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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Exclusive neutral pion electroproduction in the deeply virtual regime

We present measurements of the ep{yields}ep{pi}{sup 0} cross section extracted at two values of four-momentum transfer Q{sup 2}=1.9 GeV{sup 2} and Q{sup 2}=2.3 GeV{sup 2} at Jefferson Lab Hall A. The kinematic range allows one to study the evolution of the extracted cross section as a function of Q{sup 2} and W. Results are confronted with Regge-inspired calculations and GPD predictions. An intepretation of our data within the framework of semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering is also discussed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Measurement of the Elastic Ep Cross Section at Q2 = 0.66, 1.10, 1.51 and 1.65 Gev2

The nucleon form factors have been investigated by physicists for decades because of their fundamental importance. The world data of the proton magnetic form factor GMp has been focused on Q2 lower than 5 GeV2 and they have large uncertainties at higher Q2. Jefferson Lab experiment E12-07-108 aims to improve the accuracy of the e ? p elastic cross section to better than 2% over a Q2 range of 7 ? 14 GeV2. From 2015 to 2016, the e ? p elastic cross section was measured over a wide range of Q2 from 0.66 ? 12.56 GeV2 at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility in Virginia, USA. An unpolarized electron beam was scattered o? a cryogenic hydrogen target and the scattered electron was detected in the high resolution spectrometers. This thesis focuses on the cross section calculations of the data taken in the spring of 2015, where Q2 = 0.66, 1.10, 1.51 and 1.66 GeV2. At Q2 = 0.66 GeV2, an uncertainty < 3% was achieved and < 5% was achieved for the other three Q2 at the moment. The results were compared with the world data and the good agreement provides confidence for the experimental measurements at higher Q2.

Wang, Yang↗
DOE OSTI2024

Distributed Wind Monitoring Best Practices

Accessible performance and operational data have been identified as a key enabler for distributed wind energy industry advancement. While utility-scale wind turbines benefit from reliable and continuous supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)-based monitoring platforms, monitoring of the U.S. fleet of distributed wind (DW) turbines has been more inconsistent, unreliable, and sometime difficult to access. Without fleet monitoring data, the industry will never understand and thus work to improve turbine under-performance and reliability issues. For the DW industry to scale up, attract investors, and boost credibility, fleetwide monitoring must be robust and reliable, select data must be made accessible to stakeholders, and the data must be in a format useful to users. To help move the industry toward a more standardized, accessible stream of monitoring data, this distributed wind monitoring best practices report attempts to cover topics including key monitoring channels, hardware, communication strategies, and accessibility. Strategic engagement with DW original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), service providers, lab and university researchers, testing organization, certification bodies, end users and solar photovoltaic (PV) monitoring experts has enabled a better understanding of the current state-of-the-art of monitoring and aided in articulating this set of best practices that will guide OEMs toward harmonized monitoring strategies, aimed at a future goal of achieving accessible performance and operational data for the entire fleet of U.S. distributed wind turbines.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Detailed study of quark-hadron duality in spin structure functions of the proton and neutron

Background: The response of hadrons, the bound states of the strong force (QCD), to external probes can be described in two different, complementary frameworks: as direct interactions with their fundamental constituents, quarks and gluons, or alternatively as elastic or inelastic coherent scattering that leaves the hadrons in their ground state or in one of their excited (resonance) states. The former picture emerges most clearly in hard processes with high momentum transfer, where the hadron response can be described by the perturbative expansion of QCD, while at lower energy and momentum transfers, the resonant excitations of the hadrons dominate the cross section. The overlap region between these two pictures, where both yield similar predictions, is referred to as quark-hadron duality and has been extensively studied in reactions involving unpolarized hadrons. Some limited information on this phenomenon also exists for polarized protons, deuterons, and 3 He nuclei, but not yet for neutrons. Purpose: In this paper, we present comprehensive and detailed results on the correspondence between the extrapolated deep inelastic structure function g 1 of both the proton and the neutron with the same quantity measured in the nucleon resonance region. Thanks to the fine binning and high precision of our data, and using a well-controlled perturbative QCD (pQCD) fit for the partonic prediction, we can make quantitative statements about the kinematic range of applicability of both local duality and global duality. Method: We use the most updated QCD global analysis results at high x from the Jefferson Lab Angular Momentum Collaboration to extrapolate the spin structure function g 1 into the nucleon resonance region and then integrate over various intervals in the scaling variable x. We compare the results with the large data set collected in the quark-hadron transition region by the CLAS Collaboration, including, for the first time, deconvoluted neutron data, integrated over the same intervals. We present this comparison as a function of the momentum transfer Q 2 . Results: We find that, depending on the integration interval and the minimum momentum transfer chosen, a clear transition to quark-hadron duality can be observed in both nucleon species. Furthermore, we show, for the first time, the approach to scaling behavior for g 1 measured in the resonance region at sufficiently high momentum transfer. Conclusions: Here, our results can be used to quantify the deviations from the applicability of pQCD for data taken at moderate energies and can help with extraction of quark distribution functions from such data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Determination of Ne 20 ( p , γ ) Na 21 cross sections from E p = 500 - 2000 keV

Background: The reaction 20 Ne(p,γ) 21 Na influences the nucleosynthesis of Ne, Na, and Mg isotopes while contributing to hydrogen burning in several stellar sites, such as red giants, asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, massive stars, and oxygen-neon (ONe) novae. In the relevant temperature range for these environments (T = 0.05–0.5 GK), the main contributions to this reaction rate are from the direct capture process as well as the high-energy tail of a subthreshold resonance in the ground-state transition at E x = 2425 keV in the 21 Na compound nucleus. Purpose: The previous measurement of this reaction reports cross sections with large uncertainties for the ground-state transition. At higher energies, where the subthreshold resonance makes a smaller contribution to the total cross section, only upper limits are provided. This work aims to reduce the uncertainty in the cross section where direct capture dominates, as well as provide cross-section data in previously unmeasured regions. Method: The 20 Ne (p, γ) 21 Na reaction was measured over a wide proton energy range (E p = 0.5–2.0 MeV) at θ lab = 90°. Transitions to the ground state and to the 332 and 2425 keV excited states were observed. The primary transitions to these three bound states were utilized in an R -matrix analysis to determine the contributions of the direct capture and the subthreshold resonance to the total cross section. Results: The cross sections of the present measurements have been found to be in good agreement with the previous data at low energy. Significantly improved cross-section measurements have been obtained over the E p = 1300–1900 keV region. The narrow resonance at E c.m. = 1113 keV (E x = 3544.3 keV) has also been remeasured and its strength has been found to be in good agreement with previous measurements. Conclusions: An extrapolation of the S factor of 20 Ne (p, γ) 21 Na has been made to low energies using the R -matrix fit. The reaction rate from the subthreshold resonance was found to be the main contributor to the reaction rate at temperatures below about 0.1 GK. The present rate is lower in the temperature range of interest than those presented in current reaction rate libraries by up to 20%.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Physiological Responses of Populus trichocarpa to Warming

This data set contains empirical physiological, morphological, and chemical data collected over time on Western Black Cottonwood (Populs trichocarpa Torr. & A.Gray ex Hook., Salicaceae) clones, between July and December 2019 at Oak Ridge National Lab. The project was designed to experimentally warm P. trichocarpa clones and assess their physiological acclimation of leaves versus roots. Branch cuttings of the Nisqually-1 genotype were obtained from the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI) in Stanford, California, and propagated in leach tubes. Ninety genetically identical clones were planted into specially constructed mesocosm growth boxes and grown for an initial six weeks in the greenhouse, and then grown at three temperature treatments for ten weeks. The daytime air temperatures of treatments were approximately 25°C, 29°C, and 33°C. Measurements on plant physiology and growth were conducted at various intervals throughout the experiment. This dataset contains nine data files in comma separate (*.csv) format.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Establishing a Comprehensive Wind Energy Program

This project was directed at establishing a comprehensive wind energy program in Indiana, including both educational and research components. A graduate/undergraduate course ME-514 - Fundamentals of Wind Energy has been established and offered and an interactive prediction of VAWT performance developed. Vertical axis wind turbines for education and research have been acquired, instrumented and installed on the roof top of a building on the Calumet campus and at West Lafayette (Kepner Lab). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations have been performed to simulate these urban wind environments. Also, modal dynamic testing of the West Lafayette VAWT has been performed and a novel horizontal axis design initiated. The 50-meter meteorological tower data obtained at the Purdue Beck Agricultural Research Center have been analyzed and the Purdue Reconfigurable Micro Wind Farm established and simulations directed at the investigation of wind farm configurations initiated. The virtual wind turbine and wind turbine farm simulation in the Visualization Lab has been initiated.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Precision Measurement of the Proton Magnetic Form Factor at High Q2

Elastic electromagnetic form factors characterize the distribution of electric charge and magnetization current inside the nucleon and reflect the internal structure determined by Quantum Chromodynamics. Existing data on the proton magnetic form factor at high Q2 (the 4-momentum transfer squared) have large statistical and systematic uncertainties. The GMp experiment E12-07-108 was one of the first set of experiments to run in Hall A at Jefferson Lab after the 12 GeV upgrade with the goal of this experiment to precisely measure the electron-proton elastic cross section for Q2 up to 17 GeV2 with an accuracy of better than 2% - several times better than existing data in this Q2 range. This will allow further tests of form factor scaling predicted by pQCD and, additionally, will be an important benchmark for many other experiments where elastic electron-proton scattering is used for normalization. Since, GMp data were taken at lower ?(virtual photon polarization) than SLAC data, the measured cross sections recieve a smaller contribution from the electric form factor. This dissertation analyzed the GMp experiment data for five different kinematic settings determining the form factor with total uncertainties nearly two times smaller than the existing data at these Q2. This dissertation also presents the results of all Fall 2016 and Spring 2016 GMp experiment data. The proton magnetic form factors were extracted using both the Rosenbluth separation method and a parameterization of the form factor ratio (?pGpE=GpM) obtained from a fit to the existing cross section data. At the end of this thesis, the extracted GMp form factor data is compared to the existing data. The results for ?pGpE=GpM from Rosenbluth separations are found to be consistent with previous extractions, but with significantly reduced uncertainties, further highlighting the discrepancy with the polarization transfer technique. This data set can provide significant additional constraints on contributions from two-photon exchange.

Narayan Gautam, Thir↗
DOE OSTI2011

The Search for Gluonic Degrees of Freedom in QCD using the GlueX Facility at Jefferson Lab

The search for gluonic degrees of freedom in mesons is an experimental challenge. The most promising approach is to look for mesons with exotic quantum numbers that can not be described by quark degrees of freedom only. The GlueX experiment at Jefferson Lab in Hall-D, currently under construction, will search for such hybrid mesons with exotic quantum numbers by scattering a linearly polarized high energetic photon beam off a liquid hydrogen target. An amplitude analysis will be employed to search for such resonances in the data and determine their quantum numbers.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Jefferson Laboratory C100 Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavity Fault Data, 2020

The dataset was created to train machine learning models for the task of identifying the (1) cavity and (2) fault type from C100-type cryomodules at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab), thereby replacing the time-consuming efforts of a subject matter expert. Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavity trips represent a significant source of accelerator downtime. Real-time – rather than post-mortem – identification of the offending cavity and classification of the fault type would give control room operators valuable feedback for corrective action planning. The anticipated benefit is increased beam-on-target time for users and provides performance metrics that can be used to improve future cavity designs. A series of 17 RF signals are recorded for each of the 8 cavities in a C100 cryomodule every time a cavity trips. These time-series signals are written to file using a specially designed data acquisition system. The dataset represents fault events recorded during Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) beam operations between January 18, 2019 and March 9, 2020. The following filtering steps were applied to collected data; (1) only 4 of the 17 signals per cavity are retained (GMES, GASK, CRFP, DETA2) (2) only events with data from each of the eight cavities in the cryomodule are kept, (3) only events that were sampled at 5 kHz were kept, (4) events from cryomodule 0L04 were neglected, (5) events occurring between February 4, 3PM and February 5, 12PM were neglected. As a result of preprocessing, the dataset is comprised of 2,375 unique events. The full dataset is comprised of three files: features.csv, cavity_labels.csv, fault_labels.csv. Each instance in faults.csv includes a timestamp (“date_time”), a label for the cryomodule which experienced the trip (“zone_label”), and 192 features (“feature_1”, “feature_2”... “feature_192”). The features correspond to 6 autoregressive features for each of 4 signals per cavity for each of the 8 cavities (6 × 4 signals/cavity × 8 cavities/cryomodule = 192). To deal with the large variation of signal amplitudes, time-series standardization via the z-score (standard score) function was applied prior to computing the features. For each instance, there is an associated label for the (1) cavity which faulted first (cavity_labels.csv) and (2) the type of fault that caused the trip (fault_labels.csv). The cavity identification can take values of [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] and the fault type can take values of [‘Microphonics’, ‘Quench_100ms’, ‘Controls_Fault’, ‘E_Quench’, ‘Quench_3ms’, ‘Single_Cav_Turn_Off’ , ‘Heat_Riser_Choke’, ‘Multi_Cav_Turn_Off’].

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The National Solar Radiation Database Final Report: Fiscal Years 2022-2024

The National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) is the leading public source of high-resolution solar resource data in the United States, with more than 400,000 users annually. This database represents the state of the art in the satellite-based estimation of solar resource information and uses a unique physics-based modeling approach that enables improvements in accuracy with the deployment of the next-generation geostationary satellites. Making the highest-quality, state-of-the-art, regularly updated datasets available on a timely basis for users reduces costs of solar deployment by providing accurate information for siting studies and system output prediction and thereby reduces project financing costs and risks.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Synchrophasor Data Anomaly Detection on Grid Edge by 5G Communication and Adjacent Compute

The fifth-generation mobile communication (5G) technology offers the opportunities to enhance the grid real-time monitoring. The 5G-enabled phasor measurement units (PMUs) features flexible positioning and cost-effective long-term maintenance, without constraints of fixing wire. This paper is the first to demonstrate the applicability of 5G in PMU communication, and the experiment was carried out at Verizon non-standalone testbed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Advanced Wireless Communication lab. The performance of 5G-enabled PMU communication setup is reviewed and discussed in this paper, and the paper presents a real-time dynamic linear model (DML) based synchrophasor data anomaly detection application. Last but not least, the practicability of implementing 5G for wide-area protection strategies is explored and discussed by analyzing the experimental results.

5G, Synchrophasor data, machine learning, anomaly ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Self-powered Through-wall communication for dry cask storage monitoring

Many nuclear facilities, such as spent fuel storage dry casks and nuclear reactor pressure vessels, are entirely sealed by metal layers to prevent harmful radiation. For safety and security operations, the temperature, pressure, radiation, and humidity inside the vessel needs to be closely monitored. However, no practical technology is currently available to realize the through-wall data communication and monitoring for these vessels due to the inside harsh environment of high temperature and nuclear radiation. In this paper, an innovative self-powered wireless through-wall data communication system for the nuclear environment is presented, which demonstrates a successful solution to such challenges. The presented system is composed of four modules, i.e., energy harvester with power management circuits, ultrasound wireless communication using high-temperature piezoelectric transducers, electronic circuits for sensing and data transmission, and radiation shielding for electronics. Here, constitutive functions of each module were firstly designed and followed by the system integration. Experiments were conducted subsequently to validate the designed functions and evaluate the performance of the integrated system. Results showed that the average power of over 40 mW was harvested from the thermal flow inside the nuclear spent fuel canisters which could provide enough energy to operate the sensing and data communication systems. The gamma radiation test results showed that the thermoelectric energy harvester and ultrasound transceivers can withstand radiation dosing over 100 Mrad. Furthermore, temperature shock tests demonstrated that the entire system including the shielded electronics can survive and maintain their functionalities at temperatures as high as 195°C. Under the in-lab mocked-up high temperature conditions and radiation shielding, the proposed system is foreseen to survive and operate stably for fifty years inside a nuclear spent fuel canister, and send the frequency modulated data out of the canister for 3 s in every 10 min.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Empirical Validation of Building Energy Modeling using Flexible Research Platform

Recently, efforts have been made to provide reliable empirical data for ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140, Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs, to enable improved accuracy of building energy model (BEM) engines and improved characterization of their accuracy. The motivation for this effort is that the use of reliable empirical validation data sets in the evaluation of building energy modeling tools will lead to more consistent and validated simulation engines across all software vendors. This would expedite the use of building energy modeling in designing new buildings and retrofitting existing buildings, which delivers more energy efficient buildings.As part of a three-year multi-lab empirical validation project sponsored by U.S. DOE, this research project generated cooling season test plans by reviewing ASHRAE Standard 140, and the tests were performed based on the test plan. Finally, the experimental data sets were compared with the EnergyPlus model to demonstrate the validation procedure.

Im, Piljae↗
DOE OSTI2015

Low energy scattering cross section ratios of N 14 ( p , p ) N 14

Background: The slowest reaction in the first CNO cycle is 14 N(p, γ) 15 O, therefore its rate determines the overall energy production efficiency of the entire cycle. The cross section presents several strong resonance contributions, especially for the ground-state transition. Some of the properties of the corresponding levels in the 15 O compound nucleus remain uncertain, which affects the uncertainty in extrapolating the capture cross section to the low energy range of astrophysical interest. Purpose: The 14 N (p, γ) 15 O cross section can be described by using the phenomenological R matrix. Over the energy range of interest, only the proton and γ-ray channels are open. Since resonance capture makes significant contributions to the 14 N (p, γ) 15 O cross section, resonant proton scattering data can be used to provide additional constraints on the R-matrix fit of the capture data. Methods: A 4 MV KN Van de Graaff accelerator was used to bombard protons onto a windowless gas target containing enriched 14 N gas over the proton energy range from E p =1.0 to 3.0 MeV. Scattered protons were detected at θ lab = 90,120°,135 °,150°, and 160° using ruggedized silicon detectors. In addition, a 10 MV FN Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator was used to accelerate protons onto a solid Adenine ( C 5 H 5 N 5 ) target, of natural isotopic abundance, evaporated onto a thin self-supporting carbon backing, over the energy range from E p = 1.8 to 4.0 MeV. Scattered protons were detected at 28 angles between θ lab = 30. 4° and 167. 7° by using silicon photodiode detectors. Results: Relative cross sections were extracted from both measurements. While the relative cross sections do not provide as much constraint as absolute measurements, they greatly reduce the dependence of the data on otherwise significant systematic uncertainties, which are more difficult to quantify. The data are fit simultaneously using an R-matrix analysis and level energies and proton widths are extracted. Even with relative measurements, the statistics and large angular coverage of the measurements result in more confident values for the energies and proton widths of several levels; in particular, the broad resonance at E c.m. = 2.21 MeV, which corresponds to the 3/2 + level at E x = 9.51 MeV in 15 O. In particular, the s - and d -wave angular-momentum channels are separated. Conclusion: The relative cross sections provide a consistent set of data that can be used to better constrain a full multichannel R-matrix extrapolation of the capture data. It has been demonstrated how the scattering data reduce the uncertainty through a preliminary Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, but several other issues remain that make large contributions to the uncertainty, which must be addressed by further capture and lifetime measurements.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Accelerated Fuel Qualification (AFQ) Workshop I Summary Report

The first AFQ workshop was held on Friday, May 31, 2019, in Washington, DC, with over 30 expert participants from industry (General Atomics, Framatome, Lightbridge, TerraPower, Westinghouse), national labs (ANL, INL, LANL, ORNL), DOE-NE, NRC and academia (University of Florida and University of Tennessee). The overall goal of the workshop was to discuss how modeling and experiments can be simultaneously exploited to markedly reduce the years of data (and associated costs) that are currently required for deployment of new nuclear fuels utilizing the new methodology of Accelerated Fuel Qualification (AFQ). There were nine presentations given during the workshop, which included an overview presentation, five case studies, summary of relevant national lab capabilities and on-going DOE programs, as well as perspective from the NRC.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of the Prompt Fission Gamma Properties for Neutron Induced Fission of 235,238 U and 239 Pu

Herein we present details of the prompt fission gamma property evaluations included in the released ENDF/B-VIII.0 files. The average prompt gamma multiplicity, the average prompt gamma spectrum, the average total prompt gamma energy released and the prompt gamma multiplicity distributions, included in the ENDF/B-VIII.0 files, are presented for 235 U(n,f), 238 U(n,f), and 239 Pu(n,f) reactions, as a function of incident neutron energy up to 30 MeV. The evaluation is based on available experimental data and model calculations. Notable data include recent measurements by experimental groups at Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, at Geel and Budapest, at CEA labs, as well as seminal historical gamma production measurements by Drake at Los Alamos.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Autonomous Synthesis and Inverse Design of Electrochromic Polymers with High Efficiency and Accuracy

Here, the design and synthesis of functional polymers, aimed at targeted properties through specific structures, have long been challenged by their complex and often nonlinear structure–property relationships. Key processes, including knowledge accumulation for predictive design and experimental refinement and validation, are traditionally labor-insensitive and time-consuming, making it difficult to balance accuracy and efficiency. Here, we introduce an accelerated, autonomous system for the on-demand synthesis of electronic polymers that achieves the desired electrochromic functionality with high accuracy and efficiency. Our approach leverages large language model-assisted data mining, a physics-informed copolymer machine learning model, and an AI-driven autonomous robotic workflow in the Polybot lab. Within 72 h, Polybot autonomously synthesized electrochromic polymers (ECPs) with targeted, previously-unreported color values, including green polymers with specific absorption profiles, precisely fine-tuning copolymer structures with a 5% step size in comonomer composition within a three-monomer system. A publicly accessible ECP informatics database has also been created to foster knowledge exchange.

AI-driven Robotic Lab↗