structure spins are reversed, similar to the experimental observation. σ+ light has a dramatic effect, disrupting spins in Bloch walls. By contrast, σ+ light has a small effect on Bloch walls because of its helicity. These findings are expected to have important implications in the future.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗