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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 991 records · Page 55
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Epidemic failure detection and consensus for extreme parallelism

Future extreme-scale high-performance computing systems will be required to work under frequent component failures. The MPI Forum s User Level Failure Mitigation proposal has introduced an operation, MPI Comm shrink, to synchronize the alive processes on the list of failed processes, so that applications can continue to execute even in the presence of failures by adopting algorithm-based fault tolerance techniques. This MPI Comm shrink operation requires a failure detection and consensus algorithm. This paper presents three novel failure detection and consensus algorithms using Gossiping. The proposed algorithms were implemented and tested using the Extreme-scale Simulator. The results show that in all algorithms the number of Gossip cycles to achieve global consensus scales logarithmically with system size. The second algorithm also shows better scalability in terms of memory and network bandwidth usage and a perfect synchronization in achieving global consensus. The third approach is a three-phase distributed failure detection and consensus algorithm and provides consistency guarantees even in very large and extreme-scale systems while at the same time being memory and bandwidth efficient.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

(U) Status of Trinity and Crossroads Systems

(U) This paper provides a general overview of current and future plans for the Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) Advanced Technology (AT) systems fielded by the New Mexico Alliance for Computing at Extreme Scale (ACES), a collaboration between Los Alamos Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. Additionally, this paper touches on research of technology beyond traditional CMOS. The status of Trinity, ASCs first AT system, and Crossroads, anticipated to succeed Trinity as the third AT system in 2020 will be presented, along with initial performance studies of the Intel Knights Landing Xeon Phi processors, introduced on Trinity. The challenges and opportunities for our production simulation codes on AT systems will also be discussed. Trinity and Crossroads are a joint procurement by ACES and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory as part of the Alliance for application Performance at EXtreme scale (APEX) http://apex.lanl.gov.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Forward Model Parameter Estimation and Inversion in the Presence of Correlated Measurements

The technical report by Johannesson et al. discussed the case of one quantity being extracted from an air pressure or a seismic time profile. Suppose that we now measure several quantities from each of these profiles. While the seismic measurements are still assumed to be independent from the air pressure measurements, the multiple quantities from a given time profile are potentially correlated. For example, for the air pressure data, the original quantity measured and used in the inference about the explosion yield and HOB/DOB was the integral of the air pressure profile in a certain time interval, but we can also measure the peak air pressure value as an additional source of information in the inverse modeling. The seismic quantity considered in the technical report was the vertical displacement of the first P arrival, but other kinds of seismic measurements can be extracted from the seismic profile and can be potentially useful when inferring the yield and HOB/DOB. In the present document, we limit the discussion to the case of just two correlated measurements for a given data type (air pressure or seismic) as it is computationally easier to handle, but in the future we plan to generalize this to three or more such measurements.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Towards a Verifiable Domain-Specific Language for Hardware-Accelerated Stencils

Defining a domain-specific language (DSL) that supports vector-calculus abstractions eases the porting of partial differential equation (PDE) solvers to specialized architectures. Sufficiently high-level abstractions empower users to express universal laws with sufficient generality that the laws must always hold true within their domain of validity. A broad class of PDE solvers employs stencil-based algorithms, the target domain of Berkeley Lab's stencil accelerator chip co-design project. First released as open-source in January 2026, the Formal software framework lays a foundation for defining an embedded DSL based on composable operators that implement mimetic numerical methods -- stencil algorithms that guarantee satisfaction of discrete versions of important vector calculus theorems. The Formal DSL will be the frontend to a new class of stencil-PDE accelerators developed jointly by LBNL, UHCL, and UC Berkeley through the DOE Competitive Portfolios for Computer Science Project. This offers the potential of an order of magnitude acceleration for this important category of computational methods to serve the DOE mission. Future work on the Formal DSL will facilitate software verification via type-safe templates that enable problem-specific correctness proofs relying upon generic function theory and carefully crafted unit tests.

Rouson, Damian↗
DOE OSTI2020

Measuring Intelligence with the Sandia Matrices: Psychometric Review and Recommendations for Free Raven-Like Item Sets

The Sandia Matrices are a free alternative to the Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPMs). This study offers a psychometric review of Sandia Matrices items focused on two of the most commonly investigated issues regarding the RPMs: (a) dimensionality and (b) sex differences. Model-data fit of three alternative factor structures are compared using confirmatory multidimensional item response theory (IRT) analyses, and measurement equivalence analyses are conducted to evaluate potential sex bias. Although results are somewhat inconclusive regarding factor structure, results do not show evidence of bias or mean differences by sex. Finally, although the Sandia Matrices software can generate infinite items, editing and validating items may be infeasible for many researchers. Further, to aide implementation of the Sandia Matrices, we provide scoring materials for two brief static tests and a computer adaptive test. Implications and suggestions for future research using the Sandia Matrices are discussed.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Synthetic Scientific Image Generation with VAE, GAN, and Diffusion Model Architectures

Generative AI (genAI) has emerged as a powerful tool for synthesizing diverse and complex image data, offering new possibilities for scientific imaging applications. This review presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of leading generative architectures, ranging from Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) to Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) on through to Diffusion Models, in the context of scientific image synthesis. We examine each model's foundational principles, recent architectural advancements, and practical trade-offs. Our evaluation, conducted on domain-specific datasets including microCT scans of rocks and composite fibers, as well as high-resolution images of plant roots, integrates both quantitative metrics (SSIM, LPIPS, FID, CLIPScore) and expert-driven qualitative assessments. Results show that GANs, particularly StyleGAN, produce images with high perceptual quality and structural coherence. Diffusion-based models for inpainting and image variation, such as DALL-E 2, delivered high realism and semantic alignment but generally struggled in balancing visual fidelity with scientific accuracy. Importantly, our findings reveal limitations of standard quantitative metrics in capturing scientific relevance, underscoring the need for domain-expert validation. We conclude by discussing key challenges such as model interpretability, computational cost, and verification protocols, and discuss future directions where generative AI can drive innovation in data augmentation, simulation, and hypothesis generation in scientific research.

Generative Adversarial Networks↗
DOE OSTI2019

A crop yield change emulator for use in GCAM and similar models: Persephone v1.0

Abstract. Future changes in Earth system state will impact agricultural yields and, through these changed yields, can have profound impacts on the global economy. Global gridded crop models estimate the influence of these Earth system changes on future crop yields but are often too computationally intensive to dynamically couple into global multi-sector economic models, such as the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) and other similar-in-scale models. Yet, generalizing a faster site-specific crop model's results to be used globally will introduce inaccuracies, and the question of which model to use is unclear given the wide variation in yield response across crop models. To examine the feedback loop among socioeconomics, Earth system changes, and crop yield changes, rapidly generated yield responses with some quantification of crop response uncertainty are desirable. The Persephone v1.0 response functions presented in this work are based on the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) Coordinated Climate-Crop Modeling Project (C3MP) sensitivity test data set and are focused on providing GCAM and similar models with a tractable number of rapid to evaluate dynamic yield response functions corresponding to a range of the yield response sensitivities seen in the C3MP data set. With the Persephone response functions, a new variety of agricultural impact experiments will be open to GCAM and other economic models: for example, examining the economic impacts of a multi-year drought in a key agricultural region and how economic changes in response to the drought can, in turn, impact the drought.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

FEOTS v0.0.0: a new offline code for the fast equilibration of tracers in the ocean

Abstract. In this paper we introduce a new software framework for the offline calculation of tracer transport in the ocean. The Fast Equilibration of Ocean Tracers Software (FEOTS) is an end-to-end set of tools to efficiently calculate tracer distributions on a global or regional sub-domain using transport operators diagnosed from a comprehensive ocean model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of a transport matrix model to an eddying ocean state. While a Newton–Krylov-based equilibration capability is still under development and not presented here, we demonstrate in this paper the transient modeling capabilities of FEOTS in an application focused on the Argentine Basin, where intense eddy activity and the Zapiola Anticyclone lead to strong mixing of water masses. The demonstration illustrates progress in developing offline passive tracer simulation capabilities, while highlighting the challenges of the impulse response functions approach in capturing tracer transports by a non-linear advection scheme. Our future work will focus on improving the computational efficiency of the code to reduce time-to-solution, using different basis functions to better represent non-linear advection operators, applying FEOTS to a parent model with unstructured grids (Ocean Model for Prediction Across Scales, MPAS-Ocean), and fully implementing a Newton–Krylov steady-state solver.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1975

Investigation of Facsimile Camera-spectrometer Capability in the 1.0 to 2.7 Micron Spectral Range

The capability of the facsimile camera augmented with a filter-spectrometer to provide scientifically valuable information in the 1.0 to 2.7 microns spectral range was investigated for a future planetary lander mission to Mars. A computer model was used to evaluate tradeoffs between signal-to-noise ratio, spatial and spectral resolution, and the number of spectral channels. Spectral absorption features resulting from water and chemical variations found in pyroxenes were used to represent scientific information of interest to biologists and geologists. Expected output data from a filter-spectrometer is illustrated which indicates that important information pertaining to water content and chemical composition can be obtained using six to eight spectral channels with 0.3 degree spatial resolution.

Kelly, W. L., IV↗
NASA NTRS1977

Computers for real time flight simulation: A market survey

An extensive computer market survey was made to determine those available systems suitable for current and future flight simulation studies at Ames Research Center. The primary requirement is for the computation of relatively high frequency content (5 Hz) math models representing powered lift flight vehicles. The Rotor Systems Research Aircraft (RSRA) was used as a benchmark vehicle for computation comparison studies. The general nature of helicopter simulations and a description of the benchmark model are presented, and some of the sources of simulation difficulties are examined. A description of various applicable computer architectures is presented, along with detailed discussions of leading candidate systems and comparisons between them.

Bekey, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Computers in Aerospace Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., October 31-November 2, 1977, Collection of Technical Papers and Addendum

Papers are presented on such topics as nuclear survivability concepts for airborne computers, military aerospace computer trends, a management approach to acquiring computer systems, software acquisition and verification, and future aerospace digital signal processing concepts. Also considered are CCD architecture for spacecraft SAR image processing, avionics software development for the B-1 aircraft, and software sneak analysis.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1978

Towards complete configurations using an embedded grid approach

A new approach to simulating transonic flow about transport configurations is briefly outlined. The methods embedded grid scheme provides a high degree of computational resolution coupled with geometric flexibility for future applications to complex shapes. Calculations presented illustrate aspects of transonic transport design including fuselage design, determination of wing control surface deflection effectiveness, and wing design.

Boppe, C. W.↗
NASA NTRS1980

The massively parallel processor

Future sensor systems will utilize massively parallel computing systems for rapid analysis of two-dimensional data. The Goddard Space Flight Center has an ongoing program to develop these systems. A single-instruction multiple data computer known as the Massively Parallel Processor (MPP) is being fabricated for NASA by the Goodyear Aerospace Corporation. This processor contains 16,384 processing elements arranged in a 128 x 128 array. The MPP will be capable of adding more than 6 billion 8-bit numbers per second. Multiplication of eight-bit numbers can occur at a rate of 2 billion per second. Delivery of the MPP to Goddard Space Flight Center is scheduled for 1983.

Schaefer, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1983

An overview of computer-based natural language processing

Computer based Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the key to enabling humans and their computer based creations to interact with machines in natural language (like English, Japanese, German, etc., in contrast to formal computer languages). The doors that such an achievement can open have made this a major research area in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics. Commercial natural language interfaces to computers have recently entered the market and future looks bright for other applications as well. This report reviews the basic approaches to such systems, the techniques utilized, applications, the state of the art of the technology, issues and research requirements, the major participants and finally, future trends and expectations. It is anticipated that this report will prove useful to engineering and research managers, potential users, and others who will be affected by this field as it unfolds.

Gevarter, W. B.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Spectral measurement of the Space Shuttle leeside shock layer and wake

Leeside shock layer and wake spectral radiation measured during the high altitude portion of the reentry of Space Shuttle Orbiter STS 51-D are presented and are compared with similar measurements obtained in an arc jet tunnel. The spectra, measured with a low-resolution spectral camera, are compared in order to identify the radiating species in a wavelength range from 4000 to 8000 angstroms. Emissions identified are: N2 first positive and N2 second positive systems, the N2(+) first negative system, and the sodium-D lines. No atomic air species or CN are observed. The spectra and procedure will be of use in comparison of flight flowfield properties with computational predictions and for guidance in developing future flight experiments.

Blackwell, H. E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Constructions for finite-state codes

A class of codes called finite-state (FS) codes is defined and investigated. These codes, which generalize both block and convolutional codes, are defined by their encoders, which are finite-state machines with parallel inputs and outputs. A family of upper bounds on the free distance of a given FS code is derived from known upper bounds on the minimum distance of block codes. A general construction for FS codes is then given, based on the idea of partitioning a given linear block into cosets of one of its subcodes, and it is shown that in many cases the FS codes constructed in this way have a d sub free which is as large as possible. These codes are found without the need for lengthy computer searches, and have potential applications for future deep-space coding systems. The issue of catastropic error propagation (CEP) for FS codes is also investigated.

Pollara, F.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Wind-tunnel preflight test program for aeroassist flight experiment

A proposed Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) will simulate return from geosynchronous orbit to low-earth orbit to provide fundamental information about the hypersonic flow conditions surrounding aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicles (AOTV's). Future AOTV design must rely heavily on computational fluid dynamic (CFD) computer codes now under development, since the entry conditions are beyond the simulation capabilities of ground-based test facilities. However, existing codes and best available ground-based test facilities must provide for design of the AFE. The AFE ground-based test program provides data for calibration of existing and developing pertinent CFD codes. Confidence in code prediction capability increases with ability to predict forces and moments, pressure and heat-transfer distributions, shock shapes, and surface streamline directions. The ground-based test program provides these data over a wide range of hypersonic test parameters. This paper describes the test program, models, facilities, and some representative results.

Wells, William L.↗