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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,045 records · Page 58
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Soft bootstrap and supersymmetry

The soft bootstrap is an on-shell method to constrain the landscape of effective field theories (EFTs) of massless particles via the consistency of the low-energy S-matrix. Given assumptions on the on-shell data (particle spectra, linear symmetries, and low-energy theorems), the soft bootstrap is an efficient algorithm for determining the possible consistency of an EFT with those properties. The implementation of the soft bootstrap uses the recently discovered method of soft subtracted recursion. We derive a precise criterion for the validity of these recursion relations and show that they fail exactly when the assumed symmetries can be trivially realized by independent operators in the effective action. We use this to show that the possible pure (real and complex) scalar, fermion, and vector exceptional EFTs are highly constrained. Next, we prove how the soft behavior of states in a supermultiplet must be related and illustrate the results in extended supergravity. We demonstrate the power of the soft bootstrap in two applications. First, for the \( \mathcal{N} \) = 1 and \( \mathcal{N} \) = 2 C P 1 nonlinear sigma models, we show that on-shell constructibility establishes the emergence of accidental IR symmetries. This includes a new on-shell perspective on the interplay between \( \mathcal{N} \) = 2 supersymmetry, low-energy theorems, and electromagnetic duality. We also show that \( \mathcal{N} \) = 2 supersymmetry requires 3-point interactions with the photon that make the soft behavior of the scalar O (1) instead of vanishing, despite the underlying symmetric coset. Second, we study Galileon theories, including aspects of supersymmetrization, the possibility of a vector-scalar Galileon EFT, and the existence of higher-derivative corrections preserving the enhanced special Galileon symmetry. The latter is addressed both by soft bootstrap and by application of double-copy/KLT relations applied to higher-derivative corrections of chiral perturbation theory.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Measurement of the inclusive energy spectrum in the very forward direction in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=13 $ TeV

The differential cross section for inclusive particle production as a function of energy in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV is measured in the very forward region of the CMS detector. The measurement is based on data collected with the CMS apparatus at the LHC, and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 0.34 μb$^{−1}$. The energy is measured in the CASTOR calorimeter, which covers the pseudorapidity region −6.6 < η < −5.2. The results are given as a function of the total energy deposited in CASTOR, as well as of its electromagnetic and hadronic components. The spectra are sensitive to the modeling of multiparton interactions in pp collisions, and provide new constraints for hadronic interaction models used in collider and in high energy cosmic ray physics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

MHD flow in liquid metal blankets: Major design issues, MHD guidelines and numerical analysis

The design of breeding blankets represents the major challenge for fusion reactor engineering because of performance requirements and severe operating conditions in terms of heat load and neutron flux. Liquid metal alloys such as lead-lithium, due to their lithium content, can be used to breed tritium, one of the plasma fuel components, and owing to their high thermal conductivity, they may serve as coolants. On the other hand, there are technical issues related to the fact that the liquid metals are electrically conducting and interact with the plasma-confining magnetic field. Induced electric currents and generated electromagnetic forces affect velocity and pressure distribution in the blankets. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows for fusion applications have been often investigated in simplified geometries, such as pipes, ducts, bends, with focus on their fundamental features. These analyses are essential, since results remain valid as background for the development of blanket designs, even when a concept is dismissed. However, the conceptual study of fusion blankets requires to take into account the global multiple effects, that arise when the full system is considered. Progress made in fusion-related MHD research results from combined numerical and experimental activities. In this paper we review and summarize features of 2D and 3D MHD flows that are typical in liquid metal blankets, together with available correlations for MHD pressure losses. This knowledge can provide simple design MHD guidelines that support a preliminary estimate of MHD effects in a blanket concept, in terms of pressure drop and flow distribution.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Numerical simulations of output pulse extraction from a high-power microwave compressor with a plasma switch

Numerical simulations of the process of electromagnetic energy release from a high-power microwave pulse compressor comprising a gas-filled cavity and interference switch were carried out. A microwave plasma discharge in a rectangular waveguide H-plane tee was modeled with the use of the fully electromagnetic particle-in-cell code MAGIC. The gas ionization, plasma evolution, and interaction with RF fields accumulated within the compressor were simulated using different approaches provided by the MAGIC code: particle-in-cell approach accounting for electron-neutral collisions, gas conductivity model based on the concept of mobility, and hybrid modeling. The dependences of the microwave output pulse peak power and waveform on parameters that can be controlled in experiments, such as an external ionization rate, RF field amplitude, and background gas pressure, were investigated.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Development of an interpretive simulation tool for the proton radiography technique

Proton radiography is a useful diagnostic of high energy density (HED) plasmas under active theoretical and experimental development. In this paper, we describe a new simulation tool that interacts realistic laser-driven point-like proton sources with three dimensional electromagnetic fields of arbitrary strength and structure and synthesizes the associated high resolution proton radiograph. The present tool’s numerical approach captures all relevant physics effects, including effects related to the formation of caustics. Electromagnetic fields can be imported from particle-in-cell or hydrodynamic codes in a streamlined fashion, and a library of electromagnetic field “primitives” is also provided. This latter capability allows users to add a primitive, modify the field strength, rotate a primitive, and so on, while quickly generating a high resolution radiograph at each step. In this way, our tool enables the user to deconstruct features in a radiograph and interpret them in connection to specific underlying electromagnetic field elements. We show an example application of the tool in connection to experimental observations of the Weibel instability in counterstreaming plasmas, using ∼10{sup 8} particles generated from a realistic laser-driven point-like proton source, imaging fields which cover volumes of ∼10 mm{sup 3}. Insights derived from this application show that the tool can support understanding of HED plasmas.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nonlinear absorption of Alfven wave in dissipative plasma

We propose a method for studying absorption of Alfven wave propagation in a homogeneous non-isothermal plasma along a constant magnetic field, and relaxation of electron and ion temperatures in the A-wave. The absorption of a A-wave by the plasma arises due to dissipative effects - magnetic and hydrodynamic viscosities of electrons and ions and their elastic interaction. The method is based on the exact solution of two-fluid electromagnetic hydrodynamics of the plasma, which for A-wave, as shown in the work, are reduced to a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Analysis of nonlinear features associated with radio-frequency sheaths

An analytic study is conducted of nonlinear features that arise when radio-frequency (RF) sheath boundary conditions are solved self-consistently with the electromagnetic fields in a magnetized plasma. An instability associated with RF sheath–plasma interactions is identified and shown to be closely linked with sheath–plasma resonance and the occurrence of multiple solutions. It is proposed that this instability serves as a physical mechanism that enables jumping from one solution branch to another, providing a physical basis for the prediction of an RF sheath hysteresis in the time domain. It is further shown that this instability can lead to non-intuitive features such as spontaneous symmetry breaking in an otherwise completely symmetric problem. In plane-stratified geometry, two analytically solvable examples are considered for the cases of an unbounded half-space and a bounded domain

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Response functions and giant monopole resonances for light to medium-mass nuclei from the ab initio symmetry-adapted no-core–shell model

Using the ab initio symmetry-adapted no-core–shell model, we compute sum rules and response functions for light to medium-mass nuclei, starting from interactions that are derived in the chiral effective field theory. Specifically, we investigate electromagnetic transitions of monopole, dipole and quadrupole nature for 4 He, and explore dominant features of giant monopole resonances in symmetric nuclei such as the closed-shell 4 He and 16 O light nuclei, the intermediate-mass open-shell 20 Ne and the medium-mass closed-shell 40 Ca. Furthermore, for the NNLO opt chiral potential, we determine parameter-free monopole sum rules, which can provide information on the incompressibility of symmetric nuclear matter. Here, we report 213(10) MeV as an estimate for the compression modulus for infinite nuclear matter, which overlaps with the lower range of values often used in current astrophysical applications.

ab initio nuclear structure↗
DOE OSTI2019

Controlling spins with surface magnon polaritons

Polaritons in metals, semimetals, semiconductors, and polar insulators can allow for extreme confinement of electromagnetic energy, providing many promising opportunities for enhancing typically weak light-matter interactions such as multipolar radiation, multiphoton spontaneous emission, Raman scattering, and material nonlinearities. These extremely confined polaritons are quasielectrostatic in nature, with most of their energy residing in the electric field. As a result, these “electric” polaritons are far from optimized for enhancing emission of a magnetic nature, such as spin relaxation, which is typically many orders of magnitude slower than corresponding electric decays. Here, we take concepts of “electric” polaritons into magnetic materials, and propose using surface magnon polaritons in negative magnetic permeability materials to strongly enhance spin relaxation in nearby emitters. Specifically, we provide quantitative examples with MnF 2 and FeF 2 , enhancing spin transitions in the THz spectral range. In this work we find that these magnetic polaritons in 100-nm thin films can be confined to lengths over 10 000 times smaller than the wavelength of a photon at the same frequency, allowing for a surprising 12 orders of magnitude enhancement in magnetic dipole transitions. This takes THz spin-flip transitions, which normally occur at timescales on the order of a year, and forces them to occur at sub-ms timescales. Our results suggest an interesting platform for polaritonics at THz frequencies, and more broadly, a way to use polaritons to control light-matter interactions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Speed-of-light pulses in the massless nonlinear Dirac equation with a potential

In this work, we consider the massless nonlinear Dirac (NLD) equation in 1 + 1 dimension with scalar-scalar self-interaction g 2 2 ( Ψ ¯ Ψ ) 2 in the presence of three external electromagnetic real potentials V ( x ) , a potential barrier, a constant potential, and a potential well. By solving numerically the NLD equation, we find different scenarios depending on initial conditions, namely, propagation of the initial pulse along one direction, splitting of the initial pulse into two pulses traveling in opposite directions, and focusing of two initial pulses followed by a splitting. For all considered cases, the final waves travel with the speed of light and are solutions of the massless linear Dirac equation. During these processes the charge and the energy are conserved, whereas the momentum is conserved when the solutions possess specific symmetries. For the case of the constant potential, we derive exact analytical solutions of the massless NLD equation that are also solutions of the massless linearized Dirac equation. Decay or growth of the initial pulse is also predicted from the evolution of the charge for the case of a non-zero imaginary part of the potential.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ab Initio Study of the Beryllium Isotopes 7 Be to 12 Be

We present a systematic ab initio study of the low-lying states in beryllium isotopes from 7 Be to 12 Be using nuclear lattice effective field theory with the N 3 ⁢LO interaction. Our calculations achieve good agreement with experimental data for energies, radii, and electromagnetic properties. We introduce a novel, model-independent method to quantify nuclear shapes, uncovering a distinct pattern in the interplay between positive and negative parity states across the isotopic chain. By combining Monte Carlo sampling of the many-body density operator with a novel nucleon-grouping algorithm, the prominent two-center cluster structures, the emergence of one-neutron halo, complex nuclear molecular dynamics such as 𝜋 orbital and 𝜎 orbital, emerge naturally.

binding energy & masses↗
DOE OSTI2018

New magnetic phase of the chiral skyrmion material Cu 2 OSeO 3

The lack of inversion symmetry in the crystal lattice of magnetic materials gives rise to complex noncollinear spin orders through interactions of a relativistic nature, resulting in interesting physical phenomena, such as emergent electromagnetism. Studies of cubic chiral magnets revealed a universal magnetic phase diagram composed of helical spiral, conical spiral, and skyrmion crystal phases. We report a remarkable deviation from this universal behavior. By combining neutron diffraction with magnetization measurements, we observe a new multidomain state in Cu 2 OSeO 3 . Just below the upper critical field at which the conical spiral state disappears, the spiral wave vector rotates away from the magnetic field direction. This transition gives rise to large magnetic fluctuations. Furthermore, we clarify the physical origin of the new state and discuss its multiferroic properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

The quadrupole moments of some even–even nuclei around the mass of A ~ 80: {sup 68−80}Ge on the neighborhood of {sup 76−84}Kr and {sup 76−84}Se isotopes

We have carried out the calculation of the quadrupole moments Q(2{sub 1}{sup +}) and electromagnetic transition rates B(E2) of some levels within the framework of the interacting boson model for even-mass Ge nuclei. The presented predictions of the quadrupole moments and B(E2) ratios for Ge nuclei are compared with the results of some previous experimental and theoretical ones along with those of the neighboring Kr and Se isotopes and then it was seen that they agree well with the previous experimental and theoretical ones.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

A Moderately Relativistic Subgigawatt Microwave Oscillator of Twistron Type Operating with 50% Efficiency

A regime of quasi-stationary microwave generation in moderately relativistic microwave oscillator of the twistron type with 50 ± 20% efficiency of electron beam power conversion into electromagnetic radiation has been obtained in experiment through optimization of the electron–wave interaction. For the selected electron beam parameters (diode voltage, 210 kV; beam current. 1.36 kA) the output microwave power at 10.63 GHz frequency was 140 ± 40 MW in a guiding magnetic field of about 1.9 T. The duration of microwave pulses was about 16 ns.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Energy Exchange in Dynamic DNA-Metal Hybrid Materials (Final Technical Report)

This report details research results from the 1 year renewal of DE-SC0017270, Energy Exchange in Dynamic DNA-Metal Hybrid Materials, including the primary findings associated with this research. This work investigated interactions between dynamic DNA origami energy harvesting materials and inorganic materials responsive to electromagnetic fields with two primary areas of inquiry: cyclic energy conversion and mechanical energy storage and transfer. This work resulted in 5 publications, including 1 in revision, and 1 issued patent.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Impedance-Based Stability Analysis in Grid Interconnection Impact Study Owing to the Increased Adoption of Converter-Interfaced Generators

This study investigates the emerging harmonic stability concerns to be addressed by grid planners in generation interconnection studies, owing to the increased adoption of renewable energy resources connected to the grid via power electronic converters. The wideband and high-frequency electromagnetic transient (EMT) characteristics of these converter-interfaced generators (CIGs) and their interaction with the grid impedance are not accurately captured in the typical dynamic studies conducted by grid planners. This paper thus identifies the desired components to be studied and subsequently develops a practical process for integrating a new CIG into a grid with the existing CIGs. The steps of this process are as follows: the impedance equation of a CIG using its control dynamics and an interface filter to the grid, for example, an LCL filter (inductor-capacitor-inductor type), is developed; an equivalent impedance model including the existing CIGs nearby and the grid observed from the point of common coupling are derived; the system stability for credible operating scenarios is assessed. Detailed EMT simulations validate the accuracy of the impedance models and stability assessment for various connection scenarios. Here, by complementing the conventional EMT simulation studies, the proposed analytical approach enables grid planners to identify critical design parameters for seamlessly integrating a new CIG and ensuring the reliability of the grid.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Quantum Choreography of the Nucleus: Rotations, Vibrations, and Emergent Structure

Abstract Nuclei are complex many-body quantum systems where interactions of the neutrons and protons via the strong, the weak, and the electromagnetic forces lead to the emergence of simple patterns of energy states that have been described by various theoretical approaches. One of the goals of all the theoretical models is the development of a universal theory that can be applied across the entire chart of nuclides. Significant progress has been made by experiments as well as the increasing sophistication of models, but a universal theory has yet to be established. A recent review of nuclei in the Z = 50–82 region of the chart of nuclides has analyzed all the available compiled data from several decades of studies towards a clarification of the low-lying structure of nuclei. Other reviews have reported and explained the emergence of multiple different shapes in nuclei at somewhat higher excitation energies than the ground state. Some have challenged the interpretation of the first excited K π = 0 + band as a vibration of ground state. This work attempts to provide a guide to determining the nature of the first excited K π = 0 + band in nuclei by the combined use of nuclear lifetimes, energy level evolutions, dynamic moments of inertia, and intrinsic quadrupole moments extracted from transition probabilities. The result is that for a subset of the nuclei in this region, the K π = 0 + band is consistent with the traditional 𝛽-vibration description of an oscillation built on the ground state.

CHFB+5DCH↗
NASA NTRS1972

Research into advanced concepts of microwave power amplification and generation utilizing linear beam devices

A theoretical study of some aspects of the interaction between a drifting stream of electrons with transverse cyclotron motions and an electromagnetic field is presented. Particular emphasis was given to the possible generation and amplification of millimeter waves. The major effort was devoted to a theoretical study of the cyclotron resonance oscillator. The appendices include published papers on the cyclotron resonance oscillator which resulted from this investigation.

Mcisaac, P. R.↗