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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Distributed Generation Valuation and Compensation

This white paper can help guide a state as it considers issues associated with distributed generation valuation and compensation. States may address a common set of questions and issues in the valuation process, but differences in market expectations, policy priorities, and regulations result in different responses. Key issues include: Context is important. Valuations and compensation strategies will vary based on goals and objectives they are being designed to achieve. Goals and objectives should be made clear up front and will drive the perspective used in performing valuations and how outcomes are applied. Utilities and stakeholders can have different interpretations of how value elements should be calculated. In some states, the objective of standardized calculators and methods is to reduce ambiguity and inconsistencies in how valuations are performed. Certain value elements are difficult or impossible to quantify and most efforts to establish workable value of solar or value of distributed energy resource tariffs are emerging and nascent. Assessing locational and temporal value of distributed generation and applying that in compensation schemes is a new and emerging field of study, being explored by a handful of research organizations and advanced states and utilities. The most advanced states, such as California, are using demonstration projects to test valuation and compensation methodologies or are applying valuation and compensation strategies to a subset of customer projects, such as for community solar projects (e.g., Oregon and New York) before rolling out programs to the full customer base. A variety of states are moving away from full net metering, in many cases substituting avoided cost rates (sometimes with an adder) in lieu of full retail rate compensation, instead of pursuing valuation of distributed energy resource approaches. For example, in Indiana a 25% adder is applied to average wholesale electricity prices and in Mississippi a 2.5 cents/kWh adder is applied to avoided cost rates. These adders appear to have been established through policy directives rather than a comprehensive cost of service valuations.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS1974

Inert gases in Sea of Fertility regolith

The content and isotopic composition were studied of inert gases -- He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe -- in samples of lunar regolith returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. The samples were taken from depths of about 12 and 30 cm. The high concentrations of inert gases exceed by several orders their concentrations observed in ordinary stony meteorites. The gases in lunar regolith were a complex mixture of gases of different origins: Solar, cosmogenic, radiogenic, and so on. Solar wind gases predominated, distributed in the thin surficial layer of the regolith grains. The concentrations of these gases in the surficial layer is several cubic centimeters per gram. The isotopic composition of the inert gases of solar origin approaches their composition measured in gas-rich meteorites.

Vinogradov, A. P.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Effects of plasma sheath on solar power satellite array

The structure of the plasma sheath and equilibrium voltage distribution of a high-power solar array governs various kinds of plasma-interaction phenomena and array losses. Sheath effects of a linearly-connected array are investigated for GEO. Although the array may be large, the thin-sheath-limit analysis may be invalid, necessitating numerical methods. Three-dimensional computer calculations show that potential barriers and over-lapping sheaths can occur, i.e., structures not predictable under the thin-sheath-limit analysis, but nevertheless controlling the distribution of plasma currents impacting on the array.

Parker, L. W.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Final Technical Report DE-EE0006911 Vermont Solar Pathways

Solar PV is the fastest-growing form of energy in Vermont. From 2012 to 2017, Vermont’s solar energy capacity increased almost nine times to 227 MW, a compound annual growth rate of 54%. During this time, the portion of electricity from solar grew from 0.5% to 5%. The state is one of the national leaders in net metering, community solar, and solar jobs per capita. In 2011, the Vermont Comprehensive Energy Plan set a goal to have renewable energy supply 90% of the state’s total energy needs (including electricity, heating and cooling, and transportation) by 2050. The Department of Public Service completed a Total Energy Study to examine the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of various paths to the 90% goal and related emissions goals. The General Assembly created a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) that includes credit for projects—such as electric vehicles and modern wood heating—that switch end uses away from fossil fuel, making the RPS essentially a total energy portfolio standard. Achieving the state’s energy goals will require major contributions from distributed resources and the development of supporting infrastructure such as energy storage, electric vehicle charging stations, and upgraded distribution systems. The Vermont Solar Pathways project used scenario modeling and stakeholder engagement to create a broadly supported plan to get 20% of the state’s electricity from solar by 2025. Scenario modeling provided numbers and graphs for examining issues, costs, and benefits, and spurred discussions at the 11 stakeholder meetings held over the course of the project. Stakeholders provided feedback to improve the model and made suggestions for variations on the scenarios.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1980

SPS Energy Conversion Power Management Workshop

Energy technology concerning photovoltaic conversion, solar thermal conversion systems, and electrical power distribution processing is discussed. The manufacturing processes involving solar cells and solar array production are summarized. Resource issues concerning gallium arsenides and silicon alternatives are reported. Collector structures for solar construction are described and estimates in their service life, failure rates, and capabilities are presented. Theories of advanced thermal power cycles are summarized. Power distribution system configurations and processing components are presented.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2020

Fault Response of Distributed Energy Resources Considering the Requirements of IEEE 1547-2018

Inverter-based DER responses to faults on the electric power system are different than those of conventional generators and are often poorly understood. Inverter fault responses are largely software-defined, within physics-based constraints. DERs are regulated by standards and grid codes that also constrain their responses. Though fault response of DERs will vary widely, for any DER following any particular standard, a pattern of fault response can be synthesized by observing that particular standard. In this paper, the recently published IEEE 1547-2018 is examined to explore the general fault response of any DER that follows IEEE 1547-2018. Additionally, an IEEE 1547-2018 compliant inverter model is developed and tested in simulation to find the fault response, and that response is compared with the fault response of a commercial off-the-shelf inverter.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Probabilistic Modeling of Climate Change Impacts on Renewable Energy and Storage Requirements for NM's Energy Transition Act (SAND Report)

This report provides a study of the potential impacts of climate change on intermittent renewable energy resources, battery storage, and resource adequacy in Public Service Company of New Mexico’s Integrated Resource Plan for 2020 – 2040. Climate change models and available data were first evaluated to determine uncertainty and potential changes in solar irradiance, temperature, and wind speed in NM in the coming decades. These changes were then implemented in solar and wind energy models to determine impacts on renewable energy resources in NM. Results for the extreme climate-change scenario show that the projected wind power may decrease by ~13% due to projected decreases in wind speed. Projected solar power may decrease by ~4% due to decreases in irradiance and increases in temperature in NM. Uncertainty in these climate-induced changes in wind and solar resources was accommodated in probabilistic models assuming uniform distributions in the annual reductions in solar and wind resources. Uncertainty in battery storage performance was also evaluated based on increased temperature, capacity fade, and degradation in round-trip efficiency. The hourly energy balance was determined throughout the year given uncertainties in the renewable energy resources and energy storage. The loss of load expectation (LOLE) was evaluated for the 2040 No New Combustion portfolio and found to increase from 0 days/year to a median value of ~2 days/year due to potential reductions in renewable energy resources and battery storage performance and capacity. A rank-regression analyses revealed that battery round-trip efficiency was the most significant parameter that impacted LOLE, followed by solar resource, wind resource, and battery fade. An increase in battery storage capacity to ~25,000 – 30,000 MWh from a baseline value of ~14,000 MWh was required to reduce the median value of LOLE to ~0.2 days/year with consideration of potential climate impacts and battery degradation.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1966

Plasma probe

Mariner IV plasma probe to measure density, velocity distribution, and bulk direction of proton flux component of solar plasma - components, operation, and performance

MARINER IV SPACE PROBE↗
NASA NTRS1981

Design, development, and field testing of Infrared Heterodyne Radiometer (IHR) for remote profiling of tropospheric and stratospheric species

The performance of a dual-channel infrared heterodyne radiometer, designed to remotely monitor the concentration and vertical distribution of selected atmospheric species, is described. Ground based solar viewing measurement using the IHR were performed at selected laser transitions for ammonia (NH3 and ozone O3). Flight tests were conducted aboard the Galileo II, NASA Ames CV-990, on the Latitude Survey Mission. Ozone was the selected atmospheric species for the airborne flight measurements because of the scientific interest in this atmospheric species, the availability of in situ monitors, the coordinated ozone measurements, and the availability of ground truth data. The IHS was operated in the solar viewing mode to determine ozone distributions in the stratosphere and in the nadir viewing mode to determine the ozone distribution in the troposphere. Airborne atmospheric propagation measurements also were carried out at selected CO2 laser transitions.

Lange, R.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Ozone vertical distribution retrieval from ground-based high resolution infrared solar spectra

A practical procedure for the retrieval of ozone vertical profiles from ground-based high resolution Fourier transform infrared solar spectra has been developed. The analysis is based on a multilayer line-by-line forward model and a semi-empirical version of the optimal estimation inversion method of Rodgers. The 1002.6-1003.2 cm(exp -1) spectral interval has been selected for the analysis on the basis of synthetic spectrum calculations. This interval contains numerous ozone lines covering a range of intensities and providing retrieval sensitivity from ground level to about 35 km. Characterization of the method and an error analysis have been performed. For a spectral resolution of 0.05-0.01 cm(exp -1) and a signal-to-noise ratio greater than or equal to 100 the retrieval is stable with a vertical resolution of approximately 5 km attainable near the surface degrading to approximately 10 km in the stratosphere. Synthetic spectra studies show that the a priori profile and weak constraints selected for the retrievals introduce no significant biases for a wide range of ozone profiles.

Pougatchev, N. S.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Theoretical overview and modeling of the sodium and potassium atmospheres of the moon

A general theoretical overview for the sources, sinks, gas-surface interactions, and transport dynamics of sodium and potassium in the exospheric atmosphere of the Moon is given. These four factors, which control the spatial distribution of these two alkali-group gases about the Moon, are incorporated in numerical models. The spatial nature and relative importance of the initial source atoms atmosphere (which must be nonthermal to explain observational data) and the ambient (ballistic hopping) atom atmosphere are examined. The transport dynamics, atmospheric structure, and lunar escape of the nonthermal source atoms are time variable with season of the year and lunar phase because of their dependence on the radiation acceleration experienced by sodium and potassium atoms as they resonantly scatter solar photons. The dynamic transport time of fully thermally accomodated ambient atoms along the surface because of solar radiation acceleration (only several percent of surface gravity) is larger than the photoionization lifetimes and hence unimportant in determining the local density, although for potassium the situation is borderline. The sodium model was applied to analyze sodium observations of the sunward brightness profiles acquired near last quarter by Potter & Morgan (1988b) extending from the surface to an altitude of 1200 km, and near first quarter by Mendillo, Baumgardner, & Flynn (1991), extending in altitude from approximately 1430 to approximately 7000 km. The observations at larger altitudes could be fitted only for source atoms having a velocity distribution with a tail that is mildly nonthermal (like an approximately 1000 K Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution). Solar wind sputtering appears to a be a viable source atom mechanism for the sodium observations with photon-simulated desorption also possible but highly uncertain, although micrometeoroid impact vaporization appears to have a source that is too small and too hot, with likely an incorrect angular distribution about the Moon.

Smyth, William H.↗