Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Storage”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 991 records · Page 55
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

PIMS: Memristor-Based Processing-in-Memory-and-Storage.

Continued progress in computing has augmented the quest for higher performance with a new quest for higher energy efficiency. This has led to the re-emergence of Processing-In-Memory (PIM) ar- chitectures that offer higher density and performance with some boost in energy efficiency. Past PIM work either integrated a standard CPU with a conventional DRAM to improve the CPU- memory link, or used a bit-level processor with Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) control, but neither matched the energy consumption of the memory to the computation. We originally proposed to develop a new architecture derived from PIM that more effectively addressed energy efficiency for high performance scientific, data analytics, and neuromorphic applications. We also originally planned to implement a von Neumann architecture with arithmetic/logic units (ALUs) that matched the power consumption of an advanced storage array to maximize energy efficiency. Implementing this architecture in storage was our original idea, since by augmenting storage (in- stead of memory), the system could address both in-memory computation and applications that accessed larger data sets directly from storage, hence Processing-in-Memory-and-Storage (PIMS). However, as our research matured, we discovered several things that changed our original direc- tion, the most important being that a PIM that implements a standard von Neumann-type archi- tecture results in significant energy efficiency improvement, but only about a O(10) performance improvement. In addition to this, the emergence of new memory technologies moved us to propos- ing a non-von Neumann architecture, called Superstrider, implemented not in storage, but in a new DRAM technology called High Bandwidth Memory (HBM). HBM is a stacked DRAM tech- nology that includes a logic layer where an architecture such as Superstrider could potentially be implemented.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effect of Thermal Storage on the Performance of a Wood Pellet-fired Residential Boiler

Interest in the direct use of biomass for thermal applications as a renewable technology is increasing as is also focus on air pollutant emissions from these sources and methods to minimize the impact. This work has focused on wood pellet-fired residential boilers, which are the cleanest fuel in this category. In the residential application the load varies strongly over the course of a year and a high fraction of the load is typically under 15% of the maximum boiler capacity. Thermal storage can be used even with boilers which have modulation capacity typically to 30% of the boiler maximum. One common pellet boiler was tested at full load and also at the minimum load used in the U.S. certification testing (15%). In these tests the load was steady over the test period. Testing was also done with an emulated load profile for a home in Albany, N.Y. on a typical January, March, and April day. In this case the load imposed on the boiler varied hourly under computer control, based on the modeled load for the example case used. The boiler used has a nominal output of 25 kW and a common mixed hardwood/softwood commercial pellet was used. Moisture content was 3.77%. A dilution tunnel approach was used for the measurement of particulate emissions, in accordance with U.S. certification testing requirements. The test results showed that the use of storage strongly reduces cycling rates under part load conditions. The transients which occur as these boilers cycle contribute to increased particulate emissions and reduced efficiency. The time period of a full cycle at a given load condition can be increased by increasing the storage tank volume and/or increasing the control differential range. It was shown that increasing the period strongly increased the measured efficiency and reduced the particulate emission (relative to the no storage case). The impact was most significant at the low load levels. Storage tank heat loss is shown to be a significant factor in thermal efficiency, particularly at low load. Different methods to measure this heat loss were explored. For one of the tanks evaluated the efficiency loss at the 15% load point was found to be as high as 7.9%. Where storage is used good insulation on the tank, insulation on the piping, and attention to fittings are recommended.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Risk Assessment of Structural Integrity of Transportation Casks after Extended Storage

This study assessed the risk of loss of structural integrity of transportation casks and fuel cladding after extended storage. Although it is known that fuel rods discharged from NPPs have a small percentage of rod cladding defects, the behavior of fuel cladding and the structural elements of assemblies during transportation after long-term storage is not well understood. If the fuel degrades during extended storage, it could be susceptible to damage from vibration and impact loads during transport operations, releasing fission-product gases into the canister or the cask interior (NWTRB 2010). Degradation of cladding may occur due to mechanisms associated with hydrogen embrittlement, delayed hydride cracking, low temperature creep, and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) that may affect fuel cladding and canister components after extended storage of hundreds of years. Over extended periods at low temperatures, these mechanisms affect the ductility, strength, and fracture toughness of the fuel cladding, which becomes brittle. For transportation purposes, the fuel may be transferred from storage to shipping casks, or dual-purpose casks may be used for storage and transportation. Currently, most of the transportation casks will be the former case. A risk assessment evaluation is conducted based on results from experimental tests and simulations with advanced numerical models. A novel contribution of this study is the evaluation of the combined effect of component aging and vibration/impact loads in transportation scenarios. The expected levels of deterioration will be obtained from previous and current studies on the effect of aging on fuel and cask components. The emphasis of the study is placed on the structural integrity of fuel cladding and canisters.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

Assessment of CO 2 Storage Resources in Depleted Oil and Gas Fields in the Ship Shoal Area, Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most important regions in the United States for energy resources and infrastructure. Gulf of Mexico federal offshore oil and gas production accounts for 17% of total U.S. crude oil production and 5% of total U.S. gas production (EIA Gulf of Mexico Fact Sheet). This region presents an excellent combination of high need and significant opportunity for large scale geologic storage of CO 2 . The Ship Shoal Area is located about 20 miles offshore Louisiana within the Gulf Coast federal waters. Miocene and Pliocene sediments in the Ship Shoal Area are proven to provide excellent and secure traps for oil and gas. The Ship Shoal Area contains a large number of depleted oil and gas fields either currently abandoned, or planned for abandonment by 2025, which may provide very significant potential CO 2 storage capacity. GeoMechanics Technologies conducted a comprehensive research project to better characterize Neogene sediments in the Ship Shoal Area for high volume CO 2 storage. The data generated from literature, well data, well log, and formation evaluation were input into Rockwork 16 geologic software to create a detailed geologic model for the Ship Shoal study area. The geologic grids were then fed into TOUGH2, the gas migration model software and FLAC 3D, the geomechanical model software. The fluid flow modeling for both the Miocene and Pliocene simulation from both Block 107 and Block 84 indicated that Pliocene and Miocene are a good reservoir for the CO 2 sequestration. Thirty years of CO 2 injection (at a rate of 1 million metric tons CO 2 per year) and 30 years of observation simulations were run with the fluid flow modeling. The 3D geomechanical modeling for Ship Shoal Block 107 and Block 84 were developed to evaluate induced surface deformation and potential fault reactivation after 30 years CO 2 injection at base of Pliocene and at upper Miocene injection locations. Evaluation results indicate low to no risks for fault slips or fault reactivation. Twelve well bores and 76 well bores for Ship Shoal Blocks 84 and 107 respectively were reviewed for their cement history. Most wells (57 out of 76 and 7 out of 12 wells in Ship Shoal Block 107 and 84 respectively) have good integrity. Nineteen and 5 wells (in Ship Shoal Block 107 and 84 respectively) with no top plug, incomplete cement or Plug and Abandonment information are given yellow cautionary indicators. These cautionary wells may provide leakage paths of CO 2 through the well bores to the USDWs. Using our Quantitative Risk & Decision Analysis Tool (QRDAT) for caprock integrity evaluation, we compared Ship Shoal’s risk to that of In Salah, Sleipner, Kevin Dome, Loudon, Illinois Industrial CCS and Wilmington Graben. We found the risk at the Ship Shoal Blocks 84 and 107 fields are similar to the known CO 2 active sequestration sites, but lower than the Wilmington Graben turbidities offshore California studied site. The risk of natural seismicity in the Gulf of Mexico is relatively low. Geomechanics Technologies has documented the top 25 CO 2 emission sources within the close proximity of the Ship Shoal Block 84 and 107 fields. All the offshore and onshore pipelines have been digitized and can be viewed in an interactive website (http://www.geomechanicstech.com/shipshoal.html). We also performed a feasibility study on the potential for converting existing oil or gas pipelines for CO 2 transport. There are abandoned, idled and retired onshore and offshore pipelines. However, there is no standard specification for maximum pipeline pressures needed for CO 2 transport. It is a function of design, materials, and testing provided; thus it will be the responsibility of the pipeline operator to correctly determine, maintain and operate within the limits of the pipelines. There are a few transit corridors extending from onshore Louisiana (Cailou Bay) to offshore trunk-lines. The cost for constructing a pipeline has increased about 46% from 2015 to an average cost of $5,064,046 per mile in 2016. We use the NETL CO 2 storage resource mass estimate to calculate the potential resources for Ship Shoal Block 84 and 107 fields using the depleted oil and gas reservoir volume and sand volume generated from our geologic modeling. The estimated storage resource results are greater when using the sand volumes derived through geologic modeling than the oil and gas reservoir data. The difference is due to the depleted oil and gas reservoir information not accounting for the water-flooded sand located below the oil/gas-water contact or unproductive sand units. Resource calculation using the sand volume obtained through geologic modeling overestimate the storage capacity as the model accounts for all sand within the formation, not just the interconnected sand.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2018

Public Views about Storage and Disposal Options for Spent Nuclear Fuel: Energy and Environment Survey, 2017

The US currently has about 80,000 metric tons of uranium in 279,000 used fuel assemblies from commercial spent nuclear fuel (SNF), most of which is stored “on-site” at or near power plants where it was produced. On-site storage facilities were not designed to provide a permanent solution for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel, and building a permanent disposal facility will likely take decades. Therefore, it is important to consider how the US public views options for constructing one or more storage facilities for safely consolidating and storing SNF in the interim. The 2017 iteration of the Energy and Environment survey (EE17) by the Center for Energy, Security, & Society (CES&S) included a battery of questions that measure public views about SNF storage and disposal options. The questions gauge general support for continued on-site storage, interim storage, and permanent disposal. EE17 also measured support for several of the specific sites under consideration, including the two private initiatives for interim storage of SNF in New Mexico and Texas. In addition, EE17 respondents provide insight into the factors likely to affect broader public support for these initiatives as the siting process unfolds, including public views about the importance of support for a prospective facility by host communities and host state residents.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Long-Term Methane Emissions Rate Quantification and Alert System for Natural Gas Storage Wells and Fields

The Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and other critical stakeholders (e.g., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), state regulators, and industry) seek to more accurately characterize and quantify methane emissions from natural gas storage wells. These efforts will reduce uncertainties in estimates of these emissions in USEPA’s current Green House Gas Inventory (GHGI) under their Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP; EPA, 2016). Emission factors currently used to estimate methane emissions from gas storage wells are the same factors used for onshore natural gas production wells (USEPA, 2016). This study has developed a robust and representative dataset of emissions from disaggregated gas station wellhead components and related emission factors that will inform future enhancements to the GHGI and GHGRP. Extensive methane emissions measurements and meteorological data were collected from three active storage facilities representing two of the three types of storage facilities (i.e., depleted gas reservoir and salt cavern) to support development of emissions factors specifically for gas storage wells and associated components. Methane emissions were quantified from both above-ground components (e.g., pipe fittings and valves) and seepage from the ground surface in proximity to gas storage wellheads.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2019

UIC Class I Injection Wells – Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO 2

This study focuses on deep well waste disposal operations (non-hazardous and hazardous) using U.S. EPA UIC Class I wells and CO 2 geologic storage in saline-bearing formations; both individually and in relation to each other. This study is the second of three that evaluate analog industries of CO 2 storage (first focuses on underground natural gas storage and third on CO 2 EOR). Several pieces of information can be found throughout the study including overview of deep well waste disposal history and side-by-side comparisons of major synergistic features between deep well waste disposal and CO 2 storage in saline-bearing formations. Best practices and lessons learned from deep well waste disposal operations can provide perspective from which future CO 2 storage R&D pursuits and field projects can benefit. A summary document providing a high-level overview and key takeaways of this study is available on NETL’s website under the Collection Name:NETL’s Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO 2 .

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2019

CO 2 Leakage During EOR Operations – Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO 2

This study focuses on CO 2 EOR operations and CO 2 geologic storage in saline-bearing formations; both individually and in relation to each other. This study is the third of three that evaluate analog industries of CO 2 storage (first focuses on underground natural gas storage and second on deep well waste disposal using U.S. EPA UIC Class I wells). Several pieces of information can be found throughout the study including overview of CO 2 EOR history and side-by-side comparisons of major synergistic features between CO 2 EOR and CO 2 storage in saline-bearing formations. Best practices and lessons learned from CO 2 EOR operations can provide perspective from which future CO 2 storage R&D pursuits and field projects can benefit. A summary document providing a high-level overview and key takeaways of this study is available on NETL’s website under the Collection Name: NETL’s Analog Studies to Geologic Storage of CO 2 .

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

CarbonSAFE Rocky Mountain Phase I: Ensuring Safe Subsurface Storage of Carbon Dioxide in the Intermountain West

An integrated CCS pre-feasibility study, CarbonSAF E Rocky Mountain Phase I, was conducted by the U niversity of Utah and its partners as part of the US D epartment of Energy’s Carbon Storage Assurance a nd Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) program. The a ssembled project team consisted of academic, indus try and governmental agencies covering the technic al and non- technical challenges of a commercial-sc ale CO 2 storage facility capable of storing 50 million tonnes of anthropogenically-sourced CO 2 . The Rock y Mountain CarbonSAFE team identified the Hunter Power Plant in central Utah as the primary source of CO 2 on which this study would be focused. The nea rby Huntington power plant, also operated by Rocky Mountain Power, was evaluated as a secondary sou rce of CO 2 . The Hunter plant was chosen because o f an interest in CO 2 capture technology by the plant operator, Rocky Mountain Power, and also because i t is a representative example of a typical coal-fired g enerating station in the Rocky Mountain west. Amine -based and cryogenic-based capture assessments w ere performed for approximately 3 million tonnes per year for one of the boiler units at the Hunter plant, yi elding cost of capture estimates of $\$56$/tonne and $\$4 1.50$/tonne. Transportation and intermediate compre ssion would increase the per tonne costs, but will be highly dependent on specific injection locations and available rights-of-way. A high-level technical sub-ba sinal evaluation was performed on the area surround ing the Hunter and Huntington power plants to verify CO 2 storage capacity and integrity. Initial geologic c haracterization efforts focused on sites immediately adjacent to the Hunter plant, including the deep eolia n Permian White Rim Sandstone, which in outcrop a nd core from other locations indicates high permeabi lity and high porosity. However, petrophysical logs fr om wells near Hunter indicate porosity of only 2-4%. As a result, potential injection sites were moved stru cturally down-dip (to the west), into the high permea bility (~200 mD) and high porosity (20%) Navajo san dstone. A comprehensive analysis of the reservoir a nd seals was conducted, providing data to the model , simulation and risk assessment groups on the proje ct. CO 2 capacity estimates for the Navajo Sandston e approximately 18 kilometers from the Hunter plant are well in excess of the 50 million tonnes goal of the project. Area of Review Delineation and Risk Asse ssment on the Navajo, associated seals and shallow groundwater aquifers identified the most significant risks and mitigation options. A non-technical assessment to a commercial-scale CO 2 storage facility in central Utah was conducted. EPA Underground Injection Control Class VI and National Environmental Policy Act permitting present particularly challenging issues related to the development of any saline aquifer for CO 2 storage, including the area around the Hunter plant. While surface and subsurface ownership and ri ghts are not straightforward, especially on any privat e land, many of the stakeholders in central Utah are accustomed and open to oil/gas/mineral-related activities similar to what would be required for CO 2 storage sites.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2019

Induction Heating for Tritium Storage Beds

Metal hydride beds used for storing hydrogen isotopes accumulate helium due to beta-decay of tritium. Helium alters the hydrogen capacity and plateau pressures of these storage beds and ultimately results in the beds being disqualified for use in tritium facilities. Removal of helium and hydrogen isotopes for disposal or storage bed regeneration can be achieved with sufficient heating; however, existing Gen 1 and Gen 2 storage beds are not designed to reach helium removal temperatures and face disposal challenges. In this report, we describe experiments and Multiphysics models that were used to develop a method to achieve induction heating of existing tritium storage beds using induction coils placed on the outside of the beds. The heating method involves low-frequency (< 100 Hz) induction heating through flexible solenoid coils that wrap tightly around the outer jacket of a tritium storage bed. This method of heating offers a pragmatic path to heat existing storage beds for metal hydride regeneration, helium removal for disposal, and possibly routine gas cycling operations.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Science-Driven Data Management for Multi-Tiered Storage (Final Report)

Scientific discovery at the exascale will not be possible without significant new research in the management, storage and retrieval over the long lifespan of the extreme amounts of data that will be produced. Our thesis is that adding application level knowledge about data to guide the actions of the storage system provides substantial benefits to the organization, storage, and access to extreme scale data, resulting in improved productivity for computational science. In this project we will demonstrate novel techniques to facilitate efficient mapping of data objects, even partitioning individual variables, from the user space onto multiple storage tiers, and enable application-guided data reductions and transformations to address capacity and bandwidth bottlenecks. Our goal is to address the associated Input/ Output (I/O) and storage challenges in the context of current and emerging storage landscapes, and expedite insights into mission critical scientific processes.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

CO2 injection with fracturing in geomechanically protected caprock: Task 6 of LLNL's Research Activities to Support DOE's Carbon Storage Program (FWP-FEW0191) (Final Technical Report)

Conventional principles of the design and operation of geologic carbon storage (GCS) require injecting CO 2 below the caprock fracturing pressure to ensure the integrity of the storage complex. In non-ideal storage reservoirs with relatively low permeability, modest injection rates can lead to pressure buildup and hydraulic fracturing of the reservoir and caprock. While the GCS community has generally viewed hydraulic fractures as a key risk to storage integrity, the actual behavior of a caprock hydraulic fracture, particularly from a geomechanical perspective, has not been thoroughly studied. The prevailing method of treating a hydraulic fracture as a high-permeability wing of the storage reservoir might have resulted in erroneous understanding of caprock hydraulic fracture behavior. Comprehensive analyses of monitoring data from the In Salah project suggested that one or more hydraulic fractures may have been created in the reservoir and lower caprock system during injection operations, but did not cause detectable leakage of CO 2 out of the storage complex. This observation coincides with a well-known phenomenon in the oil and gas industry: sedimentary rock formations have many inherent features that naturally protect the formations from unbounded vertical growth of hydraulic fractures.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Using Machine Learning to Identify Optimum Prospects for Offshore Geologic CO 2 Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery in the Gulf of Mexico

The SECARB Offshore Partnership is a government-industry partnership focused on assembling the knowledge base required for secure, long-term, large-scale CO 2 subsea storage in saline formations and mature oil reservoirs. The SECARB Offshore Partnership is evaluating potential storage opportunities in the Central and Eastern planning areas of the outer continental shelf (OCS) of the Gulf of Mexico. The evaluation focuses on active and depleted oil and gas fields and potentially associated CO 2 -enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR), as well as, deep saline storage resources. As part of Subtask 3.0 (Offshore Storage Resources Characterization) and Subtask 4.0 (Risk Assessment, Simulation, and Modeling), Oklahoma State University (OSU) is developing a machine learning system that employs the SAS Institute’s Viya platform with visual data mining and machine learning to identify and characterize optimum prospects for enhanced oil recovery and stacked storage in saline reservoirs. This report summarizes this effort to date and discusses the many variables that can be used to characterize these storage objectives, as well as, the design vision of the Viya machine learning system.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2021

Factors Determining Commercially Optimal Development Strategies for CO 2 Storage With and Without CO 2 -EOR

This report is a draft white paper on the factors determining commercially optimal development strategies for CO 2 storage with and without CO 2 -EOR. The draft report provides a summary of accomplishments during the first budget period of the Southeast Offshore Storage Resource Assessment for the Gulf of Mexico (SECARB Offshore GOM) project. It also identifies “Next Steps” to be undertaken during Budget Period II. A final white paper will be prepared at the end of Budget Period II. The goal of this draft white paper is to expand the knowledge base required for commercially viable, secure, longterm, large-scale carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) subsea storage in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM), both with and without enhanced hydrocarbon recovery. This effort supports the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) long-term objective of ensuring a comprehensive assessment of the potential for offshore CO 2 subsea storage in the GOM. The groundwork that has been completed in the draft white paper advanced by expanding the membership of the Southern States Energy Board’s (SSEB) existing Southeast Offshore Storage Resource Assessment (DE-FE0026082) GOM government-industry partnership during the next budget period. Further, the team plans to consult with U.S. federal and state agencies to develop recommendations to remove barriers and streamline the regulatory process to encourage subsea CO 2 storage with or without enhanced hydrocarbon recovery.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2021

Modeling Environmental Effects on Ventilated Spent Fuel Storage Systems

This report describes newly developed external environment wind effects models of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) dry storage systems. The primary purpose of these wind effects models is to better understand particle deposition on SNF canisters in the context of chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking. The goal of this effort is to further the understanding and improve the wind effects model of the Nuclear Horizontal Modular Storage (NUHOMS ® ) Advanced Horizontal Storage Module–High Seismic (AHSM-HS) storage system in support of the planned Canister Deposition Field Demonstration (CDFD) project (Durbin et al. 2021, Suffield et al. 2021). The steps in this wind effects investigation begin with a validation case of comparing experimental data with a STAR-CCM+ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the Belowground Vertical Dry Cask Simulator (BVDCS) with the external environment explicitly modeled. Next, a test case is performed with the AHSM-HS models comparing solar-loading strategies for a standalone and wind effects model in STAR-CCM+ and a standalone model in ANSYS Mechanical Parametric Design Language (APDL). The final portion of this study compares results of the validation exercise with applications of wind effects models for two horizontal storage systems, a site specific NUHOMS ® horizontal storage module and a NUHOMS ® AHSM-HS.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

CO 2 Storage prospeCtive Resource Estimation Excel aNalysis (CO 2 -SCREEN) User’s Manual: Python_V4.1

This user’s manual guides the use of the National Energy Technology Laboratory’s (NETL) CO 2 Storage prospeCtive Resource Estimation Excel aNalysis (CO 2 -SCREEN) tool, which was developed to aid users in screening geologic formations for prospective CO 2 storage resources. This manual is specific to the CO 2 -SCREEN 4.1 version which is based in Python. The 4.1 version of CO 2 -SCREEN adds in newly updated storage efficiency factors for saline formations. CO 2 -SCREEN applies U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) methods and equations for estimating prospective CO 2 storage resources for saline formations, shale formations, and residual oil zones (ROZ). CO 2 -SCREEN was developed to be substantive and user-friendly and provide a consistent method for calculating prospective CO 2 storage resources. CO 2 -SCREEN uses a Java- based graphical user interface (GUI) for data inputs and uses Python to calculate prospective CO 2 storage resources.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Rules and Tools Crosswalk: A Compendium of Computational Tools to Support Geologic Carbon Storage Environmentally Protective UIC Class VI Permitting

This report identifies computational tools useful for addressing aspects of the dedicated carbon storage (Class VI) well permit application under the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program. The survey was conducted by researchers of the National Energy Technology Laboratory’s (NETL) Research and Innovation Center in collaboration with representatives of the U.S. EPA, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and the four Regional Initiatives to Accelerate Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage: Carbon Utilization and Storage Partnership of the Western United States (CUSP), Plains CO 2 Reduction Partnership Initiative to Accelerate Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Deployment (PCOR Partnership), Midwest Regional Carbon Initiative (MRCI), and the Southeast Regional Carbon Utilization and Storage Partnership (SECARB-USA). A total of 59 tools were identified through the elicitation for this report. It is intended to serve as a reference that can be used by geologic carbon storage stakeholders to identify computational tools that may be used to develop Class VI permit applications.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fiberboard Properties and Degradation Rates for Storage of 9975 Shipping Package in KAC (2022 Status Report)

Thermal, mechanical, and physical properties have been measured on fiberboard samples following accelerated aging for up to 17 years. The aging environments include elevated temperature up to 250 °F (the maximum allowed service temperature for fiberboard in 9975 packages) and elevated humidity. Accelerated aging results have been analyzed and used to build aging models. Correlations relating several properties (thermal conductivity, energy absorption, weight, dimensions, and density) to their rate of change in potential storage environments have been developed. Combined with an estimate of the actual conditions the fiberboard experiences in K-Area Complex (KAC), these models allow development of service life predictions. KAC completed calculations that supported extending the service life of 9975 packages with 3013 containers in storage from 20 years to 40 years. These calculations addressed the potential for degraded fiberboard properties following 40 years in storage using degradation models developed previously. Due to differences in containers, 9975 packages with non-3013 containers are only approved for 20 years of storage. The updated degradation models developed in this report have been compared to the assumptions in those calculations, and the current results for fiberboard dimensions, density, radial thermal conductivity, and energy absorption remain consistent with those calculations. The axial thermal conductivity degradation rate slightly exceeds calculations estimate of 0.5% per year between 130 and 160 °F. Additional data will continue to be collected to permit future refinements to the models and assumptions. Some of the predicted degradation rates presented in this report are extreme. However, these relate to environments that do not exist within KAC or would be postulated only as upset conditions that would not likely persist for an extended period. For a typical package stored in KAC with approximately 10-12 watts internal heat load or less, and ambient temperatures below 90 °F, the fiberboard assemblies experience storage conditions less severe than any of the aging environments. Fiberboard in conforming packages with lower internal heat loads should experience little or no degradation and is expected to provide a service life beyond the currently approved 40 year storage period. Packages with higher internal heat loads may not continue to perform their required safety functions beyond 40 years. Ultimately, service life will be determined by the cumulative effect of degradation from all the conditions these packages might encounter. The results and model predictions presented in this report are applicable to 9975 packages with cane or softwood fiberboard overpack assemblies. These degradation models do not address the effects of non-conforming conditions such as the presence of excess moisture and mold or beetle infestations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗