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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,009 records · Page 56
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Resonance from antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations for superconductivity in UTe 2

We report superconductivity originates from the formation of bound (Cooper) pairs of electrons that can move through the lattice without resistance below the superconducting transition temperature $T_c$. Electron Cooper pairs in most superconductors form anti-parallel spin singlets with total spin S = 0, although they can also form parallel spin-triplet Cooper pairs with S = 1 and an odd parity wavefunction. Spin-triplet pairing is important because it can host topological states and Majorana fermions relevant for quantum computation. Because spin-triplet pairing is usually mediated by ferromagnetic (FM) spin fluctuations3, uranium-based materials near an FM instability are considered to be ideal candidates for realizing spin-triplet superconductivity. Indeed, UTe 2 , which has a $T_c$ ≈ 1.6 K, has been identified as a candidate for a chiral spin-triplet topological superconductor near an FM instability, although it also has antiferromagnetic (AF) spin fluctuations. Here we use inelastic neutron scattering (INS) to show that superconductivity in UTe 2 is coupled to a sharp magnetic excitation, termed resonance, at the Brillouin zone boundary near AF order. Because the resonance has only been found in spin-singlet unconventional superconductors near an AF instability, its observation in UTe 2 suggests that AF spin fluctuations may also induce spin-triplet pairing or that electron pairing in UTe 2 has a spin-singlet component.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Disorder-induced Room Temperature Ferromagnetism in Glassy Chromites

We report an unusual robust ferromagnetic order above room temperature upon amorphization of perovskite [YCrO3] in pulsed laser deposited thin films. This is contrary to the usual expected formation of a spin glass magnetic state in the resulting disordered structure. To understand the underlying physics of this phenomenon, we combine advanced spectroscopic techniques and first-principles calculations. We find that the observed order-disorder transformation is accompanied by an insulator-metal transition arising from a wide distribution of Cr-O-Cr bond angles and the consequent metallization through free carriers. Similar results also found in YbCrO3-films suggest that the observed phenomenon is more general and should, in principle, apply to a wider range of oxide systems. The ability to tailor ferromagnetic order above room temperature in oxide materials opens up many possibilities for novel technological applications of this counter intuitive effect.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Local lattice distortions and magnetic properties of CdCr{sub 2}Se{sub 4−x}S{sub x}

Interplay between structural disorder and magnetic interaction is investigated here for a multiferroic candidate material, CdCr{sub 2}Se{sub 4}. Ferromagnetic order in CdCr{sub 2}Se{sub 4} sets in below T{sub C} ∼ 130 K as a result of competition between the direct Cr-Cr spin coupling and the near neighbour Cr-Se-Cr exchange interactions. Hence, a small change in the crystal structure is expected to drastically affect its magnetic order. In this report, local lattice distortions within the overall cubic symmetry were brought about by replacing a small percentage of Se by isovalent S. Detailed crystal structure study using EXAFS and Raman Spectroscopy reflects the presence of local distortions within the overall cubic symmetry. Contrary to the expectation, magnetic properties of the substituted compositions do not show any drastic changes. Though, a signature of spin-phonon coupling is present across the magnetic ordering temperature. No structural phase transition occurs within the investigated temperature range of 80–300 K.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Magnetic Correlations in the Quasi-Two-Dimensional Semiconducting Ferromagnet CrSiTe 3

Intrinsic, 2D ferromagnetic semiconductors are an important class of materials for overcoming dilute magnetic semiconductors’ limitations for spintronics. CrSiTe 3 is a particularly interesting material of this class, since it can likely be exfoliated to single layers, for which T c is predicted to increase dramatically. Establishing the nature of the bulk material’s magnetism is necessary for understanding the thin-film magnetic behavior and the material’s possible applications. In this work, we use elastic and inelastic neutron scattering to measure the magnetic properties of single crystalline CrSiTe 3 . We find a very small single ion anisotropy that favors magnetic ordering along the c-axis and that the measured spin waves fit well to a model in which the moments are only weakly coupled along that direction. Then, we find that both static and dynamic correlations persist within the ab-plane up to at least 300 K, which is strong evidence of the material's 2D characteristics that are relevant for future studies on thin film and monolayer samples.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Preparation, ferromagnetic and photocatalytic performance of NiO and hollow Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} fibers through centrifugal-spinning technique

Highlights: • NiO and hollow Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} fibers with the diameter of about 10 μm were prepared through centrifugal-spinning technique. • The evolution mechanism from precursor to crystalline fibers was explored. • Both NiO and hollow Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} fibers show ferromagnetism. • The NiO fibers exhibit good photocatalytic performance. - Abstract: Both NiO and hollow Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} fibers with the diameter of about 10 μm have been successfully prepared through spinning high viscous sols into precursor fibers and followed calcination process. The evolution process from precursor to crystalline fibers and the microstructures of the obtained fibers were characterized by TG-DSC, FT-IR, XRD, HRTEM, SEM and the like. The method is facile and cost-effective for mass production of fibers and the obtained fibers are pure phase with high crystallinity. Their magnetic properties were investigated, showing that both the fibers are ferromagnetic. Meanwhile, the NiO fibers exhibit good photocatalytic performance for the removal of Congo red from water under UV light irradiation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Zinc vacancy and erbium cluster jointly promote ferromagnetism in erbium-doped ZnO thin film

Zn{sub 1-x}Er{sub x}O (0.005 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) thin films have been prepared by inductively coupled plasma enhanced physical vapor deposition method. Ferromagnetism, crystal structure, microstructure and photoluminescence properties of the films were characterized. It is found that the chemical valence state of Er is trivalent, and the Er{sup 3+} cations play an important role in ferromagnetism. Both saturated magnetization (M{sub s}) and zinc vacancy (V{sub Zn}) are decreased with the increase of x from 0.005 to 0.03. However, further increasing x to 0.04, the M{sub s} is quenched due to the generation of Er clusters. It reveals that the intensity of M{sub s} is not only associated with the V{sub Zn} concentration, but also related to the Er clusters. The V{sub Zn} concentration and the Er clusters can jointly boost the ferromagnetism in the Zn{sub 1-x}Er{sub x}O thin films.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Magnetic and transport properties of Fe-doped Weyl semimetal Co 3 Sn 2 S 2

Ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 has recently attracted a lot of interest on account of its large non-saturating magnetoresistance and the high carrier mobility common to topological semimetals. Moreover, the material also provides a platform for studying the interplay between the intrinsic magnetism and topological band structures, which generates a significant anomalous Hall effect. Chemical doping is the usual approach to adjust materials’ properties, and it can lead to fascinating results. Here, we present the influence of Fe-doping on the magnetic and transport properties of polycrystalline Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 . The Fe-doping suppresses the sample’s magnetic order, increases the electrical resistivity, results in a skew-scattering contribution to the anomalous Hall effect and Fe impurities cause the Kondo effect. In addition, we report on the impact of Fe-doping on the magnetoresistance of Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 , where Fe-doping leads to a dramatic decline in magnetoresistance. Furthermore, the hysteresis behavior in the low magnetic field region, detected previously in nanoflake samples only, is observed in both pure and Fe-doped Co 3 Sn 2 S 2 bulk samples. Finally, our findings serve as a reference and source of inspiration for future chemical doping research on topological semimetals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

On the Emergence of Ferromagnetism in LaCoO 3 Ultrathin Films

It is well known that the properties of a crystal evolve as it increases in size from a single atomic plane to that of the bulk. Such size-dependent transitions can stem from many different origins and depend on minute changes to crystal bonding and composition. Here, a model example is that of LaCoO 3 , which is non-magnetic in the bulk but can display ferromagnetism at the nanoscale. Here, the evolution of structure-property relationships is studied in the LaCoO 3-δ /SrTiO 3 (001) system as the thickness of LaCoO 3-δ is increased from a single plane to 10 unit cells. In situ synchrotron X-ray studies are performed during and post-deposition to probe changes in the interactions between structure, stoichiometry, and magnetic behavior. Structural quantification indicates that the oxygen octahedral rotation pattern evolves with thickness, due to inherent differences in crystal symmetry between the film and substrate. The change in rotation modifies the required energy barrier for the spin state transition via the Co–O bond length and Co–O–Co bond angle, affecting the appearance of ferromagnetism. Our results highlight the contributions of high spin Co 2+ and/or high spin Co 3+ to respective weak and robust ferromagnetism and the evolution of properties with size in ultrathin LaCoO 3-δ heterostructures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Structural, Microstructural, Magnetic, and Ferroelectric Properties of Ba{sup 2+}-Doped BiFeO{sub 3} Nanocrystalline Multifferroic Material

Multiferroic barium-substituted nanocrystalline samples having the general formula Bi{sub 1−x}Ba{sub x}FeO{sub 3} (where x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) were prepared by cost-effective sol–gel method using metal nitrates as oxidants. The prepared samples were annealed at 650 {sup ∘}C for 4 h using a muffle furnace. The influence of Ba{sup 2+} doping on the structural, microstructural, magnetic, and ferroelectric properties of bismuth ferrite (BFO) was studied systematically by standard techniques. All the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, and the average crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer’s formula. The surface morphology of the prepared nanocrystalline samples was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) technique. FTIR spectra were obtained to confirm the formation of the perovskite structures. The elemental compositional details obtained were confirmed by energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analysis. Room temperature magnetic measurements were carried out up to a field of 15 kOe, and the parent sample (BFO) shows weak ferromagnetism. Further on, Ba{sup 2+} substitution in BFO shows an increase in magnetization. P–E loops were obtained to study the ferroelectric properties of all the samples. Obtained enhancement in magnetic and ferroelectric properties at room temperature is of great interest within the research community due to its wide range of applications in memory storage, spintronics, sensors, and multi-functional devices.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unconventional Spintronics from Chiral Perovskites

Spintronic devices typically employ heterostructures with ferromagnets which break time-reversal symmetry and have non-vanishing magnetization. With the growing class of materials that support spin-polarized carriers, current, and excitations, it is possible to envision emerging spintronic applications that are not limited to magnetoresistance. Here, chiral perovskites with no net magnetization are considered, where the space-inversion and mirror symmetries are broken to induce chiral structure. The known importance of these perovskites is further expanded by the demonstration of the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS). However, the generation of the spin-polarized carriers across the interface with these chiral perovskites remains to be fully understood. These first-principles studies for 2D PbBr4-based chiral perovskites provide their electronic structure and an orbital-based symmetry analysis, which allows to establish an effective Hamiltonian to elucidate the underlying origin of their chirality. The same analysis is used for the Edelstein effect, responsible for electrical generation of the nonequilibrium spin polarization in many materials, which in chiral perovskites can be a mechanism contributing to CISS. Furthermore, by examining optical properties of chiral perovskites and the opportunity to use them to realize tunable altermagnets, another class of zero-magnetization spintronic materials, a versatile materials platform is put forth for unconventional spintronics.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Predicted Ferromagnetism in Discovered Co–Bi Binary Phases

Binary solid-state materials offer unique insight into how the interplay of factors such as stoichiometry and bonding interactions affects magnetism and electronic properties. In this work, we considered systems where a transition metal provides the spin moment and a heavy main group element bolsters strong spin–orbit coupling. Within this context, cobalt, a known component of permanent magnets, and bismuth, functionally the heaviest element stable to radioactive decay, form a compelling combination. The Co–Bi system has been previously shown to exhibit superconductivity in a phase recovered from high pressure. We expected the Co−Bi system could also be ferromagnetic, resulting in two sets of compounds within one chemical system, one superconducting and one ferromagnetic. Subsequently, we investigated the Co–Bi system through both experimental and theoretical approaches to discover new candidates for permanent magnets. Ab initio random structure searching calculations identified five new compounds with diverse structural motifs that may form at higher pressures than previously reported. Experimental high-pressure synthesis yielded four compounds: α-CoBi, α-CoBi 2 , β-CoBi, and β-CoBi 2 . Three of these phases, α-CoBi 2 , β-CoBi, and β-CoBi 2 , were consistent with the calculated structures, corresponding to a 60% success rate for our structure search and underscoring the strength of combining computation with experiment. Theory predicts β-CoBi and β-CoBi2 are ferromagnetic, with β-CoBi possessing larger magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy than familiar permanent magnets such as CoPt and Nd–Fe–B. These results suggest the Co–Bi system could be a platform for understanding the factors that underpin magnetism and, to an extent, superconductivity in a chemically simple binary system.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Enhanced ferromagnetic properties in Ho and Ni co-doped BiFeO{sub 3} ceramics

The magnetic properties of polycrystalline Bi{sub 1-x}Ho{sub x}Fe{sub 1-y}Ni{sub y}O{sub 3} (x = 0, 0.1; y = 0, 0.03), which were prepared by the solid-state method, have been investigated. The powder X-ray diffraction reveals that all the samples are polycrystalline and show rhombohedral perovskite structure. The micro-Raman scattering studies confirm that Bi{sub 0.9}Ho{sub 0.1}Fe{sub 0.97}Ni{sub 0.03}O{sub 3} has a compressive lattice distortion induced by the simultaneous substitution of Ho and Ni ions at A and B-sites, respectively. From the magnetization dependences at room temperature, Bi{sub 0.9}Ho{sub 0.1}Fe{sub 0.97}Ni{sub 0.03}O{sub 3} has enhanced magnetization (0.2280 emu/g) and low coercive field (280 Oe). It was revealed that the Ni dopant plays an important role for the improved ferromagnetic properties and the Ho dopant favors the magnetic exchange interactions in the co-doped ceramic.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evidence for anisotropic spin-triplet Andreev reflection at the 2D van der Waals ferromagnet/superconductor interface

Fundamental symmetry breaking and relativistic spin–orbit coupling give rise to fascinating phenomena in quantum materials. Of particular interest are the interfaces between ferromagnets and common s-wave superconductors, where the emergent spin-orbit fields support elusive spin-triplet superconductivity, crucial for superconducting spintronics and topologically-protected Majorana bound states. Here, we report the observation of large magnetoresistances at the interface between a quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnet Fe 0.29 TaS 2 and a conventional s-wave superconductor NbN, which provides the possible experimental evidence for the spin-triplet Andreev reflection and induced spin-triplet superconductivity at ferromagnet/superconductor interface arising from Rashba spin-orbit coupling. The temperature, voltage, and interfacial barrier dependences of the magnetoresistance further support the induced spin-triplet superconductivity and spin-triplet Andreev reflection. This discovery, together with the impressive advances in two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnets, opens an important opportunity to design and probe superconducting interfaces with exotic properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Ferromagnetic and multiferroic interfaces in granular perovskite composite xLa{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}CoO{sub 3}-(1−x)BiFeO{sub 3}

Nanopowder of ferromagnetic La{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.5}CoO{sub 3} (LSCO) and multiferroic BiFeO{sub 3} (BFO) were synthesized by spray pyrolysis method. Different compositions of multiferroic xLSCO-(1−x)BFO composites were synthesized at 800 °C for 2 h. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy elemental mapping were performed to study the morphology of composites. Ferri/ferromagnetic responses above T{sub C} (LSCO) are observed, which are associated with the interfaces LSCO/BFO. This interface presents a different behavior compared to the original perovskites, and the magnitude of the magnetization depends on x. Electrical DC conductivity as a function of temperature for LSCO nanopowder (x = 1) presents a different behavior than that reported in bulk material. For x = 1 and 0.9, the model by Glazman and Matveev [Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 94, 332 (1988)] is proposed to describe the electrical conductivity. On the other hand, x = 0, 0.1, and 0.5 present a variable range hopping behavior. Complex impedance spectroscopy as a function of frequency indicates a pure resistive behavior for x ≥ 0.5 compositions, while a complex resistive-capacitive behavior is observed for low x values (0, 0.1). In these samples, low values of magnetoelectric coupling were measured with an AC lock-in technique.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Magnetic phase transitions and monopole excitations in spin ice under uniaxial pressure: A Monte Carlo simulation

In this work, we explore the spin ice model under uniaxial pressure using the Monte Carlo simulation method. For the known spin ices, the interaction correction (δ) introduced by the uniaxial pressure varies in quite a wide range from positive to negative. When δ is positive, the ground state characterized by the ferromagnetic spin chains is quite unstable, and in real materials it serves as intermediate state connecting the ice state and the long range ordered dipolar spin ice ground state. In the case of negative δ, the system relaxes from highly degenerate ice state to ordered ferromagnetic state via a first order phase transition. Furthermore, the domain walls in such ferromagnetic state are the hotbed of the excitations of magnetic monopoles, thus indicating that the uniaxial pressure can greatly increase the monopole density.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Critical behavior in Ni 2 MnGa and Ni 2 Mn 0.85 Cu 0.15 Ga

The critical behaviors of polycrystalline Ni 2 MnGa and Ni 2 Mn 0.85 Cu 0.15 Ga have been examined through high-resolution bulk magnetization measurements. The critical exponents, β and γ, were derived from modified Arrott plots using the Kouvel-Fisher method. The values of the extracted critical exponents satisfied the scaling equation of state and associated exponent relations, indicating self-consistency of the extracted values. In Ni2MnGa, the critical exponents (β = 0.401 ± 0.003, γ = 1.27 ± 0.02) indicate a deviation from the 3D-Heisenberg values toward the mean-field values, likely due to the presence of long-range Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interactions. However, the critical exponents of Ni2Mn0.85Cu0.15Ga (β = 0.389 ± 0.004, γ =1.39 ± 0.02) are closer to the 3D-Heisenberg values. This indicates a weakening of the long-range exchange interactions due to the substitution of Cu in the Mn site.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Coexisting structural disorder and robust spin-polarization in half-metallic FeMnVAl

We report half-metallic ferromagnets (HMFs) are one of the most promising materials in the field of spintronics due to their unique band structure, consisting of one spin subband having metallic characteristics along with another subband with semiconductor-like behavior. In this work, we report the synthesis of a novel quaternary Heusler alloy—FeMnVAl—and we have studied the structural, magnetic, transport, and electronic properties complemented with first-principles calculations. Among different possible structurally ordered arrangements, the optimal structure is identified by theoretical energy minimization. The corresponding spin-polarized band-structure calculations indicate the presence of a half-metallic ferromagnetic ground state. A detailed and careful investigation of the x-ray diffraction data, Mössbauer spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra suggests the presence of site disorder between the Fe and Mn atoms in the stable ordered structure of the system. The magnetic susceptibility measurement clearly establishes a ferromagnetic-like transition below ~213 K. The Fe Mössbauer spectrometry measurements suggest that only the Mn spins could be responsible for the magnetic order, which is consistent with our theoretical calculation. Surprisingly, the density-functional-theory calculations reveal that the spin-polarization value is almost immunized (92.4% → 90.4%) from the Mn-Fe structural disorder, even when nonmagnetic Fe and moment-carrying Mn sites are entangled inseparably. The robustness of spin polarization and half-metallicity in the studied FeMnVAl compound comprising structural disorder is thus quite interesting and could provide a new direction to investigate and understand the exact role of disorders on spin polarization in this class of materials, beyond the available knowledge.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Programmable Ultralight Magnets via Orientational Arrangement of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles within Aerogel Hosts

The actuation and levitation of air-suspended objects by a magnetic field, due to its noncontact and holonomic manipulation modes, are important technological capabilities for device applications. However, owing to a higher density of conventional ferromagnets or nanoparticle-containing polymers and strong magnetic fields required for actuation, fabricating lightweight materials with a sensitive magnetic response for weight critical applications is challenging. Here, we report ultralight aerogel-based magnets (aero-magnets) comprising assembled ferromagnetic nanomaterials with highly magnetic anisotropy where the magnetic domains can be programmed by external predesigned fields. To demonstrate the breadth of manufacturing methods for this breed of aero-magnet composites, both silica/nanocellulose aerogel hosts and ferromagnetic nanorod/nanoplatelet guests have been explored. Single and double domains with out-of-plane magnetization are programmed into the aero-magnets and characterized by magnetic force microscopy. The levitation and actuation of the aero-magnets are realized while exposed to a small external magnetic field of 11 mT and introduced to a switching circuit. Furthermore, the elastic moduli of the aero-magnets are estimated by dynamic magnetic responses of the ferromagnetic nanoparticles tightly tethered in the aerogel hosts under rapid cyclic fields. These programmable aero-magnets could serve as monolithic magnetic actuator units in the fields of tiny robots and aerospace components.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗