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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 991 records · Page 55

Anisotropic Plasticity of BN Nanotubes

Plastic collapse of compressed BN nanotubes are investigated and compared with carbon nanotubes of similar nature. Using a generalized tight-binding molecular dynamics (GTBMD) method for system containing B, N and C atoms we compute stiffness and plastic collapse of BN and C nanotubes under axial compression. For small compressional strain, BN nanotubes are found to be about 92% as stiff as similar C nanotubes. Due to BN bond buckling effect, however, the elastic limit of BN nanotubes is found to be more than C nanotubes. A route to plasticity is explored in which we find that at elastic limit the accumulated strain is released by a local plastic deformation of the nanotube. The mechanism of strain release and the resulting plastic deformation, however. are anisotropic in nature. The strain is released preferentially towards N as leading edge of a buckled BN bond and the tube, compressed at both ends, plastically collapses preferentially towards one end. Details of the anisotropic plasticity and prospective applications will be discussed in this presentation.

Madhu, Menon↗

Water Filters

Seeking to find a more effective method of filtering potable water that was highly contaminated, Mike Pedersen, founder of Western Water International, learned that NASA had conducted extensive research in methods of purifying water on board manned spacecraft. The key is Aquaspace Compound, a proprietary WWI formula that scientifically blends various types of glandular activated charcoal with other active and inert ingredients. Aquaspace systems remove some substances; chlorine, by atomic adsorption, other types of organic chemicals by mechanical filtration and still others by catalytic reaction. Aquaspace filters are finding wide acceptance in industrial, commercial, residential and recreational applications in the U.S. and abroad.

Source record↗

Theoretical Studies of Spectroscopic Line Mixing in Remote Sensing Applications

The phenomenon of collisional transfer of intensity due to line mixing has an increasing importance for atmospheric monitoring. From a theoretical point of view, all relevant information about the collisional processes is contained in the relaxation matrix where the diagonal elements give half-widths and shifts, and the off-diagonal elements correspond to line interferences. For simple systems such as those consisting of diatom-atom or diatom-diatom, accurate fully quantum calculations based on interaction potentials are feasible. However, fully quantum calculations become unrealistic for more complex systems. On the other hand, the semi-classical Robert-Bonamy (RB) formalism, which has been widely used to calculate half-widths and shifts for decades, fails in calculating the off-diagonal matrix elements. As a result, in order to simulate atmospheric spectra where the effects from line mixing are important, semi-empirical fitting or scaling laws such as the ECS (Energy-Corrected Sudden) and IOS (Infinite-Order Sudden) models are commonly used. Recently, while scrutinizing the development of the RB formalism, we have found that these authors applied the isolated line approximation in their evaluating matrix elements of the Liouville scattering operator given in exponential form. Since the criterion of this assumption is so stringent, it is not valid for many systems of interest in atmospheric applications. Furthermore, it is this assumption that blocks the possibility to calculate the whole relaxation matrix at all. By eliminating this unjustified application, and accurately evaluating matrix elements of the exponential operators, we have developed a more capable formalism. With this new formalism, we are now able not only to reduce uncertainties for calculated half-widths and shifts, but also to remove a once insurmountable obstacle to calculate the whole relaxation matrix. This implies that we can address the line mixing with the semi-classical theory based on interaction potentials between molecular absorber and molecular perturber. We have applied this formalism to address the line mixing for Raman and infrared spectra of molecules such as N2, C2H2, CO2, NH3, and H2O. By carrying out rigorous calculations, our calculated relaxation matrices are in good agreement with both experimental data and results derived from the ECS model.

Formalism↗

Enceladus’ water vapor plume

The Cassini spacecraft flew close to Saturn’s small moon Enceladus three times in 2005. Cassini’s UltraViolet Imaging Spectrograph observed stellar occultations on two flybys and confirmed the existence, composition, and regionally confined nature of a water vapor plume in the south polar region of Enceladus. This plume provides an adequate amount of water to resupply losses from Saturn’s E ring and to be the dominant source of the neutral OH and atomic oxygen that fill the Saturnian system.

West, R.↗

Optical and Near-Infrared Coronagraphy of the Quasar 3C 273

We present preliminary results of our observations of the ultraluminous quasar 3C 273 using the HST/STIS coronagraph and the Keck/NIRC2 vortex coronagraph to provide high-contrast imaging of the inner regions of the host galaxy in the optical and near-infrared. We use reference star differential imaging (RDI) techniques developed for high-contrast imaging of exoplanets and circumstellar disks to observe the morphology of features down to the inner few tenths of arcseconds (inner few 100s of pc) around the quasar point source. Broadband optical (50CORON) coronagraphy with STIS reveals the inner structure of jets and shocks, while Ks-band coronagraphy with NIRC2 suggests the presence of a candidate kpc-scale circumnuclear disk. If confirmed, this disk plays a potentially important role in driving the extreme feedback state of 3C 273 by up-regulating accretion, and its presence is consistent with recent observations of atomic and molecular gas in this system at larger spatial scales. We conclude by discussing potential applications of the observing techniques we applied to 3C 273 to other PSF-dominated systems at moderate redshifts to detect features such as circumnuclear disks and multiple nuclei with direct imaging.

Kevin Fogarty↗

TICTOC: Compact Atomic Clock with Integrated Photonics.

Atomic clocks are precision timekeeping devices that form the basis for modern communication and navigation. While many atomic clocks are room-sized systems requiring bulky free space optics and detectors, the Trapped-lon Clock using Technology-On-Chip (TICTOC) project integrates these components into Sandia's existing surface trap technology via waveguides for beam delivery and avalanche photodiodes for light detection. Taking advantage of a multi-ensemble clock interrogation approach, we expect to achieve record time stability (< 1 ns error per year) in a compact (< /1 2 L) clock. Here, we present progress on the development of the integrated devices and recent trapped ion demonstrations.

Ivory, Megan Kathleen↗

Radiative properties of an artificial atom coupled to a Josephson-junction array

We study the radiative properties—the Lamb shift, Purcell decay rate, and spontaneous emission dynamics—of an artificial atom coupled to a long, multimode cavity formed by an array of Josephson junctions. Introducing a tunable coupling element between the atom and the array, we demonstrate that such a system can exhibit a crossover from a perturbative to a nonperturbative regime of light-matter interaction as one strengthens the coupling between the atom and the Josephson-junction array. As a consequence, the concept of spontaneous emission as the occupation of the local atomic site being governed by a single complex-valued exponent breaks down. This breakdown, we show, can be interpreted in terms of formation of hybrid atom-resonator modes with radiative losses that are nontrivially related to the effective coupling between individual modes. We develop a singular function expansion approach for the description of the open quantum system dynamics in such a multimode nonperturbative regime. This modal framework generalizes the normal-mode description of quantum fields in a finite volume, incorporating exact radiative losses and incident quantum noise at the delimiting surface. Our results are pertinent to recent experiments with Josephson atoms coupled to high-impedance Josephson-junction arrays.

42 ENGINEERING↗

K-LL Auger transition probabilities for elements with low and intermediate atomic numbers

Radiationless K-LL transition probabilities have been calculated nonrelativistically in j-j coupling and in intermediate coupling, without and with configuration interaction, for elements with atomic numbers from 13 to 47. The system is treated as a coupled two-hole configuration. The single-particle radial wave functions required in the calculation of radial matrix elements, and in the calculation of mixing coefficients in the intermediate-coupling scheme, were obtained from Green's atomic independent-particle model. Comparison with previous theoretical work and with experimental data is made. The effects of intermediate coupling, configuration interaction, and relativity are noted.

Chen, M. H.↗

The embedded operating system project

The design and construction of embedded operating systems for real-time advanced aerospace applications was investigated. The applications require reliable operating system support that must accommodate computer networks. Problems that arise in the construction of such operating systems, reconfiguration, consistency and recovery in a distributed system, and the issues of real-time processing are reported. A thesis that provides theoretical foundations for the use of atomic actions to support fault tolerance and data consistency in real-time object-based system is included. The following items are addressed: (1) atomic actions and fault-tolerance issues; (2) operating system structure; (3) program development; (4) a reliable compiler for path Pascal; and (5) mediators, a mechanism for scheduling distributed system processes.

Campbell, R. H.↗

Dynamic Surface Restructuring in Cu(Au) Alloys Driven by Oxygen-Mediated Au Mobility

Alloying plays a crucial role in tuning the surface properties of metals, but the atomic-level mechanisms by which alloying elements influence surface structure dynamics under reactive conditions remain elusive. Using Cu(Au) in oxidizing environments as a model system, we reveal a dynamic oxygen-induced transformation of the topmost atomic layer into a periodically hill-and-valley morphology with reversible switching between undulated and flattened surface states. These interconversions are driven by the retreat of surface Au to the subsurface during oxygen adsorption and its resegregation to the surface upon oxygen desorption. This cyclical mobility establishes a feedback loop, allowing the surface to dynamically reconfigure in response to changes in the oxygen pressure. The results offer a broadly applicable framework for understanding atomic-scale surface restructuring in alloy systems, where differences in the chemical reactivity of alloying elements drive dynamic redistribution between surface and subsurface regions. As a result, this dynamic coupling has practical implications for designing corrosion-resistant coatings and metastable nanostructures with tunable catalytic properties.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Solid Hydrogen Particles and Flow Rates Analyzed for Atomic Fuels

The experiments were conducted at Glenn's Small Multipurpose Research Facility (SMIRF, ref. 5). The experimental setup was placed in the facility's vacuum tank to prevent heat leaks and subsequent boiloff of the liquid helium. Supporting systems maintained the temperature and pressure of the liquid helium bath where the solid particles were created. Solid hydrogen particle formation was tested from February 23 to April 2, 2001. Millimeter-sized solid-hydrogen particles were formed in a Dewar of liquid helium as a prelude to creating atomic fuels and propellants for aerospace vehicles. Atomic fuels or propellants are created when atomic boron, carbon, or hydrogen is stored in solid hydrogen particles. The current testing characterized the solid hydrogen particles without the atomic species, as a first step to creating a feed system for the atomic fuels and propellants. This testing did not create atomic species, but only sought to understand the solid hydrogen particle formation and behavior in the liquid helium. In these tests, video images of the solid particle formation were recorded, and the total mass flow rate of the hydrogen was measured. The mass of hydrogen that went into the gaseous phase was also recorded using a commercially available residual gas analyzer. The temperatures, pressures, and flow rates of the liquids and gases in the test apparatus were recorded as well. Testing conducted in 1999 recorded particles as small as 2 to 5 mm in diameter. The current testing extended the testing conditions to a very cold Dewar ullage gas of about 20 to 90 K above the 4 K liquid helium. With the very cold Dewar gas, the hydrogen freezing process took on new dimensions, in some cases creating particles so small that they seemed to be microscopic, appearing as infinitesimally small scintillations on the videotaped images.

Palaszewski, Bryan A.↗

Probing Electronic Coherence between Core-Level Vacancies at Different Atomic Sites

The detailed understanding of electronic coherence in quantum systems requires measurements on the attosecond timescale. Attosecond x-ray pulses enable the study of electronic coherence in core-excited molecular systems. Here we report on the coherent motion of electrons in the 1,1-difluoroethylene ion following ionization of the K shell of the two nonequivalent carbon sites with a subfemtosecond x-ray pulse. Using the angular streaking technique to track the Auger-Meitner decay, we observe temporal modulations of the emission, indicating the electronic coherence of the core-excited ionic states, and extract a 6.5 ± 0.8 fs average lifetime of the core-level vacancies. A quantum-mechanical model is employed to interpret the measurement, and we find the observed temporal modulations are independent of charge density oscillations. This work opens a new regime of coherent electronic motion, beyond charge migration, where electronic coherence manifests in the nonlocal quantum correlation between atomic sites while charge density oscillation is absent. Our results broaden the landscape of electronic coherence in molecular systems. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Wang, Jun (ORCID:000000031962895X)↗

Development of a molecular beam technique to study early solar system silicon reactions

Silicon monoxide is one of the major gas phase silicon bearing components observed in astronomical environments. Silicon oxide serves as the major rock forming material for terrestrial and meteoritic bodies. It is known that several gas phase reactions produce mass independent isotopic fractionations which possess the same delta(O-17)/delta(O-18) ratio observed in Allende inclusions. The general symmetry dependence of the chemically produced mass independent isotopic fractionation process suggests that there are several plausible reactions which could occur in the early solar system which may lead to production of the observed meteoritic oxygen isotopic anomalies. An important component in exploring the role of such processes is the need to experimentally determine the isotopic fractionations for specific reactions of relevance to the early solar system. It has already been demonstrated that atomic oxygen reaction with CO, a major nebular oxygen bearing species, produces a large (approximately 90 percent), mass independent isotopic fractionation. The next hurdle regarding assessing the involvement of symmetry dependent isotopic fractionation processes in the pre-solar nebula is to determine isotopic fractionation factors associated with gas phase reactions of metallic oxides. In particular, a reaction such as O + SiO yields SiO2 is a plausible nebular reaction which could produce a delta(O-17) is approximately delta(O-18) fractionation based upon molecular symmetry considerations. While the isotopic fractionations during silicate evaporation and condensation have been determined, there are no isotopic studies of controlled, gas phase nucleation processes. In order to carefully control the reaction kinetics, a molecular beam apparatus has been constructed. This system produces a supersonic, collimated beam of SiO molecules which is reacted with a second beam of oxygen atoms. An important feature of molecular beams is that they operate at sufficiently low pressures and high temperatures in the jet that avalanche nucleation and clustering processes may be avoided.

Dong, Q. W.↗

Distributed Timing and Localization (DiGiTaL)

The Distributed Timing and Localization (DiGiTaL) system provides nano satellite formations with unprecedented,centimeter-level navigation accuracy in real time and nanosecond-level time synchronization. This is achieved through the integration of a multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, a Chip-Scale Atomic Clock (CSAC), and a dedicated Inter-Satellite Link (ISL). In comparison, traditional single spacecraft GNSS navigation solutions are accurate only to the meter-level due to the sole usage of coarse pseudo-range measurements. To meet the strict requirements of future miniaturized distributed space systems, DiGiTaL uses powerful error-cancelling combinations of raw carrier-phase measurements which are exchanged between the swarming nano satellites through a decentralized network. A reduced-dynamics estimation architecture on board each individual nano satellite processes the resulting millimeter-level noise measurements to reconstruct the fullformation state with high accuracy.

Small Spacecraft↗

Compensation of residual amplitude modulation fluctuations in an optoelectronic system for laser radiation frequency stabilisation

Fluctuations of residual amplitude modulation in a scheme of laser frequency stabilisation by a Fabry – Perot cavity reduce the frequency stability of the laser systems intended for interrogating clock transitions of atoms and ions. The dependences of the residual amplitude modulation on a temperature of the waveguide-based electro-optical modulator used for modulating the radiation phase and on polarisation of the radiation are measured. The parameters are found, at which the influence of the residual amplitude modulation on the frequency stability is minimal. A system for active compensation is created, which reduces the contribution of fluctuations of residual amplitude modulation to the instability down to 2.1 × 10{sup −16}, which makes it possible to reach the thermal noise limit of a silicon cryogenic cavity. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Nanopolysaccharide Builder: A User-Friendly Tool for Atomistic Models of Polysaccharide-Based Nanostructures

Here, we introduce Nanopolysaccharide Builder (NPB), a user-friendly software tool designed to construct polysaccharide nanostructures─mainly those based on cellulose, chitin, and chitosan─using experimental data or user-defined parameters. NPB enables the generation of cellulose and chitin allomorphs with customizable biochemical topologies and also facilitates the construction of large bundles that replicate nanostructures found in biological support systems, including plant cell walls and arthropod cuticles. The software outputs atomic Cartesian coordinates in Protein Data Bank (PDB) format and also provides atom connectivity files in PSF and PARM formats, ensuring seamless integration with major molecular dynamics (MD) engines such as NAMD, CHARMM, GROMACS, AMBER, OpenMM, and LAMMPS. Built on an interactive visualization framework, NPB features a graphical user interface (GUI) and supports both macOS and Linux operating systems. By enabling detailed atomic-scale studies of polysaccharide evolution in extracellular matrices and cell walls of algae, bacteria, fungi, and plants, NPB is poised to advance AI-guided research in sustainable chemical development and biomass utilization.

Wan, Zhangmin [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouve↗

Polyphenol-Sensitized Atomic Layer Deposition for Membrane Interface Hydrophilization

Improvements in energy-water systems will necessitate fabrication of high-performance separation membranes. To this end, interface engineering is a powerful tool for tailoring properties, and atomic layer deposition (ALD) has recently emerged as a promising and versatile approach. However, most non-polar polymeric membranes are not amenable to ALD processing due to the absence of nucleation sites. Here, a sensitization strategy for ALD-coating is presented, illustrated by membrane interface hydrophilization. Facile dip-coating with polyphenols effectively sensitizes hydrophobic polymer membranes to TiO2 ALD coating. Tannic acid-sensitized ALD-coated membranes exhibit outstanding underwater crude oil repulsion and rigorous mechanical stability through bending and rinsing tests. As a result, these membranes demonstrate outstanding crude oil-in-water separation and reusability compared to untreated membranes or those treated with ALD without polyphenol pretreatment. A possible polyphenol-sensitized ALD mechanism is proposed involving initial island nucleation followed by film intergrowth. This polyphenol sensitization strategy enriches the functionalization toolbox in material science, interface engineering, and environmental science.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Hyperfine-to-rotational energy transfer in ultracold atom–molecule collisions of Rb and KRb

Energy transfer between different mechanical degrees of freedom in atom–molecule collisions has been studied and largely understood. However, systems involving spins remain less explored. Here, in this study, we directly observed energy transfer from atomic hyperfine to molecular rotation in the 87 Rb ($| {F}_{a},{M}_{{F}_{a}}\rangle =| 2,2\rangle$) + 40 K 87 Rb (X 1 Σ + , rotational state N = 0) ⟶ Rb ($| 1,1\rangle$) + KRb ( N = 0, 1, 2) collision with state-to-state precision. We also performed quantum scattering calculations that rigorously included the coupling between spin and rotational degrees of freedom at short range under the assumption of rigid-rotor KRb monomers moving along a single potential energy surface. The calculated product rotational state distribution deviates from the observations even after extensive tuning of the atom–molecule potential energy surface. In addition, our ab initio calculations indicate that spin–rotation coupling is enhanced close to a conical intersection that is energetically accessible at short range. This, together with the deviation, suggests that vibrational degrees of freedom and conical intersections play an important part in the coupling. Our observations confirm that spin is coupled to mechanical rotation at short range and establish a benchmark for future theoretical studies.

chemical physics↗