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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,009 records · Page 56
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Comparison of HLW Glass Melting Rate Between Frit and Glass Forming Chemicals Using X-Ray Computed Tomography

Efforts are being made to increase the loading of Hanford tank wastes in glass while meeting melter lifetime expectancies, as well as requirements for processing, regulatory compliance, and product quality. To achieve these goals, the Department of Energy – Office of River Protection (DOE-ORP) has requested that the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) support the advancement of glass formulations and process control strategies in various key technical areas, which include melting rate studies. Numerous parameters influence cold cap melting and it is important to identify laboratory test methods to discern changes in melting rate. One of the primary screening tools being used at SRNL for melting rate comparisons is the dry-fed melt rate furnace (MRF). The MRF has been very effective in ranking relative melting rates of candidate frits for the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) on the laboratory-scale, which has successfully translated to facility operations.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

High-Temperature Particle Heat Exchanger for sCO2 Power Cycles

Particle receivers are being pursued to provide substantial performance improvements through higher temperatures (>700 °C) for more efficient and cost-effective concentrating solar power (CSP) systems with direct storage. However, the interface between the solar-collection and power-block subsystems - a high-temperature particle/supercritical CO 2 (sCO2) heat exchanger - has not been developed. The objective of this project is to design, construct, and test a first-of-a-kind particle-to-sCO2 heat exchanger. This work will enable emerging sCO2 power cycles that have the potential to meet SunShot targets of 50% thermal-to-electric efficiency, dry cooling with 40 °C ambient temperature, and $0.06/kWh for CSP systems. The development of next-generation particle-based systems and methods with potentially high consequences for improved performance and cost savings for CSP applications is an appropriate role for the government.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1988

Estimating soil water evaporation using radar measurements

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the application of radar reflectivity as compared with the shortwave reflectivity (albedo) used in the Idso-Jackson equation for the estimation of daily evaporation under overcast sky and subhumid climatic conditions. Soil water content, water potential, shortwave and radar reflectivity, and soil and air temperatures were monitored during three soil drying cycles. The data from each cycle were used to calculate daily evaporation from the Idso-Jackson equation and from two other standard methods, the modified Penman and plane of zero-flux. All three methods resulted in similar estimates of evaporation under clear sky conditions; however, under overcast sky conditions, evaporation fluxes computed from the Idso-Jackson equation were consistently lower than the other two methods. The shortwave albedo values in the Idso-Jackson equation were then replaced with radar reflectivities and a new set of total daily evaporation fluxes were calculated. This resulted in a significant improvement in computed soil evaporation fluxes from the Idso-Jackson equation, and a better agreement between the three methods under overcast sky conditions.

Sadeghi, Ali M.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Ground Testing of the EMCS Seed Cassette for Biocompatibility with the Tardigrade, Hypsibius dujardini

The European Modular Cultivation System, EMCS, was developed by ESA for plant experiments. We performed ground testing to determine whether ARC EMCS seed cassettes could be adapted for use with tardigrades for future spaceflight experiments. Tardigrades (water bears) are small invertebrates that enter the tun state in response to desiccation or other environmental stresses. Tardigrade tuns have suspended metabolism and have been shown to be survive exposure to space vacuum, high pressure, temperature and other stresses. For spaceflight experiments using the EMCS, the organisms ideally must be able to survive desiccation and storage in the cassette at ambient temperature for several weeks prior to the initiation of the experiment by the infusion of water to the cassette during spaceflight. The ability of tardigrades to survive extremes by entering the tun state make them ideal candidates for growth experiments in the EMCS cassettes. The growth substratum in the cassettes is a gridded polyether sulfone (PES) membrane. A blotter beneath the PES membrane contains dried growth medium. The goals of our study were to (1) determine whether tardigrades survive and reproduce on PES membranes, (2) develop a consistent method for dehydration of the tardigrades with high recovery rates upon rehydration, (3) to determine an appropriate food source for the tardigrades that can also be dehydrated/rehydrated and (4) successful mock rehydration experiment in cassettes with appropriate food source. We present results that show successful multigenerational growth of tardigrades on PES membranes with a variety of wet food sources. We have successfully performed a mock rehydration with tardigrades and at least one candidate food, protonema of the moss Polytrichum, that supports multigenerational growth and whose spores germinate quickly enough to match tardigrade feeding patterns post rehydration. Our results indicate that experiments on the ISS using the tardigrade, Hypsibius dujardini and other similar species could successfully be performed in the flight verified hardware of the EMCS seed cassettes.

EMCS s↗
DOE OSTI2021

Artificial Linear Brush Abrasion of Coatings for Photovoltaic Module First Surfaces

Natural soiling and the subsequent requisite cleaning of photovoltaic (PV) modules result in abrasion damage to the cover glass. The durability of the front glass has important economic consequences, including determining the use of anti-reflective and/or anti-soiling coatings as well as the method and frequency of operational maintenance (cleaning). Artificial linear brush abrasion using Nylon 6/12 bristles was therefore examined to explore the durability of representative PV first-surfaces, i.e., the surface of a module incident to direct solar radiation. Specimens examined include silane surface functionalized-, roughened (etched)-, porous silica-coated-, fluoropolymer-coated-, and ceramic (TiO2 or ZrO2/SiO2/ZrO2/SiO2)-coated-glass, which are compared to monolithic-poly(methyl methacrylate) and -glass coupons. Characterization methods used in this study include: optical microscopy, ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) spectroscopy, sessile drop goniometry, white-light interferometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corresponding characteristics examined include: surface morphology, transmittance (i.e., optical performance), surface energy (water contact angle), surface roughness, scratch width and depth, and chemical composition, respectively. The study here was performed to determine coating failure modes; identify characterization methods that can detect nascent failures; compare the durability of popular contemporary coating materials; identify their corresponding damage characteristics; and compare slurry and dry-dust abrasion. This study will also aid in developing an abrasion standard for the PV industry.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Stable electrolyte matrix for molten carbonate fuel cells

A method of making an electrolyte matrix includes: preparing a slurry comprising a support material, a coarsening inhibitor, an electrolyte material, and a solvent; and drying the slurry to form an electrolyte matrix. The support material comprises lithium aluminate, the coarsening inhibitor comprises a material selected from the group consisting of MnO 2 , Mn 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , LiFe 2 O 3 , and mixtures thereof, and the coarsening inhibitor has a particle size of about 0.005 μm to about 0.5 μm.

Hilmi, Abdelkader↗
DOE OSTI2016

Synthesis of TiO{sub 2} by electrochemical method from TiCl{sub 4} solution as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Metal oxide combined with graphite becomes interesting composition. TiO{sub 2} is a good candidate for Li ion battery anode because of cost, availability of sufficient materials, and environmentally friendly. TiO{sub 2} gravimetric capacity varied within a fairly wide range. TiO{sub 2} crystals form highly depends on the synthesis method used. The electrochemical method is beginning to emerge as a valuable option for preparing TiO{sub 2} powders. Using the electrochemical method, the particle can easily be controlled by simply adjusting the imposed current or potential to the system. In this work, the effects of some key parameters of the electrosynthesis on the formation of TiO{sub 2} have been investigated. The combination of graphite and TiO{sub 2} particle has also been studied for lithium-ion batteries. The homogeneous solution for the electrosynthesis of TiO{sub 2} powders was TiCl{sub 4} in ethanol solution. The electrolysis was carried out in an electrochemical cell consisting of two carbon electrodes with dimensions of (5 × 2) cm. The electrodes were set parallel with a distance of 2.6 cm between the electrodes and immersed in the electrolytic solution at a depth of 2 cm. The electrodes were connected to the positive and negative terminals of a DC power supply. The electrosynthesis was performed galvanostatically at 0.5 to 2.5 hours and voltages were varied from 8 to 12 V under constant stirring at room temperature. The resulted suspension was aged at 48 hrs, filtered, dried directly in an oven at 150°C for 2 hrs, washed 2 times, and dried again 60 °C for 6 hrs. The particle product has been used to lithium-ion battery as anode. Synthesis of TiO{sub 2} particle by electrochemical method at 10 V for 1 to 2.5 hrs resulted anatase and rutile phase.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Effects of digestion, chemical separation, and deposition on Po-210 quantitative analysis

Polonium-210 is a radioactive isotope often used to study sedimentation processes, food chains, aerosol behavior, and atmospheric circulations related to environmental sciences. Materials for the analysis of Po-210 range from tobacco leaves or cotton fibers, to soils and sediments. The purpose of this work was to determine polonium losses from a variety of sample types (soil, cotton fiber, and air filter) due to digestion technique, chemical separation, and deposition method for alpha energy analysis. Results demonstrated that yields from a perchloric acid wet-ash were similar to that from a microwave digestion. Both were greater than the dry-ash procedure. The polonium yield from the perchloric acid wet ash was 87 ± 5%, the microwave digestion had a yield of 100 ± 7%, and the dry ash had a yield of 38 ± 5%. The chemical separation of polonium by an anion exchange resin was used only on the soil samples due to the complex nature of this sample. The yield of Po-209 tracer after chemical separation and deposition for alpha analysis was 83 ± 7% for the soil samples. Spontaneous deposition yields for the cotton and air filters were 87 ± 4% and 92 ± 6%, respectively. Based on the overall process yields for each sample type the amount of Po-210 was quantified using alpha energy analysis. The soil contained 0.18 ± 0.08 Bq/g, the cotton swipe contained 0.7 mBq/g, and the air filter contained 0.04 ± 0.02 mBq/g. High and robust yields of polonium are possible using a suitable digestion, separation, and deposition method.

Seiner, Brienne N.↗
DOE OSTI2019

An additively manufactured novel polymer composite heat exchanger for dry cooling applications

Here, the work presented in this paper focuses on the design and thermal characterization of a novel polymer composite heat exchanger (HX) produced by an innovative additive manufacturing process. The heat exchanger represents a gas to liquid configuration in which the gas side removes heat from the liquid side in a cross-flow arrangement. The novel HX utilizes a cross media approach in which, unlike the conventional HXs, the hot and cold sides are directly connected to each other through high conductivity metal fiber fins on the gas side protruding through the walls of the liquid side, thus eliminating the wall resistance separating the hot and cold sides. The HX demonstrates superior thermal performance at reduced pressure drops while also benefiting from the lighter weight and the lower cost that the polymer structure introduces. A 350-W water-to-air heat exchanger was fabricated using a fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique with a novel/patent pending printer head which was developed to produce the metal fiber composite structure of the heat exchanger. The results of the heat exchanger characterization tests show that it yields up to 220% and 125% improvement in heat flow rate over mass ($Q/m$) and heat flow rate over volume ($Q/V$), respectively, when compared to comparable state-of-the-art plate fins HX configurations. This study in particular demonstrates the impact of additive manufacturing in realizing potentially transformative heat exchanger technologies that may otherwise be very difficult to achieve with conventional fabrication methods.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Combined curing as a novel approach to improve resistance of ultra-high performance concrete to explosive spalling under high temperature and its mechanical properties

Highlights: • The combined curing can significantly enhance the resistance of UHPC to explosive spalling under high temperature. • The combined curing can improve the mechanical properties of UHPC remarkably. • Both further hydration of residual cement and pozzolanic reaction are activated under a high temperature steam condition. - Abstract: The influence of a combined curing composed of precuring in hot water and heating in dry air on mechanical properties and explosive spalling of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) subjected to high temperature was investigated in this experiment. Meanwhile, the microstructure of UHPC was determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld method, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results indicate that the combined curing improves the mechanical properties of UHPC remarkably. More importantly, it is quite efficient to enhance the resistance of UHPC to explosive spalling under high temperature, which should be a novel approach to prohibit spalling occurrence, different from adding polypropylene fiber. During dry air heating in the combined curing, a high temperature steam environment is established in the dense structure framework of UHPC formed in the preceding hot water curing. Both further hydration of residual cement and pozzolanic reaction of mineral admixtures can be activated during the dry air heating, leading to not only the formation of a large amount of dense hydrates (such as C-S-H gels, katoite, tobermorite and xonotlite, etc.), which accumulate in the aforementioned existing framework, but also the consumption of most of internal free water. Therefore, both mechanical properties of UHPC and its resistance to explosive spalling under high temperature can be enhanced significantly.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Preliminary Design of Critical Experiments Involving Commercially Available B 4 C Neutron Absorber Plates with Low-Enriched UO 2 Fuel

The International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) is an initiative to provide high-quality benchmark data in a standardized format for criticality safety analysts to use to validate calculational tools and nuclear data. In the last released 2022 version, the ICSBEP handbook contains over 5,000 critical experiment descriptions, results, and associated models. This paper describes the critical configurations proposed and calculations performed as part of the conceptual design phase of Integral Experiment Request (IER) 554 (IER-554). The goal of IER-554 is to add to the benchmark experiments available to the criticality safety community by designing critical experiments that can analyze how adding commercially available Boralcan plates to an assembly of low-enriched UO2 fuel rods affects the effective neutron multiplication factor (k eff ). Boralcan, a neutron absorber product developed by Rio Tinto, is made of B4C in an Al 1100 matrix and is commonly used for criticality suppression in fuel storage pools. In the current version of the ICSBEP handbook, only a few dated critical experiments involve B4C materials, and none involve Boralcan in a thin plate shape. The experiments designed as part of IER-554 are intended to be performed at the Sandia Pulsed Reactor Facility/Critical Experiments (SPRF/CX) apparatus at Sandia National Laboratories. SPRF/CX is a well-characterized assembly considered trustworthy by the benchmarking community because of the numerous high-quality evaluations with very low experimental uncertainties included in the ICSBEP handbook. Figure 1 illustrates the assembly for a particular configuration from LCT-078, one of the published benchmarks in the ICSBEP handbook. The experiments will be moderated and reflected by light water at ambient atmospheric pressure. Before the plates are inserted in the critical assembly, they will be characterized with x-ray computed tomography (XCT) to identify the sizes and distribution of the B 4 C powder particles inside the plates. The preliminary design calculations were performed with SCALE 6.3.0 using the KENO V.a sequence for the criticality calculations, the CE-TSUNAMI-3D sequence for the sensitivity and uncertainty studies, and the ENDF/B-VII.1 Continuous Energy cross section library. All the calculation results presented have 10 pcm statistical uncertainties. A set of critical experiments with Boralcan plates could increase the confidence of the criticality safety community in its modeling methods when using this type of neutron absorber material. Experiments would also help validate k eff calculations, and the industry could use these validations to change the B loading credit limits from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission standard review plan for dry cask storage of spent nuclear fuel. This paper summarizes only part of the analysis documented in the preliminary design report.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Intercomparison of methods of coupling between convection and large-scale circulation. 1. Comparison over uniform surface conditions

Here, as part of an international intercomparison project, a set of single-column models (SCMs) and cloud-resolving models (CRMs) are run under the weak-temperature gradient (WTG) method and the damped gravity wave (DGW) method. For each model, the implementation of the WTG or DGW method involves a simulated column which is coupled to a reference state defined with profiles obtained from the same model in radiative-convective equilibrium. The simulated column has the same surface conditions as the reference state and is initialized with profiles from the reference state. We performed systematic comparison of the behavior of different models under a consistent implementation of the WTG method and the DGW method and systematic comparison of the WTG and DGW methods in models with different physics and numerics. CRMs and SCMs produce a variety of behaviors under both WTG and DGW methods. Some of the models reproduce the reference state while others sustain a large-scale circulation which results in either substantially lower or higher precipitation compared to the value of the reference state. CRMs show a fairly linear relationship between precipitation and circulation strength. SCMs display a wider range of behaviors than CRMs. Some SCMs under the WTG method produce zero precipitation. Within an individual SCM, a DGW simulation and a corresponding WTG simulation can produce different signed circulation. When initialized with a dry troposphere, DGW simulations always result in a precipitating equilibrium state. The greatest sensitivities to the initial moisture conditions occur for multiple stable equilibria in some WTG simulations, corresponding to either a dry equilibrium state when initialized as dry or a precipitating equilibrium state when initialized as moist. Multiple equilibria are seen in more WTG simulations for higher SST. In some models, the existence of multiple equilibria is sensitive to some parameters in the WTG calculations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Chlorine-free, monolithic lanthanide series rare earth oxide aerogels via epoxide-assisted sol-gel method

Synthesis of chlorine-free, rare earth oxide aerogels from the lanthanide series was achieved using a modified epoxide-assisted sol-gel method. An ethanolic solution of the hydrated metal nitrate, propylene oxide, and ammonium carbonate was found to gel upon heating to 333 K. Critical point drying of the wet gel in CO 2 yielded monolithic aerogels. Most of the aerogels were amorphous as-prepared, but became nano-crystalline after calcination at 923 K in air. The aerogels had high surface areas (up to 150 m 2 /g), low densities (40–225 mg/cm 3 ), and were photoluminescent.

Rietveld refinement↗
DOE OSTI2012

Severe Dry Eye Syndrome After Radiotherapy for Head-and-Neck Tumors

Purpose: To investigate the incidence of severe dry eye syndrome (DES) after external beam radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer and its dependence on the parameters relevant to external beam radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: The present retrospective study included 78 patients treated for primary extracranial head-and-neck tumors between 1965 and 2000, whose lacrimal apparatus/entire globe was exposed to fractionated external beam radiotherapy. The dose received by the major lacrimal gland was used for analysis. The end point of the present study was the ophthalmologic diagnosis of severe DES leading to vision compromise. Results: Of the 78 patients, 40 developed severe DES leading to visual compromise. The incidence of DES increased steadily from 6% at 35-39.99 Gy to 50% at 45-49.99 Gy and 90% at 60-64.99 Gy. With a mean of 0.9 years (range, 1 month to 3 years), the latency of DES was observed to be a function of the total dose and the dose per fraction. On univariate and multivariate analysis, the total dose (p < .0001 and p < .0001, respectively) and dose per fraction (p {<=} .0001 and p = .0044, respectively) were significant. However, age, gender, and the use of chemoradiotherapy were not. The actuarial analysis indicated a 5-year probability of freedom from DES of 93% for doses <45 Gy, 29% for 45-59.9 Gy, and 3% doses {>=}60 Gy. A logistic normal tissue complication probability model fit to our data obtained a dose of 34 and 38 Gy corresponding to a 5% and 10% incidence of DES. Conclusion: With a dose of 34 Gy corresponding to a 5% incidence of DES, the risk of severe DES increased, and the latency decreased with an increase in the total dose and dose per fraction to the lacrimal gland. The effect of chemoradiotherapy and hyperfractionation on the risk of DES needs additional investigation.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Quantifying streamflow regime behavior and its sensitivity to demand

This paper presents a new framework for quantitatively identifying, characterizing and analyzing systematic hydrological cycles resulting from streamflow variability in a way that integrates water supply and water demand. The hydrological cycles in question are measures of the most severe drought and pluvial events in a historical record of streamflow, along with their respective durations. The metrics developed here to quantify such episodes are based on an extended sequent peak algorithm that tracks the dynamic shifts in hydrological behavior of streamflow by accounting for water supply and demand with respect to streamflow. In the interest of being able to analyze the largest possible scope of hydrological cycles and behavior, we apply the quantitative methods developed in this paper to streamflow reconstructions in the Upper Missouri River Basin (UMRB) as a case study. We find that the duration of dry periods increase conspicuously as a function of increasing demand levels, the duration of pluvial events decrease as a function of increasing demand levels, and that the general tendency is for streamflow gauges on or near the main stem of the river to have shorter dry spell durations and typically lower drought severity. On the other hand, being on or near the main stem tends to result in longer-duration pluvial events, though these pluvials are typically less severe than those off the main stem. Persistence and spatial variability of streamflow reconstructions were also analyzed to shed further light on the spatial patterns identified earlier, and to see if this variability and persistence may have an influence on the behavior of the streamflow as quantified by the metrics defined in this paper. Finally, it was found that there is a stochastic dependence between the length of a drought and the time to recovery from that drought, and this dependence is used to create simple conditional probability curves to help water managers prepare for future extreme events.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Processing and properties of a solid energy fuel from municipal solid waste (MSW) and recycled plastics

Highlights: • Briquetting was used to produce solid fuels from municipal solid waste and recycled plastics. • Optimal drying, processing temperature and pressure were found to produce stable briquettes. • Addition of waste plastics yielded heating values comparable with typical coal feedstocks. • This processing method improves utilization of paper and plastic diverted from landfills. - Abstract: Diversion of waste streams such as plastics, woods, papers and other solid trash from municipal landfills and extraction of useful materials from landfills is an area of increasing interest especially in densely populated areas. One promising technology for recycling municipal solid waste (MSW) is to burn the high-energy-content components in standard coal power plant. This research aims to reform wastes into briquettes that are compatible with typical coal combustion processes. In order to comply with the standards of coal-fired power plants, the feedstock must be mechanically robust, free of hazardous contaminants, and moisture resistant, while retaining high fuel value. This study aims to investigate the effects of processing conditions and added recyclable plastics on the properties of MSW solid fuels. A well-sorted waste stream high in paper and fiber content was combined with controlled levels of recyclable plastics PE, PP, PET and PS and formed into briquettes using a compression molding technique. The effect of added plastics and moisture content on binding attraction and energy efficiency were investigated. The stability of the briquettes to moisture exposure, the fuel composition by proximate analysis, briquette mechanical strength, and burning efficiency were evaluated. It was found that high processing temperature ensures better properties of the product addition of milled mixed plastic waste leads to better encapsulation as well as to greater calorific value. Also some moisture removal (but not complete) improves the compacting process and results in higher heating value. Analysis of the post-processing water uptake and compressive strength showed a correlation between density and stability to both mechanical stress and humid environment. Proximate analysis indicated heating values comparable to coal. The results showed that mechanical and moisture uptake stability were improved when the moisture and air contents were optimized. Moreover, the briquette sample composition was similar to biomass fuels but had significant advantages due to addition of waste plastics that have high energy content compared to other waste types. Addition of PP and HDPE presented better benefits than addition of PET due to lower softening temperature and lower oxygen content. It should be noted that while harmful emissions such as dioxins, furans and mercury can result from burning plastics, WTE facilities have been able to control these emissions to meet US EPA standards. This research provides a drop-in coal replacement that reduces demand on landfill space and replaces a significant fraction of fossil-derived fuel with a renewable alternative.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

Synthesis and characterization of NiO nanopowder by sol-gel process

Preparation of nickel oxide (NiO) nanopowder by sol-gel process has been studied. NiO nanopowders were obtained by sol-gel method by using nickel nitrate hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide and aquadest were used as precursor, agent precipitator and solvent, respectively. The powders were formed by drying at 110°C and followed by heating in the furnace at 400°C for 1.5 hours. The product was obtained black powder. The product was characterized by Energy Dispesive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The ED-XRF pattern shows the composition of NiO produced was 97.1%. The XRD pattern showed NiO forms were produced generally in monoclinic stucture. The crystalline size of NiO was obtained in the range 40-85 nm. SEM micrograph clearly showed that powder had a spherical with uniform distribution size is 0.1-1.0 µm approximately.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Analysis of Perfluorinated, Pharmaceutical, Personal Care Compounds and Heavy Metals in Waste Water Sludge using GC-MS/MS and Multicollector ICP-MS

A set of GC-MS/MS analytical methods was developed to detect and quantify PFCs and PPCPs in five wastewater sludge samples obtained from the Great Lakes Water Authority and in four dry sludge samples after they were HTL treated. Multicollector ICP-MS was used to analyze the heavy metals in the samples. Methylene chloride was used to extract the compounds from sludge samples. For non-GC-able compounds, derivatization was performed before analysis. IBCF was used for derivatizing PPCPs and PFCs. Due to the nature of the samples, the presence of rich organic elements not only complicated the analytical work, but also affected the accuracy of measurements, because of interferences. Nevertheless, a set of PPCPs and PFCs was detected and quantified in the sludge samples in concentrations comparable to those reported in the literature.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗