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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,009 records · Page 56
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Transportation and Systems Analysis Collaborations in Support of a Federal Consolidated Interim Storage Facility

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Integrated Waste Management (IWM) program under the Office of Nuclear Energy is planning for the future transportation, storage, and eventual disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) from nuclear power plant sites across the United States. To better enable informed decision-making regarding the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle, the IWM program has been sponsoring the development and application of system analysis tools capable of analyzing various options for managing SNF and HLW. With these tools, integrated waste management system (IWMS) architecture analyses are being conducted to support the future deployment of a comprehensive nuclear waste management system that considers all major back-end aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle (i.e., transportation, storage, and disposal). System analyses and assessments typically use these modeling and simulation tools to investigate implications of changes in various assumptions and parameters such as acceptance rates, receipt logic, facility capacities and capabilities, use of standardized canisters, start and stop dates of facilities, etc. The Next Generation System Analysis Model (NGSAM) is an agent-based simulation toolkit that is used for a system-level simulation and analysis focused on SNF management in the United States. An analyst using NGSAM has the ability to define several factors like the number of storage facilities, capacity at each facility, transportation schedules, shipment rates, and other conditions. NGSAM’s primary purpose is to provide a system analyst with capabilities to model the IWMS and gain insights into SNF and HLW management alternatives including the impact of system choices, associated cost estimates, and development of integrated yet flexible approaches. IWM is also developing the Stakeholder Tool for Assessing Radioactive Transportation (START). START is a web-based geospatial tool developed to provide visualization and initial evaluation of transportation options associated with future SNF and HLW shipment planning and operations. This includes characterizing safety, economic, and environmental conditions on and in proximity to shipment origins as well as along prospective transportation routes. Information from the START tool can be presented/shared as maps, graphics, geospatial files, and tabular form to enable easy data representation and export functionality. The system analysis, NGSAM, and START teams had been working closely for several years before formalizing this collaboration. START provides the SNF routing information for use in NGSAM. System analysts use the NGSAM tool to generate results (schedule, costs, infrastructure acquisitions, shipment rates, etc.). Subject-matter experts and system analysts work together to inform how NGSAM should model the waste management system. Specifically, this paper discusses the collaborations between the system analysis, NGSAM, and START teams and their accomplishments over the past year. Some examples of these efforts include calibrating and adding data to the START output files to meet NGSAM needs, gaining a better understanding of START data used in NGSAM, as well as how updates in START data could result in an improved NGSAM analysis. Detailed examples of various tasks that have been performed by the team will be discussed in the full paper. Continued efforts in this direction are expected in the coming years.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Internal curing of cement pastes by means of superabsorbent polymers visualized by neutron tomography

Highlights: • The kinetics of water release from SAPs were studied by neutron tomography. • The time window for internal curing was linked to the water release from SAPs. • The water release links to the SAP effectiveness to mitigate autogenous shrinkage. • One SAP type was effective while another prematurely released its stored water. Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are used to counteract self-desiccation in order to mitigate autogenous shrinkage, a problem in cementitious systems with a low water-to-cement ratio. The release kinetics during internal curing are of importance as not all SAP types are able to efficiently mitigate autogenous shrinkage. In this study, neutron tomography is used to study and visualize the water release kinetics over time. Per-voxel analysis of the time-attenuation curve was performed using piecewise-constant functions. Two different SAP types were studied, one being able to mitigate autogenous shrinkage and one quickly releasing its stored water after final setting. The tomography results correspond to autogenous shrinkage measurements and nuclear magnetic resonance tests. The visualization provides information on the time of water release by the SAPs after setting and the time window of internal curing. This opens additional insights towards the application of SAPs in the construction sector and provides information on the mechanism of internal curing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-I-57: Evaluate and Optimize PET Acquisition Overlap in 18F-FDG Oncology Wholebody PET/CT: Can We Scan PET Faster?

Purpose: The longer patient has to remain on the table during PET imaging, the higher the likelihood of motion artifacts due to patient discomfort. This study was to investigate and optimize PET acquisition overlap in 18F-FDG oncology wholebody PET/CT to speed up PET acquisition and improve patient comfort. Methods: Wholebody 18F-FDG PET/CT of phantoms, 8 pre-clinical patients (beagles) and 5 clinical oncology patients were performed in 90s/bed on a time-of-flight Gemini TF 64 system. Imaging of phantoms and beagles was acquired with reduced PET overlaps (40%, 33%, 27%, 20%, 13% and no overlap) in addition to the system default (53%). In human studies, 1 or 2 reduced overlaps from the listed options were used to acquire PET/CT sweeps right after the default standard of care imaging. Image quality was blindly reviewed using visual scoring criteria and quantitative SUV assessment. NEMA PET sensitivity was performed under different overlaps. Results: All PET exams demonstrated no significant impact on the visual grades for overlaps >20%. Blinded reviews assigned the best visual scores to PET using overlaps 53%–27%. Reducing overlap to 27% for oncology patients (12-bed) saved an average of ∼40% acquisition time (11min) compared to using the default overlap (18min). No significant SUV variances were found when reducing overlap to half of default for cerebellum, lung, heart, aorta, liver, fat, muscle, bone marrow, thighs and target lesions (p>0.05), except expected variability in urinary system. Conclusion: This study demonstrated by combined phantom, pre-clinical and clinical PET/CT scans that PET acquisition overlap in axial of today’s systems can be reduced and optimized. It showed that a reduction of PET acquisition overlap to 27% (half of system default) can be implemented to reduce table time by ∼40% to improve patient comfort and minimize potential motion artifacts, without prominently degrading image quality or compromising PET quantification.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Single-shot mega-electronvolt ultrafast electron diffraction for structure dynamic studies of warm dense matter

We have developed a single-shot mega-electronvolt ultrafast-electron-diffraction system to measure the structural dynamics of warm dense matter. The electron probe in this system is featured by a kinetic energy of 3.2 MeV and a total charge of 20 fC, with the FWHM pulse duration and spot size at sample of 350 fs and 120 μm respectively. We demonstrate its unique capability by visualizing the atomic structural changes of warm dense gold formed from a laser-excited 35-nm freestanding single-crystal gold foil. The temporal evolution of the Bragg peak intensity and of the liquid signal during solid-liquid phase transition are quantitatively determined. This experimental capability opens up an exciting opportunity to unravel the atomic dynamics of structural phase transitions in warm dense matter regime.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Geometric control of emergent antiferromagnetic order in coupled artificial spin ices

Artificial spin ices (ASIs) composed of coupled nanomagnets offer the possibility to create designer geometrical frustration and manipulate inter-nanomagnet interactions. In particular, by using a dimer motif consisting of two strongly coupled single-domain nano magnets as a building block, we can control and realize intriguing antiferromagnetic physical states in which the magnetic charge is not conserved. Here we create a dimer kagome ASI system within which the antiferromagnetic order is controlled by tuning lattice geometry. Different disordered antiferromagnetic phases and the inter-nanomagnet interactions are visualized directly in demagnetized lattices with different lattice parameters. Monte Carlo simulations establish that the collective ground state consists of disordered antiferromagnetic dimers across the lattice when the intra-dimer interaction is dominant. However, for lattices governed by intra-triad-unit interactions, the ground state exhibits a longrange spin-ordered state in which the vertex magnetic charge is uniform across all triads.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Geometric Measure Theory Approach to Identify Complex Structural Features on Soft Matter Surfaces

The structural features that protrude above or below a soft matter interface are well-known to be related to interfacially mediated chemical reactivity and transport processes. It is a challenge to develop a robust algorithm for identifying these organized surface structures, as the morphology can be highly varied and they may exist on top of an interface containing significant interfacial roughness. A new algorithm that employs concepts from geometric measure theory, algebraic topology, and optimization is developed to identify candidate structures at a soft matter surface, and then, using a probabilistic approach, to rank their likelihood of being a complex structural feature. The algorithm is tested for a surfactant laden water/oil interface, where it is robust to identifying protrusions responsible for water transport against a set identified by visual inspection. To our knowledge, this is the first example of applying geometric measure theory to analyze the properties of a chemical/materials science system.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

The NIH Somatic Cell Genome Editing program

The move from reading to writing the human genome offers new opportunities to improve human health. The United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) Somatic Cell Genome Editing (SCGE) Consortium aims to accelerate the development of safer and more-effective methods to edit the genomes of disease-relevant somatic cells in patients, even in tissues that are difficult to reach. Here we discuss the consortium’s plans to develop and benchmark approaches to induce and measure genome modifications, and to define downstream functional consequences of genome editing within human cells. Central to this effort is a rigorous and innovative approach that requires validation of the technology through third-party testing in small and large animals. New genome editors, delivery technologies and methods for tracking edited cells in vivo, as well as newly developed animal models and human biological systems, will be assembled—along with validated datasets—into an SCGE Toolkit, which will be disseminated widely to the biomedical research community. We visualize this toolkit—and the knowledge generated by its applications—as a means to accelerate the clinical development of new therapies for a wide range of conditions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Assessing sustainability in agricultural landscapes: a review of approaches

Research and development agencies, as well as policy makers and agri-food enterprises, need reliable data to support informed decisions that can improve the sustainability of agricultural landscapes. We present a review of agricultural sustainability assessment frameworks (ASAF) that identifies the features most relevant to monitoring progress towards sustainability goals for agricultural landscapes. This qualitative review considers a variety of approaches for defining goals and for selecting stakeholders, spatial and temporal boundaries, indicators, and analytical approaches. We focused on assessment frameworks that ( i ) include environmental, social, and economic implications of agriculture; ( ii ) are applicable to multiple, non-specified farm system types; ( iii ) are described in an English language, peer-reviewed publication; ( iv ) have been developed for use at a farm system to regional spatial scale; ( v ) engage stakeholders; ( vi ) provide case studies; and ( vii ) could be used in a variety of contexts across the globe. Based on the review, we provide recommendations for further development and use of assessment frameworks to better address the needs of agricultural research, extension, and development organizations. We recommend an agro-ecosystem approach to help stakeholders identify appropriate indicators for their situation. Assessment methods need to be flexible enough for adaptation to a spectrum of agricultural landscapes and changing environmental conditions, and remain relevant as farmers and other stakeholders acquire new information, resources, and different management techniques. We find that to address information gaps across different scales from farm to region will require creativity and some reliance on local knowledge systems to support adaptive management. Assessment results should communicate relationships among ecosystem services and socio-economic activities affected by agricultural landscapes. Furthermore visualization tools can facilitate understanding of trade-offs and synergies among sustainability goals as reflected by individual indicators.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

DView [SWR-16-08]

DView is a time series data visualization tool that provides several different ways to plot time series datasets. It is particularly well suited for browsing the results of energy systems simulation programs such as BEOpt, SAM, and PVWatts.

Dobos, Aron↗
DOE OSTI2020

Fat Crayon Toolkit

The Fat Crayon Toolkit (FCT) provides python modules for assisting in the design and visualization of boreholes and tunnels and their relationship with natural features such as fractures. Distances of closest approach among the boreholes can be calculated, along with other key design metrics. Additionally, the shear propensity of natural fractures (either deterministic or stochastic) can be visualized in either 3D (as VTK files) or in 2D (stereonets). The example provided demonstrates a test bed developed for the Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Collab project. This material is based upon work supported by the Geothermal Office of the Department of Energy and the Sanford Underground Research Facility and was prepared by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.

Morris, JosephP.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Molecular Basis for Electron Flow Within Metal-and Electrode-Reducing Biofilms

Electrochemical, spectral, genetic, and biochemical techniques were developed to reveal that a diverse suite of redox proteins and structural macromolecules outside the cell work together to move electrons long distances between Geobacter cells to metals and electrodes. In this project, we greatly expanded the known participants in the electron transfer pathway of Geobacter. For example, in addition to well-studied pili, polysaccharides contribute to anchoring, different cytochromes are required under different conditions, strategies change with redox potential, and the localization of these components can change depending on where cells are located in a biofilm. By inventing new electrodes compatible with real-time spectral measurements, we were able to visualize the redox status of biofilms in action, leading to a hypothesis that long-distance electron transfer is ultimately limiting in these systems and redox potentials change within biofilms. The goals of this project were met, as we were able to 1) identify new elements crucial to the expression, assembly and function of the extracellular electron transfer phenotype 2) expand spectral and electrochemical techniques to define the mechanism and route of electron transfer through the matrix, and 3) combine this knowledge to build the next generation of genetic tools for study of this complex process.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Lightning Flash Detection System (LFDS) [Poster]

The Electromagnetics Group wanted another system for detecting lightning flashes near/around the Pantex Plant. The current system in use detects lightning by detecting RF signals at a particular frequency. LFDS detects lightning by detecting flashes of light in the visual and near IR spectrums. This work is primarily focused on detecting cloud-to-ground lightning.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantitatively Monitoring Bubble-Flow at a Seep Site Offshore Oregon: Field Trials and Methodological Advances for Parallel Optical and Hydroacoustical Measurements

Two lander-based devices, the Bubble-Box and GasQuant-II, were used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability and total gas flow rates of a seep area offshore Oregon, United States. The Bubble-Box is a stereo camera–equipped lander that records bubbles inside a rising corridor with 80 Hz, allowing for automated image analyses of bubble size distributions and rising speeds. GasQuant is a hydroacoustic lander using a horizontally oriented multibeam swath to record the backscatter intensity of bubble streams passing the swath plain. The experimental set up at the Astoria Canyon site at a water depth of about 500 m aimed at calibrating the hydroacoustic GasQuant data with the visual Bubble-Box data for a spatial and temporal flow rate quantification of the site. For about 90 h in total, both systems were deployed simultaneously and pressure and temperature data were recorded using a CTD as well. Detailed image analyses show a Gaussian-like bubble size distribution of bubbles with a radius of 0.6–6 mm (mean 2.5 mm, std. dev. 0.25 mm); this is very similar to other measurements reported in the literature. Rising speeds ranged from 15 to 37 cm/s between 1- and 5-mm bubble sizes and are thus, in parts, slightly faster than reported elsewhere. Bubble sizes and calculated flow rates are rather constant over time at the two monitored bubble streams. Flow rates of these individual bubble streams are in the range of 544–1,278 mm 3 /s. One Bubble-Box data set was used to calibrate the acoustic backscatter response of the GasQuant data, enabling us to calculate a flow rate of the ensonified seep area (~1,700 m 2 ) that ranged from 4.98 to 8.33 L/min (5.38 × 10 6 to 9.01 × 10 6 CH 4 mol/year). Such flow rates are common for seep areas of similar size, and as such, this location is classified as a normally active seep area. For deriving these acoustically based flow rates, the detailed data pre-processing considered echogram gridding methods of the swath data and bubble responses at the respective water depth. The described method uses the inverse gas flow quantification approach and gives an in-depth example of the benefits of using acoustic and optical methods in tandem.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

System with buffer for lateral flow on a porous membrane

Systems are described, based on a primary binding compound and a secondary binding compound used in combination with a support to detect a target in a sample. The systems includes at least one support structure, at least one small primary support portion containing at least one molecule covalently bound to a visual colloidal marker, a plurality of secondary support portions comprising secondary binding compounds that are covalently bound to the support portions and chemically active, at least one pH litmus indicator, at least one pH strip, a buffer for lateral flow on the porous membrane support that allows preservation and activity of binding compounds.

Bearinger, Jane P.↗
DOE OSTI2024

IsoForma: An R Package for Quantifying and Visualizing Positional Isomers in Top-Down LC-MS/MS Data

Proteoforms, the different forms of a protein with sequence variations including post-translational modifications (PTMs), execute vital functions in biological systems such as cell signaling and epigenetic regulation. Precisely defining the stoichiometry of PTMs has been challenging because, in the widely used bottom-up proteomics methods, the detection occurs at the peptide level and thus the link between peptides and their specific modification site is lost, resulting in proteoform ambiguity. Advances in top-down mass spectrometry (MS) technology have permitted the direct characterization of intact proteoforms and their exact number of modification sites, allowing for the relative quantification of positional isomers (PI). Proteins with positional isomers refers to proteoforms with identical total mass and set of modifications but varying PTM site combinations. The relative abundance of PI can be estimated by matching proteoform-specific fragment ions to top-down tandem MS (MS2) data to localize and quantify modifications. However, current approaches heavily rely on manual annotation. Here, we present IsoForma, an open-source R package for relative quantification of PI within a single tool. We benchmarked IsoForma’s performance against two existing workflows and highlight the similarity of the results and improvements in speed. Overall, IsoForma provides a streamlined process, reduces the time of conducting isoform-based analyses, and offers an essential framework for developing customized proteoform analysis workflows. Finally, the software is open source and available at https://github.com/EMSL-Computing/isoforma-lib.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Element-specific first order reversal curves measured by magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy

The first-order reversal curve (FORC) method is a macroscopic measurement technique that can be used to extract quantitative and microscopic properties of hysteretic systems. Using magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy (MTXM), local element-specific FORC measurements are performed on a 20 nm thick film of CoTb. The FORCs measured with microscopy reveal a step-by-step domain evolution under the magnetic field cycling protocol and provide a direct visualization of the mechanistic interpretation of FORC diagrams. They are compared with magnetometry FORCs and show good quantitative agreement. Furthermore, the high spatial resolution and element-specific sensitivity of MTXM provide new capabilities to measure FORCs in small regions or specific phases within multicomponent systems, including buried layers in heterostructures. The ability to perform FORCs on very small features is demonstrated with the MTXM-FORC measurement of a rectangular microstructure with vortex-like Landau structures. This work demonstrates the confluence of two uniquely powerful techniques to achieve quantitative insight into nanoscale magnetic behavior.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enhancing ACPF Analysis: Integrating Newton-Raphson Method with Gradient Descent and Computational Graphs

This paper presents a new method for enhancing Alternating Current Power Flow (ACPF) analysis. The method integrates the Newton-Raphson (NR) method with Enhanced-Gradient Descent (GD) and computational graphs. The integration of renewable energy sources in power systems introduces variability and unpredictability, and this method addresses these challenges. It leverages the robustness of NR for accurate approximations and the flexibility of GD for handling variable conditions, all without requiring Jacobian matrix inversion. Furthermore, computational graphs provide a structured and visual framework that simplifies and systematizes the application of these methods. The goal of this fusion is to overcome the limitations of traditional ACPF methods and improve the resilience, adaptability, and efficiency of modern power grid analyses. We validate the effectiveness of our advanced algorithm through comprehensive testing on established IEEE benchmark systems. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that our approach not only speeds up the convergence process but also ensures consistent performance across diverse system states, representing a significant advancement in power flow computation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Time evolution of coupled spin systems in a generalized Wigner representation

Phase-space representations as given by Wigner functions are a powerful tool for representing the quantum state and characterizing its time evolution in the case of infinite-dimensional quantum systems and have been widely used in quantum optics and beyond. Continuous phase spaces have also been studied for finite-dimensional quantum systems such as spin systems. However, much less is known for finite-dimensional, coupled systems, and we present a complete theory of Wigner functions for this case. In particular, we provide a self-contained Wigner formalism for describing and predicting the time evolution of coupled spins which lends itself to visualizing the high-dimensional structure of multi-partite quantum states. We completely treat the case of an arbitrary number of coupled spins 1∕2, thereby establishing the equation of motion using Wigner functions. The explicit form of the time evolution is then calculated for up to three spins 1∕2. The underlying physical principles of our Wigner representations for coupled spin systems are illustrated with multiple examples which are easily translatable to other experimental scenarios.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗